Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh 27 (2011) 22-29

nhim asen trong nc ngm v kh nng x l ti ch quy m h gia nh ti x Trung Chu, an Phng, H Ni
Nguyn Mnh Khi1,*, Nguyn Quc Vit1, Hong Th Qunh Trang1, L Vit Cao1, Nguyn Tin Trung1, Nguyn Quang Minh2
2

Khoa Mi trng, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, HQGHN, 334 Nguyn Tri, H Ni, Vit Nam Khoa Phng ho, Trng s quan Phng ha, Binh chng Ho hc, Sn ng, Sn Ty, H Ni, Vit Nam
Nhn ngy 10 thng 1 nm 2011

Tm tt. S hin din ca asen trong nc ngm nhiu ni, nht l vng nng thn ca Vit Nam v ang tr thnh vn mi trng cn quan tm. ti ny ly ngu nhin 20 mu nc ging khoan t cc h gia nh thuc x Trung Chu, huyn an Phng, H Ni phn tch v nh gi cc ch tiu Fe, As v pH. ng thi cc mu cp sau khi qua h thng x l ca cc h gia nh cng c phn tch nh gi hiu qu kh Fe v As ti cc h gia nh, qua nhn nh v kh nng x l As bng st hydroxit ti khu vc ny. Hm lng As trong nc ngm vng kho st hu ht u vt qu gii hn ti a cho php i vi As trong nc sinh hot (10g L-1) t 2-4 ln. Kt qu kho st cho thy 100% cc h gia nh s dng nc ngm lm nc cp cho sinh hot do s tim n nguy c thm nhp As vo c th qua ng n ung. T l Fe/As cc mu nghin cu dao ng trong khong t 100 n 1500 v hu ht pH nc ngm u dao ng trong khong t 6,5-7 th hin kh nng s dng cng ngh loi b As bi hydroxit Fe (III). nh gi v hiu qu x l Fe, As t h thng lc ct ti cc h gia nh cho thy i vi mu c hm lng Fe ban u cao th hiu qu loi b As cng ln n 98%. Tuy nhin do thiu kin thc cng nh k nng vn hnh, bo dng b lc ct m hiu qu x l Fe, As mt s h gia nh khng t hiu qu. Do vy cn c cc hng dn, ph bin kin thc nng cao kh nng x l ti ch i vi Fe, As trong dn c nng thn. T kha: nhim, t l Fe/As, pH, nc ngm, h lc ct.

1. t vn Vit Nam, sau nhiu nm thc hin chng trnh nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn, nc ngm c s dng v tr thnh ngun nc sinh hot chnh ca nhiu cng ng dn c. Theo bo co ca Tng cc mi trng, hin nay c khong 13 triu ngi

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Tc gi lin h. T: 84-4-38584943 E-mail: sonnt@vnu.edu.vn

(chim 16,5% tng dn s) khai thc v s dng ngun nc ny [1]. Cht lng nc ngm thng n nh hn cht lng nc b mt. Trong nc ngm, hu nh khng c cc ht keo hay cn l lng, cc ch tiu vi sinh trong nc ngm cng tt hn so vi ngun nc khc [2]. Tuy nhin, khi khai thc ngun nc ngm, nhiu vng phi i mt vi mt s vn rt ng lo ngi trong phi k n l nhim asen. Vit Nam c khong hn 1 triu ging khoan c nng asen trong nc ngm 22

