________________________________________Chng

I : Cc H Thng S I-1

CHNG 1: CC H THNG S & M

U NGUYN L CA VIC VIT S
U CC H THNG S
H c s 10 (thp phn)
H c s 2 (nh phn)
H c s 8 (bt phn)
H c s 16 (thp lc phn)
U BIN I QUA LI GIA CC H THNG S
i t h b sang h 10
i t h 10 sang h b
i t h b sang h bk & ngc li
i t h bk sang h bp
U CC PHP TON S NH PHN
Php cng
Php tr
Php nhn
Php chia
U M HA
M BCD
M Gray

Nhu cu v nh lng trong quan h gia con ngi vi nhau, nht l trong nhng
trao i thng mi, c t khi x hi hnh thnh. c rt nhiu c gng trong vic tm
kim cc vt dng, cc k hiu . . . dng cho vic nh lng ny nh cc que g, v s, s
La m . . . Hin nay s rp t ra c nhiu u im khi c s dng trong nh lng, tnh
ton. . . ..
Vic s dng h thng s hng ngy tr nn qu quen thuc khin chng ta c th
qun i s hnh thnh v cc qui tc vit cc con s.
Chng ny nhc li mt cch s lc nguyn l ca vic vit s v gii thiu cc h
thng s khc ngoi h thng thp phn quen thuc, phng php bin i qua li ca cc s
trong cc h thng khc nhau. Chng ta s c bit quan tm n h thng nh phn l h
thng c dng trong lnh vc in t-tin hc nh l mt phng tin gii quyt cc vn
mang tnh logic.
Phn cui ca chng s gii thiu cc loi m thng dng chun b cho cc
chng k tip.

1.1 Nguyn l ca vic vit s

Mt s c vit bng cch t k nhau cc k hiu, c chn trong mt tp hp xc
nh. Mi k hiu trong mt s c gi l s m (s hng, digit).
Th d, trong h thng thp phn (c s 10) tp hp ny gm 10 k hiu rt quen
thuc, l cc con s t 0 n 9:
S10 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
Khi mt s gm nhiu s m c vit, gi tr ca cc s m ty thuc v tr ca n
trong s . Gi tr ny c gi l trng s ca s m.
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K THUT S

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I : Cc H Thng S I-1

Th d s 1998 trong h thp phn c gi tr xc nh bi trin khai theo a thc ca

10:

199810 = 1x103 + 9x102 +9x101 + 9x100 = 1000 + 900 + 90 + 8

Trong trin khai, s m ca a thc ch v tr ca mt k hiu trong mt s vi qui c
v tr ca hng n v l 0, cc v tr lin tip v pha tri l 1, 2, 3, ... . Nu c phn l, v tr
u tin sau du phy l -1, cc v tr lin tip v pha phi l -2, -3, ... .
Ta thy, s 9 u tin (sau s 1) c trng s l 900 trong khi s 9 th hai ch l 90.
C th nhn xt l vi 2 k hiu ging nhau trong h 10, k hiu ng trc c trng
s gp 10 ln k hiu ng ngay sau n. iu ny hon ton ng cho cc h khc, th d,
i vi h nh phn ( c s 2) th t l ny l 2.
Tng qut, mt h thng s c gi l h b s gm b k hiu trong mt tp hp:
Sb = {S0, S1, S2, . . ., Sb-1}
Mt s N c vit:
N = (anan-1an-2. . .ai . . .a0 , a-1a-2 . . .a-m)b vi ai Sb
S c gi tr:
N = an bn + an-1bn-1 + an-2bn-2 + . . .+ aibi +. . . + a0b0 + a-1 b-1 + a-2 b-2 +. . .+ a-mb-m.
=

a b

i =m

aibi chnh l trng s ca mt k hiu trong Sb v tr th i.

