Islamic History

tpPvmrf omoem ordik ;f
tpPvmrfordik ;f udk rlqvif ordik ;f [k odae=uayonf? tpPmvmrfonf omoemwpfckjzpfI/ vlr_aA'wnf aqmufr_

Oya'rsm; r#wnD!Gwpf mG yg0ifaeayonf? tpPvmrfordki;f onf tma&AswGif rlqvifwdk@. ^m%fpOfawmfaqmif
jzpfaom udk,af wmfr[
k rR'f. usr;f jrwfu&k t
f u
H dk pwif qifjh yefonfh 7 &mpkrS pwifco
Jh nf?
tjcm;aom urBmhomoem}uD;rsm; enf;wl/ tpPvmrfomoem. qifu
h JzGH@+zdK;r_rmS Edik if Ha&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;rsm;.
oufa&mufr_rsm;onf xdkomoemtm; rlvyifrXmaeudk ausmv
f eG I
f jyef@ESH@oGm;apcJah yonf? tpPvmrfordik ;f .
wd;k wuf zGH@+zdK;r_rsm;onf tpPvmrfurBm. twGi;f tjyif ESpcf kv;Hk udk oufa&mufcJhayonf? tpPvmrfurBm. qufpyf
r_onf vl@ordik ;f . jcm;em;jzpfwnfaom acwfumvrsm;ukd pl;prf;&mY ta&;ygcaJh yonf? tvm;wlyif tGerf wf
[kac:onfh ,H=k unfolrsm; tdrzf GJ@wnfaqmufonfh owfrSwpf cH sde&f aSd om Edik if aH &;todik ;f t0dik f; wpf&yfonfvnf;
ta&;ygcaJh yonf? tpPvmrf ,Ofaus;r_u xdo
k dk@tdrzf GJ@wnfaqmufaom Edik fiaH &; todik ;f t0dik ;f wpf&yf jzpfay:&ef
tiftm;wpf&yfjzpfI/ usi0fh wfpnf;rsnf;rsm;uvnf; ordik ;f wpfav#muf t"duZwfaumifrsm;. tusifph &du
k rf sm;
tay:Y =oZmv$r;f cJhonf? tpPvmrfordki;f onf Edkiif aH &;/ pnf;yGm;a&;ESifh ppfa&;rsm;jzifh eD;pyfv#u&f Sdayonf?
ud,
k fawmf rk[
d rR'f y&deAd m efjyK+yD; yxr&mpkwiG f tpPvmrftifyg,monf taemufbuf twWvefwuf ork'rN S
ta&S@buf tm&Stv,fyidk ;f xd us,fjyef@vmcJah yonf? tpPvmrf tifyg,mrsm; jzpfaom tdrk idk f,mh'/f tbmquf'/f
zmwDrdku/f r*d/k qmzmAuf'Ef iS fh atmfwrdk ef tifyg,mrsm;onf urBmt
h }uD;qH;k ESifh tiftm;t&Sq
d ;Hk tifyg,mrsm;
teufrS jzpfcaJh yonf? tpPvmrf +rdK@jy,Ofaus;r_onf rsm;pGmaom ,Ofaus;r_ A[dck sufrrsm;ESifh odyy`H nm&yfrsm;udk
pwifxeG ;f awmufr_ ay;cJah yonf? txifu&jzpfaom ody`Hynm&Sirf sm;/ euQwWaA'nm&Sirf sm;/ ocsmF ynm&Sirf sm;/
aq;ynm&Sirf sm;/ olemjyKrsm;/ 'oeynm&Sirf sm;udk tpPvmrf a&$acwf umvwGi;f Y arG;xkwaf y;cJah yonf?
enf;ynmrsm;udk tm;ay;r_tjzpf/ a&xkwfa&oGi;f pepfESifh wl;ajrmif;wnfaqmufjcif;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&; xkxnftjzpf
&if;ES;D jryEf cHS Jhayonf? xdk@tjyif uk&t
f u
H sr;f awmftm; &Gwzf wf&ef ta&;}uD;jcif;a=umifh omrefjynforl sm;tm; pmay
wwfajrmufapr_ tqifjh rifrh m;vmcJah yonf?
aemufydik ;f at'D 18 &mpk/ 19 &mpkwiG f rsm;pGmaom tpPvmrf e,fajrrsm;onf Oa&my "e&Sif tifyg,mwGi;f od@k
usa&mufv#uf tkyfxed ;f cHrsm; jzpfc&Jh ayonf? yxrurBmppf aemufyidk ;f wGif atmfwrdk eftif,monf Oa&my
tkyx
f ed ;f olrsm;. vufatmufwGif &kyaf o;jzpfc&Jh +yD;/ 1924 ckEpS rf S pI/ tpPvmrf cvDzm pepfrmS edXdwcH Jhayonf?
(aemufq;Hk cvDzm tjzpf atmfwrdk ef tifyg,mu cH,cl Jhonf?)