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23

cao hn t 20-50 ln theo tiu chun ca B Y t (10 g L-1). Nng asen trong nc ngm vt qu tiu chun c pht hin tnh H Nam (ng bng sng Hng) v tnh ng Thp (ng bng sng Cu Long). Cc triu chng nhim c asen c Vin Sc khe ngh nghip v mi trng quc gia pht hin vo nm 2004. Xp x 0,5-1 triu ngi khu vc ny c d on v nhim c mn tnh do phi nhim asen [3]. Ti H Ni, theo nghin cu ca Trung tm nghin cu Cng ngh mi trng v Pht trin bn vng, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, HQGHN, nhiu ni quan trc c hm lng asen cao hn quy chun cho php, ch yu tp trung vo ngun nc cp khu vc nng thn [3]. V vy, cn c cc nghin cu tip theo v hin trng cng nh kh nng p dng cc bin php x l ph hp loi b asen trong nc ngm cc khu vc nhim ny. Nghin cu ny c tin hnh vi mc ch chnh gm (i) nh gi hin trng nhim asen trong nc ngm ti x Trung Chu, an Phng, H Ni (ii) ng thi nh gi kh nng x l ti ch theo k thut lc ct c cht ny trong nc ngm lm nc cp cho sinh hot, gp phn h tr cng ng dn c gim thiu ri ro do tch lu asen trong qu trnh s dng nc.

2. i tng v phng php nghin cu 2.1. a im nghin cu Khu vc nghin cu c la chn ti x Trung Chu, huyn an Phng, cch trung tm H Ni khong 35 km v pha Ty Nam. Din tch hnh chnh ca x l 801,2 ha, s h dn l hn 1.600 h vi tng s dn l 8.751 ngi. X Trung Chu pha Bc gip x Hu Trng, sng Hng; pha Nam gip x Th An, Phng nh, Thng M; pha Ty gip x Ht Mn, Th Xun; pha ng gip x Hng H v x H M thuc huyn an Phng, H Ni. X Trung Chu c tng cng 12 thn, trong c 1 thn nhn dn sng ngoi sng Hng. y l mt x thun nng, trong ch yu l trng cy lng thc v hoa mu, thu nhp ch yu t nng nghip v ch bin nng sn. Khong 70% s h dn tham gia chn nui, ch yu l ln v b. Ti x, 100% s h c dng nc ging khoan. Do x cha c h thng x l v phn phi nc tp trung, nn ngi dn u t khoan ging v xy b lc ct thng thng x l nc trc khi s dng. Khong 10% s h c b cha nc ma, ch yu phc v cho nhu cu n ung. Mu nc c ly l mu nc ngm s dng cho sinh hot ti cc thn 2, 3, 4, 5 x Trung Chu, huyn an Phng, H Ni. Ti cc thn trn, 10 mu nc c ly ngu nhin cho mi thn. Ti mi im ly mu tin hnh ly 2 mu: mu nc mi c bm t ging ln v mu nc sau khi c lc qua h lc ct thng thng.

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Hnh 1. S v tr ly mu nc ging khoan trong khu vc nghin cu.

2.2. Phng php nghin cu 2.2.1. Thu thp thng tin Cc thng tin lin quan ti qun l mi trng v hin trng s dng nc c thu thp t cc cp chnh quyn a phng. Vic phng vn trc tip ngi dn trong cc h gia nh ti cc v tr ly mu c thc hin bit cc thng tin v hin trng s dng nc, c im ngun nc cp cho h gia nh, bin php x l nc cp cho sinh hot.. 2.2.2. Phn tch mt s ch tiu trong nc Mu nc c o pH bng my o pH nhanh ti hin trng, As c phn tch bng phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t (AAS) c s dng b bay hi hydride HVH-1 trn my Shimadzu AAS 6800. Fe c xc nh bng phng php so mu vi ch th Orthophenanlthroline [4]. 2.2.3. Thng k v x l s liu S liu phn tch c x l thng k trn

phn mm Minitab version 14, gi tr trung bnh c so snh bi php so snh cp Tukey, s khc bit c ngha khi xc sut P0,05. M hnh thng k yij = + i + eij c s dng, trong trung v chung, i l gi tr khc bit gia trung v chung vi trung v ca php th i, eii l sai s ngu nhin. 3. Kt qu nghin cu v tho lun 3.1. Hin trng s dng nc ti khu vc Ngun nc s dng: S liu kho st, thu thp ti a im nghin cu (Bng 1) cho thy ngi dn khu vc nghin cu khng s dng nc mt (sng, h) lm ngun nc cp cho sinh hot. Cc h gia nh ch yu s dng nc ging khoan, ngun nc ging khi c s dng chim t l t do khi n ma kh, cc ging khi b cn v lng nc trong ging thng b ln vi bn, khng s dng c.