1.2 Cc h thng s
1.2.1 H c s 10 (thp phn, Decimal system)
H thp phn l h thng s rt quen thuc, gm 10 s m nh ni trn.
Di y l vi v d s thp phn:
N = 199810 = 1x103 + 9x102 + 9x101 + 8x100 = 1x1000 + 9x100 + 9x10 + 8x1
N = 3,1410 = 3x100 + 1x10-1 +4x10-2 = 3x1 + 1x1/10 + 4x1/100

1.2.2 H c s 2 (nh phn, Binary system)

H nh phn gm hai s m trong tp hp
S2 = {0, 1}
Mi s m trong mt s nh phn c gi l mt bit (vit tt ca binary digit).
S N trong h nh phn:
N = (anan-1an-2. . .ai . . .a0 , a-1a-2 . . .a-m)2
(vi ai S2)
C gi tr l:
N = an 2n + an-12n-1 + . . .+ ai2i +. . . + a020 + a-1 2-1 + a-2 2-2 + . . .+ a-m2-m
an l bit c trng s ln nht, c gi l bit MSB (Most significant bit) v a-m l bit
c trng s nh nht, gi l bit LSB (Least significant bit).
Th d: N = 1010,12 = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 0x20 + 1x2-1 = 10,510

1.2.3 H c s 8 (bt phn ,Octal system)

H bt phn gm tm s trong tp hp
S8 = {0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
S N trong h bt phn:
N = (anan-1an-2. . .ai . . .a0 , a-1a-2 . . .a-m)8 (vi ai S8)
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K THUT S

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I : Cc H Thng S I-1

C gi tr l:
N = an 8n + an-18n-1 + an-28n-2 +. . + ai8i . . .+a080 + a-1 8-1 + a-2 8-2 +. . .+ a-m8-m
Th d: N = 1307,18 = 1x83 + 3x82 + 0x81 + 7x80 + 1x8-1 = 711,12510

1.2.4 H c s 16 (thp lc phn, Hexadecimal system)

H thp lc phn c dng rt thun tin con ngi giao tip vi my tnh, h
ny gm mi su s trong tp hp
S16 ={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F }
(A tng ng vi 1010 , B =1110 , . . . . . . , F=1510) .
S N trong h thp lc phn:
N = (anan-1an-2. . .ai . . .a0 , a-1a-2 . . .a-m)16 (vi ai S16)
C gi tr l:
N = an 16n + an-116n-1 + an-216n-2 +. . + ai16i . . .+a0160+ a-1 16-1 + a-2 16-2 +. . .+ a-m16-m
Ngi ta thng dng ch H (hay h) sau con s ch s thp lc phn.
Th d: N = 20EA,8H = 20EA,816 = 2x163 + 0x162 + 14x161 + 10x160 + 8x16-1
= 4330,510

1.3 Bin i qua li gia cc h thng s

Khi c nhiu h thng s, vic xc nh gi tr tng ng ca mt s trong h
ny so vi h kia l cn thit. Phn sau y cho php ta bin i qua li gia cc s trong bt
c h no sang bt c h khc trong cc h c gii thiu.

1.3.1 i mt s t h b sang h 10
i mt s t h b sang h 10 ta trin khai trc tip a thc ca b
Mt s N trong h b:
N = (anan-1an-2. . .ai . . .a0 , a-1a-2 . . .a-m)b vi ai Sb
C gi tr tng ng trong h 10 l:
N = an bn + an-1bn-1 +. . .+ aibi +. . . + a0b0+ a-1 b-1 + a-2 b-2 +. . .+ a-mb-m.
Th d:
* i s 10110,112 sang h 10
10110,112 = 1x24 + 0 + 1x22 + 1x2 + 0 + 1x2-1 + 1x2-2 = 22,7510
* i s 4BE,ADH sang h 10
4BE,ADH=4x162+11x161+14x160+10x16-1+13x16-2 = 1214,67510

1.3.2 i mt s t h 10 sang h b
y l bi ton tm mt dy k hiu cho s N vit trong h b.
Tng qut, mt s N cho h 10, vit sang h b c dng:
N = (anan-1 . . .a0 , a-1a-2 . . .a-m)b = (anan-1 . . .a0)b + (0,a-1a-2 . . .a-m)b
Trong
(anan-1 . . .a0)b
= PE(N) l phn nguyn ca N
v
(0,a-1a-2 . . .a-m)b = PF(N) l phn l ca N
Phn nguyn v phn l c bin i theo hai cch khc nhau:
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K THUT S

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I : Cc H Thng S I-1

Phn nguyn:
Gi tr ca phn nguyn xc nh nh trin khai:
PE(N) = anbn + an-1bn-1 + . . .+ a1b 1+ a0b0
Hay c th vit li
PE(N) = (anbn-1 + an-1bn-2 + . . .+ a1)b + a0
Vi cch vit ny ta thy nu chia PE(N) cho b, ta c thng s l PE(N) = (anbn1
+ an-1bn-2 + . . .+ a1) v s d l a0.
Vy s d ca ln chia th nht ny chnh l s m c trng s nh nht (a0) ca
phn nguyn.
Lp li bi ton chia PE(N) cho b:
PE(N) = anbn-1 + an-1bn-2 + . . .+ a1= (anbn-2 + an-1bn-3 + . . .+ a2)b+ a1
Ta c s d th hai, chnh l s m c trng s ln hn k tip (a1) v thng s
l PE(N)= anbn-2 + an-1bn-3 + . . .+ a2.
Tip tc bi ton chia thng s c c vi b, cho n khi c s d ca php chia
cui cng, chnh l s m c trng s ln nht (an)
Phn l:
Gi tr ca phn l xc nh bi:
PF(N) = a-1 b-1 + a-2 b-2 +. . .+ a-mb-m
Hay vit li
PF(N) = b-1 (a-1 + a-2 b-1 +. . .+ a-mb-m+1 )
Nhn PF(N) vi b, ta c : bPF(N) = a-1 + (a-2 b-1 +. . .+ a-mb-m+1 ) = a-1+ PF(N).
Vy ln nhn th nht ny ta c phn nguyn ca php nhn, chnh l s m c
trng s ln nht ca phn l (a-1) (s a-1 ny c th vn l s 0).
PF(N) l phn l xut hin trong php nhn.
Tip tc nhn PF(N) vi b, ta tm c a-2 v phn l PF(N).
Lp li bi ton nhn phn l vi b cho n khi kt qu c phn l bng khng, ta s
tm c dy s (a-1a-2 . . .a-m).
Ch : Phn l ca s N khi i sang h b c th gm v s s hng (do kt qu ca
php nhn lun khc 0), iu ny c ngha l ta khng tm c mt s trong h b c gi tr
ng bng phn l ca s thp phn, vy ty theo yu cu v chnh xc khi chuyn i m
ngi ta ly mt s s hng nht nh.
Th d:
* i 25,310 sang h nh phn
Phn nguyn:
25 : 2 = 12 d 1
a0 = 1
12 : 2 = 6 d 0
a1 = 0
6 : 2 = 3 d 0
a2 = 0
3 : 2 = 1 d 1
a3 = 1
thng s cui cng l 1 cng chnh l bit a4:
a4 = 1
Vy PE(N) = 11001
Phn l:
0,3 * 2 = 0,6
a-1 = 0
0,6 * 2 = 1,2
a -2 = 1
0,2 * 2 = 0,4
a-3 = 0
0,4 * 2 = 0,8
a-4 = 0
0,8 * 2 = 1,6
a-5 = 1 . . .

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K THUT S

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I : Cc H Thng S I-1

Nhn thy kt qu ca cc bi ton nhn lun khc khng, do phn l ca ln nhn

cui cng l 0,6, lp li kt qu ca ln nhn th nht, nh vy bi ton khng th kt thc
vi kt qu ng bng 0,3 ca h 10.
Gi s bi ton yu cu ly 5 s l th ta c th dng y v
PF(N) = 0,01001.
Kt qu cui cng l:
25,310 = 11001,010012
* i 1376,8510 sang h thp lc phn
Phn nguyn: 1376 : 16 = 86 s d = 0
a0 = 0
86 : 16 = 5 s d = 6
a1 = 6 & a2 = 5
137610 = 560H
Phn l:
0,85 * 16 = 13,6
a-1 = 1310=DH
0,6 * 16 = 9,6
a -2 = 9
0,6 * 16 = 9,6
a-3 = 9
Nu ch cn ly 3 s l:
0,8510= 0,D99H
V kt qu cui cng:
1376,8510 = 560,D99H