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Bng 1. Kt qu iu tra ngu nhin 80 h v tnh hnh s dng ngun nc cho sinh hot ti khu vc nghin cu TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ngun nc Ging khi Ging khoan Nc ma Ging khi v Ging khoan Ging khi v Nc ma Ging khoan v Nc ma C 3 ngun (1-3) Tng S gia nh 5 80 8 3 0 8 2 80 T l (% s c phng vn) 6,3 % 100 % 10 % 6,3 % 0% 8% 2,5 %

Kt qu iu tra cng cho thy 100% cc h gia nh c ging khoan khai thc nc ngm, su ca cc ging khoan trong khu vc dao ng trong khong t 17 n 26 m, thi gian s dng t 3 n 12 nm. Cc ging ny a phn do gia nh t to theo kinh nghim hoc thu th th cng. Lng nc s dng: i vi nhng h dn ch s dng nc cho mc ch sinh hot th lng nc s dng khong 1 -2 m3 ngy-1 nhng i vi nhng h s dng nc cho c
Nc ging khoan Gin phun ma B lc

mc ch trng trt v chn nui quy m nh th lng nc s dng c th ln ti 5 - 6 m3 ngy-1. 3.2. Cng ngh x l nc Hu ht cc h gia nh trong x Trung Chu u s dng h thng x l nc cp ti cc h gia nh c s cng ngh nh Hnh 2.

B cha nc

S dng

Hnh 2. S cng ngh x l nc cp khu vc nghin cu.

H thng c lp t gm 2 b ni tip, b trn c cha vt liu lc nh ct si, than hot tnh, b di dng cha nc lc. Cu to b trn bao gm cc tng cha cc vt liu lc l si, ct vng, than hot tnh v ct en. B cha nc k tip vi b lc cha nc sau khi lc xong ri em s dng. Ty tng h gia nh m s b lc cng nh s tng vt liu trong b thay i. Qu trnh kho st v s vn hnh h thng x l nc cp cho sinh hot trong khu vc nghin cu tm ra mt s c im nh sau:

- Ngi dn ch tin hnh v sinh h thng x l khi nhn thy lp ct en tng trn cng chuyn sang mu vng hoc khi lc, nc kh chy. - a s cc h gia nh khng ra b lc, vt liu lc trong b m ch thay tng vt liu trn cng bng mt lp ct en mi. Ch mt s h gia nh tin hnh thay vt liu mi (ct vng), hoc thay ton b vt liu lc. Chu k v sinh b lc trung bnh l 3-4 ln nm-1, tuy nhin i vi nhng h s dng lng nc ln th chu k v sinh c th l 1 ln

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thng-1 n 1 ln nm-1. Nhn xt v cht lng nc do ngi dn a ra cho rng vic v sinh b lc c nh hng ng k ti cht lng nc sau lc, khi s ln v sinh qu thp (1 ln nm-1) th nc sinh hot ca ngi dn s khng tt, nc c mi tanh.
50

3.3. Cht lng nc Hm lng Fe v As trc v sau khi qua h thng x l ca cc h gia nh th hin trong Hnh 3, mi quan h gia hm lng Fe v As trong mu nc trc khi x l ti cc h gia nh th hin trong Hnh 4.
40

40 Hm lng Fe (mg L-1) Hm lng As (g L-1)

a
30

30

a
20

20

10

10

b
0
Ban u Sau x l

b
0 Ban u Sau x l

Hnh 3. Hm lng Fe v As trc v sau x l ca cc h gia nh khu vc nghin cu.