1.3.3 i mt s t h b sang h bk v ngc li

T cch trin khai a thc ca s N trong h b, ta c th nhm thnh tng k s hng t
du phy v hai pha v t thnh tha s chung
N = anbn +. . . +a5b5 + a4b4 +a3b3 +a2b2 +a1b1 +a0b0 +a-1 b-1 +a-2 b-2 +a-3 b-3. . .+a-mb-m
d hiu, chng ta ly th d k = 3, N c vit li bng cch nhm tng 3 s hng,
k t du phy v 2 pha
N = ...+ (a5b2 + a4b1 + a3b0)b3 + (a2b2 + a1b1 + a0b0 )b0+ (a-1 b2 + a-2 b1 + a-3b0)b-3 +...
Phn cha trong mi du ngoc lun lun nh hn b3 , vy s ny to nn mt s
trong h b3 v lc c biu din bi k hiu tng ng trong h ny.
Tht vy, s N c dng:
N = ...+A2B2+A1B1+A0B0 + A-1B-1 +...
Trong :
B=b3 (B0=b0; B1=b3; B2=b6, B-1=b-3 ....)
A2= a8b2 + a7b1 + a6b0 = b3(a8b-1 + a7b-2 + a6b-3) < B=b3
A1= a5b2 + a4b1 + a3b0 = b3(a5b-1 + a4b-2 + a3b-3) < B=b3
A0= a2b2 + a1b1 + a0b0 = b3(a2b-1 + a1b-2 + a0b-3) < B=b3
Cc s Ai lun lun nh hn B=b3 nh vy n chnh l mt phn t ca tp hp s to
nn h B=b3
Ta c kt qu bin i tng t cho cc h s k khc.
Tm li, i mt s t h b sang h bk, t du phy i v hai pha, ta nhm tng k
s hng, gi tr ca mi k s hng ny (tnh theo h b) chnh l s trong h bk .
Th d:
* i s N = 10111110101 , 011012 sang h 8 = 23
T du phy, nhm tng 3 s hng v hai pha (nu cn, thm s 0 vo nhm u v
cui 3 s hng m khng lm thay i gi tr ca s N):
N = 010 111 110 101 , 011 0102
Ghi gi tr tng ng ca cc s 3 bit, ta c s N trong h 8
N= 2 7 6 5 , 3 2 8
* i s N trn sang h 16 = 24
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K THUT S

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I : Cc H Thng S I-1

Cng nh trn nhng nhm tng 4 s hng

N = 0101 1111 0101 , 0110 10002
N= 5
F
5 , 6
8 16
k
T kt qu ca php i s t h b sang h b , ta c th suy ra cch bin i ngc
mt cch d dng: Thay mi s hng ca s trong h bk bng mt s gm k s hng trong h
b.
Th d i s N = 5 F5, 6816 (h 24) sang h nh phn (2) ta dng 4 bit vit cho
mi s hng ca s ny:
N = 0101 1111 0101 , 0110 10002

1.3.4 i mt s t h bk sang h bp
Qua trung gian ca h b, ta c th i t h bk sang h bp. Mun i s N t h bk
sang h bp, trc nht i s N sang h b ri t h b tip tc i sang h bp.
Th d:
- i s 1234,678 sang h 16
1234,678 = 001 010 011 100,110 1112 = 0010 1001 1100,1101 11002 = 29C,DCH
- i s ABCD,EFH sang h 8
ABCD,EFH = 1010 1011 1100 1101,1110 11112 = 1 010 101 111 001 101,111 011
1102 = 125715,7368
Di y l bng k cc s u tin trong cc h khc nhau:
Thp
phn
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Nh
phn
0
1
10
11
100
101
110
111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100

Bt
phn
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
11
12
13
14

Thp lc
phn
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C

Thp
phn
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Nh
phn
1101
1110
1111
10000
10001
10010
10011
10100
10101
10110
10111
11000
11001

Bt
phn
15
16
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
17
30
31

Thp lc
phn
D
E
F
10
11
12
12
14
15
16
17
18
19

Bng 1.1

1.4 Cc php tnh trong h nh phn

Cc php tnh trong h nh phn c thc hin tng t nh trong h thp phn, tuy
nhin cng c mt s im cn lu

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K THUT S

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I : Cc H Thng S I-1

1.4.1 Php cng

L php tnh lm c s cho cc php tnh khc.
Khi thc hin php cng cn lu :
0+0=0;
0+1=1;
1 + 1 = 0 nh 1 (em qua bt cao hn).
Ngoi ra nu cng nhiu s nh phn cng mt lc ta nn nh :
- Nu s bit 1 chn, kt qu l 0;
- Nu s bit 1 l kt qu l 1
- V c 1 cp s 1 cho 1 s nh (b qua s 1 d, th d vi 5 s 1 ta k l 2 cp)
Th d: Tnh

011 + 101 + 011 + 011

1 1 s nh
1 1 1 s nh
011
+ 101
011
011
-------1110

1.4.2 Php tr
Cn lu :
0-0=0;
1-1=0;
1-0=1;
0 - 1 = 1 nh 1 cho bit cao hn
Th d: Tnh 1011 - 0101
1
s nh
1011
- 0101
--------0110

1.4.3 Php nhn

Cn lu :
0x0=0;
0x1=0;
1x1=1
Th d: Tnh 1101 x 101
11 01
1 01
--------1101
0000
1101
--------------x

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K THUT S

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I : Cc H Thng S I-1

1000001

1.4.4 Php chia

Th d: Chia 1001100100 cho 11000
Ln chia u tin, 5 bit ca s b chia nh hn s chia nn ta c kt qu l 0, sau
ta ly 6 bit ca s b chia chia tip (tng ng vi vic dch phi s chia 1 bit trc khi
thc hin php tr)

Kt qu : (11001.1) 2 = (25.5)10

1.5 M ha
1.5.1 Tng qut
M ha l gn mt k hiu cho mt i tng thun tin cho vic thc hin mt
yu cu c th no .
Mt cch ton hc, m ha l mt php p mt i mt t mt tp hp ngun vo
mt tp hp khc gi l tp hp ch.

(H 1.1)
Tp hp ngun c th l tp hp cc s, cc k t, du, cc lnh dng trong truyn d
liu . . . v tp hp ch thng l tp hp cha cc t hp th t ca cc s nh phn.
Mt t hp cc s nh phn tng ng vi mt s c gi l t m. Tp hp cc t
m c to ra theo mt qui lut cho ta mt b m. Vic chn mt b m ty vo mc ch
s dng.
Th d biu din cc ch v s, ngi ta c m ASCII (American Standard Code
for Information Interchange), m Baudot, EBCDIC . . .. Trong truyn d liu ta c m d
li, d v sa li, mt m . . ..
Vn ngc li m ha gi l gii m.
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K THUT S

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I : Cc H Thng S I-1

Cch biu din cc s trong cc h khc nhau cng c th c xem l mt hnh thc
m ha, l cc m thp phn, nh phn, thp lc phn . . . v vic chuyn t m ny sang
m khc cng thuc loi bi ton m ha.
Trong k thut s ta thng dng cc m sau y:

1.5.2 M BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)

M BCD dng s nh phn 4 bit c gi tr tng ng thay th cho tng s hng
trong s thp phn.
Th d:
S 62510 c m BCD l 0110 0010 0101.
M BCD dng rt thun li : mch in t c cc s BCD v hin th ra bng n
by on (led hoc LCD) hon ton ging nh con ngi c v vit ra s thp phn.