Kt qu phn tch v ch tiu pH trong mu nc khu vc cho thy gi tr pH dao ng trong khong t 6,8 8,7. Trong s 40 mu phn tch, c 17,5% s mu c gi tr pH < 7; 52,5% s mu t pH t 7 7,5. Theo nghin cu c cng b, pH ti u cho x loi b asen ra khi nc cp nh st hydroxit t 6,57,0 [5]. Do vic iu chnh pH v ngng ti u x l asen trong nc ti khu vc nghin cu s nng cao hiu qu loi b asen ca cc b lc. Hm lng Fe trong nc ngm x Trung Chu tng i cao, dao ng trong khong 145 mg L-1. Theo kt qu phn tch c ti 17/20 mu c hm lng Fe vt t 2-5 ln so vi quy chun nc ngm QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT [6]. Theo quan st ti hin trng, s hnh thnh kt ta hydroxyt st bt u xut hin khong 10-15 pht sau khi nc c bm ln. Do hm lng st cao, trong khong 30 pht quan st, kt ta hydroxyt st xut hin nhiu gy mt cm quan cho nc.

nh gi v mc nhim asen trong nc ngm ti x Trung Chu cho thy nc ngm trong khu vc b nhim bi asen mc tng i nng. Kt qu phn tch cho thy 70% mu nc c hm lng asen ln hn mc cho php theo quy nh ca B Y t i vi nc n ung (10 g L-1). Mu c hm lng As cao nht quan st c ti cc thn c v tr gn sng Hng, vi nng trong nc l 36,34 g L-1. 3.4. Kh nng x l ti ch As Theo nhiu nghin cu c cng b trc y, hiu qu loi b As bi hydroxit Fe ph thuc ch yu vo pH v t l Fe/As [5]. Trong nghin cu ny, chng ti nh gi kh nng x l ti ch As da vo vic so snh hm lng Fe v As trong cc mu nc ngm. Hnh 4 th hin s phn b v hm lng As, Fe trong cc mu nc khu vc nghin cu.

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Hnh 4. Biu biu din hm lng As v Fe trong cc mu nc nghin cu.

Qua phn tch t l Fe/As trong cc mu nc c nghin cu cho thy t l ny t t 100 n 1500, ph bin trong khong t 250 n 1000. y l t l tng i cao, iu kin thun li li p dng bin php x l As bi

hydroxit st [5]. Thc t cho thy, hiu qu hiu qu x l As qua cc h lc ct vng ny l rt tt, c ti 80% s mu t hiu qu x l As trn 80% v khong 50% c hiu sut t trn 90%.

Hnh 5. Tng quan t l Fe/As v hiu sut x l.

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i vi cc mu nc c hm lng Fe ln hn 20 mg L-1, hiu qu loi b asen ca h thng x l nc cp rt tt, hiu sut x l ln n trn 90%, c bit c mu t trn 98% mc d nng asen ban u l kh cao. i vi cc mu nc c nng Fe t 10-20 mg L-1, kh nng loi b asen gim ng k xung cn khong 80 90%, nhng hm lng As sau x l vn t tiu chun cho php. Nhng mu c nng Fe trong nc nh (trong khong 12 mg L-1) th hin kh nng loi b asen rt hn ch (t 44 - 63%). Mc d ton b cc mu nc sau khi qua h thng x l nc cp ti cc h gia nh u c thng s As t tiu chun cho php, nhng kt qu nghin cu thc t ngoi hin trng c s hi khc bit v hiu qu x l so vi kt qu nghin cu trong phng th nghim trong cng b trc y [5]. Trong nghin cu ny, hiu qu loi b As thu c thp hn (t l As b loi so vi As ban u). S khc bit ny c th c gii thch bi nguyn nhn mt s mu nc ngm ngoi hin trng c pH thp, khng nm trong khong ti u (6,5-7,0); s v sinh, thau ra b lc ca ngi dn khng c thng xuyn. V vy, cn thit phi kim tra v iu chnh pH ca ngun nc trc x l, ng thi thng xuyn v sinh h thng lc nc m bo hiu qu x l c tt hn [5]. 4. Kt lun Asen trong nc ngm c th loi b nh qu trnh hp ph bi hydroxyt st. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy hu ht cc mu nc ti khu vc nghin cu c gi tr pH t 6,8-7,5, Fe