1.5.3 M Gray
M Gray hay cn gi l m cch khong n v.
Nu quan st thng tin ra t mt my m ang m cc s kin tng dn tng n v,
ta s c cc s nh phn dn dn thay i. Ti thi im ang quan st c th c nhng li
rt quan trng. Th d gia s 7(0111) v 8 (1000), cc phn t nh phn u phi thay i
trong qu trnh m, nhng s giao hon ny khng bt buc xy ra ng thi, ta c th c
cc trng thi lin tip sau:
0111 0110 0100 0000 1000
Trong mt quan st ngn cc kt qu thy c khc nhau. trnh hin tng ny,
ngi ta cn m ha mi s hng sao cho hai s lin tip ch khc nhau mt phn t nh phn
(1 bit) gi l m cch khong n v hay m Gray.
Tnh k nhau ca cc t hp m Gray (tc cc m lin tip ch khc nhau mt bit)
c dng rt c hiu qu rt gn hm logic ti mc ti gin.
Ngoi ra, m Gray cn c gi l m phn chiu (do tnh i xng ca cc s hng
trong tp hp m, ging nh phn chiu qua gng)
Ngi ta c th thit lp m Gray bng cch da vo tnh i xng ny:
- Gi s ta c tp hp 2n t m ca s n bit th c th suy ra tp hp 2n+1 t m ca
s (n+1) bit bng cch:
- Vit ra 2n t m theo th t t nh n ln
- Thm s 0 vo trc tt c cc t m c c mt phn ca tp hp t m mi
- Phn th hai ca tp hp gm cc t m ging nh phn th nht nhng trnh by
theo th t ngc li (ging nh phn chiu qua gng) v pha trc thm vo s 1 thay v
s 0 (H 1.2).

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K THUT S

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I : Cc H Thng S I-1

(H 1.2)
thit lp m Gray ca s nhiu bit ta c th thc hin cc bc lin tip t tp hp
u tin ca s mt bit (gm hai bit 0, 1).
Di y l cc bc to m Gray ca s 4 bit. Ct bn phi ca bng m 4 bit cho gi
tr tng ng trong h thp phn ca m Gray tng ng (H 1.3).

0
1

0 0
0 1

1 1
1 0

2 bi
t

1
bit

0 0
0 0
0
1
0 1
0 1
1
0
1 1
1 0
1
1
1 0
1 1
0
0
3 bi
t

0 000
0 001

Tr thp
phn
tng
ng
0
1

0 011
0 010

2
3

0 110
0 111

4
5

0 101
0 100

6
7

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

100
101
111
110
010
011
001
000
bit

(H 1.3)
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K THUT S

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I : Cc H Thng S I-1

Nhn xt cc bng m ca cc s Gray (1 bit, 2 bit, 3 bit v 4 bit) ta thy cc s gn

nhau lun lun khc nhau mt bit, ngoi ra, trong tng b m, cc s i xng nhau qua
gng cng khc nhau mt bit.

Bi Tp
1. i cc s thp phn di y sang h nh phn v h thp lc phn :
a/ 12 b/ 24 c/ 192 d/ 2079
e/ 15492
f/ 0,25 g/ 0,375 h/ 0,376 i/ 17,150 j/ 192,1875
2. i sang h thp phn v m BCD cc s nh phn sau y:
a/ 1011 b/ 10110 c/ 101,1 d/ 0,1101
e/ 0,001 f/ 110,01
g/ 1011011 h/ 10101101011
3. i cc s thp lc phn di y sang h 10 v h 8:
a/ FF b/ 1A c/ 789 d/ 0,13 e/ ABCD,EF
4. i cc s nh phn di y sang h 8 v h 16:
a/ 111001001,001110001 b/ 10101110001,00011010101
c/ 1010101011001100,1010110010101 d/ 1111011100001,01010111001
5. M ha s thp phn di y dng m BCD :
a/ 12 b/ 192 c/ 2079 d/15436 e/ 0,375 f/ 17,250

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