dao ng trong khong 1- 26 mg L-1, As vt gii hn ti a cho php t 2 n 4 ln. T l Fe/As trong nc ngm mi khai thc ti x Trung Chu, huyn an Phng, H Ni cao (t 100-1500 ln) l iu kin thun li loi As ra khi ngun nc bng cng ngh n gin nh hm lng Fe sn c trong nc (hp ph/cng kt), hiu qu loi As trong cc ging nghin cu c th t ti hiu sut n trn 90%. Nh kh nng ca hydroxyt st m chng ta c th xy dng, hng dn ngi dn vn hnh t iu kin ti u cho h thng x l nc bng h lc ct rt n gin nhng t hiu qu cao trong vic gim thiu nguy c phi nhim As cho cc vng nng thn. Ti liu tham kho
[1] NEA, Vietnam Environment Monitor 20022003. NEA, 2003 [2] Nguyn Th Thu Thy, X l nc cp cho cng nghip v sinh hot, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K Thut, 2005. [3] M. Berga, C. Stengela, P.T.K. Trang, P.H. Viet, M.L. Sampson, M. Leng, S. Samreth, D. Fredericks, Magnitude of arsenic pollution in the Mekong and Red River Deltas - Cambodia and Vietnam. Science of The Total Environment 327 (2007) 413. [4] B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, TCVN 6177-1996 (ISO 6332-1988) - Cht lng nc Xc nh st bng phng php trc ph dng thuc th 1,10-phenantrolin, BKHCNMT, 1996. [5] N.M. Khi, N.X. Hun, L.T.N. Anh, Nghin cu x l asen trong nc ngm mt s vng nng thn bng hydroxit st (III). Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh 26 (2010) 165. [6] B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc ngm, BTNMT, 2008.

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Arsenic content in groundwater and the ability for households in-situ removal in Trung Chau commune, Dan Phuong district, Ha Noi City
Nguyen Manh Khai1,*, Nguyen Quoc Viet1, Hoang Thi Quynh Trang1, Le Viet Cao1, Nguyn Tien Trung1, Nguyen Quang Minh2
1

Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Hanoi University of Science, VNU, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam 2 Falcuty of chemical defence, College of Chemical Defence Officer,Chemical arms, Son Dong, Son Tay, Ha Noi, Vietnam

There is a growing concern about the human health risk due to contamination of arsenic in supplied waters in many part of Vietnam, especially the rural areas. In this study, 20 pairs of untreated and treated households groundwater was randomly sampled in Trung Chau commune, Dan Phuong district, Hanoi City for analyzing the contents of iron (Fe) and arsenic (As), and measurement of pH as well as evaluating the Fe and As removal efficiencies. The arsenic content in almost all of groundwater samples in the studied area were exceeded maximum allowable concentration As in drinking water (10 g As L-1) from 2 to 4 times. The survey found that 100% of interviewed household in the commune using contaminated arsenic groundwater for supply water which might potentially cause arsenic exposure to the body through ingestion. The untreated groundwater had the ratio Fe/As ranging from 100 to 1500 (mg Fe/mg As), and pH was mostly approximate 6.5 to 7 indicated that there could be applied the iron (III) hydroxide for removal of As at the initial concentration of iron in groundwater. The results were also found that As content in water samples after treating through households sand filter was suitable for supplied water. The samples with higher initial content of Fe were also higher As removal efficiency. However, due to lacking of knowledge, operative and maintenance skills causing the treatment plants of Fe and As in some families cannot achieve high effectiveness (in which, the efficiency of arsenic removal was only about 44%). Therefore, it need providing the instruction and disseminating knowledge to the households in the commune to increase the ability for in-situ treatment of As and Fe. Keywords: Pollution, Fe/As ratio, pH, groundwater, sand filter system.