(20)&mpktwGi;f wGif uGejf rLepf0g' uJhodk@ rsm;pGmaom oabmw&m; a&;&mrsm; &dkucf wfcaJh omfvnf; tpPvmrf *k%f
&nfEiS fh tpPvmrftyk cf sKyfre_ ,frsm;/ Edik fiaH &;&m udp&P yfrsm;onf (21) &mpktapmydki;f wGif tjiif;yGm;Edik fb,
G &f m r&Sd
jyef@ESw
H ;dk wufvmcJah yonf? taemufEidk if rH sm;u tpPvmrf a'orsm;udk tv#iftjref pdw0f ifwpm;&Sdjcif;/ Edik if w
H um
ydyuQmrsm;ESifh urBmvH;k qdki&f m0g'rsm;u (21) &mpkwiG f urBmay:odk@ tpPvmrf. =oZmv$r;f rd;k r_ jzpfwnfvm&ef
jyKjyifv#uf &Sad eayonf?
rmwdum
1? Zpfjrpf
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2? tapmydik ;f cvDzmrsm;
o 2 (u) acwftydki;f tjcm;rsm;
o 2 (c) tmvf &m&S'
D gef ajzmifrh wfaom vrf;jy cvDzmrsm;/
o 2 (*) tbmquf'r
f if;quf tpPvmrf a&$acwf
o 2 (C) a'oqdi
k &f m tkycf sKyfa&;rsm;
o 2 (i) zmwDru
dk f tifyg,m
o 2 (p) tdi
k rf idk f,mh'Ef iS fh bmbm rif;qufrsm; vufatmuf tbm&D,mef u|ef;qG,f
3? u&l;qdwpf pfyGJrsm;
4? refvGwu
f f rif;rsm;
5? tmz&du tpPvmrfomoem
o 5 (u) r*~[mhbf (udk,y
f idk ef ,frsm;) rS tpPvmrfomoem
o 5 (c) ta&S@ tmz&durS tpPvmrfomoem
o 5 (*) taemuf tmz&durS tpPvmrfomoem
6? tm&SrS tpPvmrfomoem
o 6 (u) tEdN, wdkui
f ,f
o 6 (c) w&kwf
o 6 (*) ta&S@awmiftm&S
7? rGe*f w
dk dk@. usL;ausmpf pf
8? acwfopfurBm tapmydik ;f umv rlqvif tifyg,m oHk;ck
o 8 (1) r*dk tifyg,m
o 8 (c) qzmAuf'f tifyg,m
o 8 (*) atmifwr
dk if tifyg,m
9? 0g[mbD 0g'
10? 20 &mpk
o 10(u) atmfwr
dk if tifyg,m arS;rSed o
f Gm;jcif;
d udk cGJpw
d jf crf;jzmjcif;
o 10 (c) tEN,
o 10 (*) tm&Af tpPa&;vf ydyuQ
o 10 (C) a&eH "e
o 10 (i) tD&ef awmfve
S af &; ESpcf k
11? 21 &mpk tpPvmrfomoem
o 11 (u) wl&uD tpPvmrfomoem
o 11 (c) Oa&my tpPvmrfomoem
o 11 (*) &k&m
S ; tpPvmrfomoem
o 11 (C) ajrmuftar&duwdu
k f tpPvmrfomoem
o 11 (i) awmiftar&duwdkuf tpPvmrfomoem
Zpfjrpf
rsKd ;&d;k pOfquf ,Hk=unfrt
_ &/ at'D 610 wGif ud,
k fawmfrk[rR'x
f YH usr;f jrwfu&k t
f H okwaf 'oemrsm;udk pwifI
^m%fpOf ude;f 0yfcJhonf? uk&t
f u
H sr;f awmf. okwfawmfrsm;udk udk,fawmfouf&x
Sd if&mS ; &Sad epOfYyif a&;rSwfv#uf
vnf;aumif;/ ESwif HkusufrSwv

f #ufvnf;aumif; rSww
f rf;wifcaJh yonf? ruUm[f+rdK@onf at'D 630wGif rlqvifrsm;
. vufodk@ usa&mufcaJh yonf? at'D 628 ckEpS fwiG f ruUm[f+rdK@rS t}uD;qHk; vlrsKd ;pkjzpfonfh ud&k dkucf sf vlrsKd ;rsm;ESihf
r'DemrS rGeq
f vif todik ;f t0dki;f wdk@onf [l'idk Af D,m [kco
k nfh +idr;f csr;f a&; pmcsKyfudk csKyfqcdk I
Jh / 10 ESpfwm +idr;f csr;f
a&; oabmwlncD Jhonf? udk ud&k u
dk cf sEf iS fh olwdk@. r[mrdwrf sm;jzpfonfh buUm&f vlrsKd ;pkwdk@u csKd ;zsufv#uf
rlqvifwdk@. r[mrdwjf zpfaom ulZm[f vlrsKd ;pkudk pwifwdkucf dkucf aJh yonf? udk,af wmfr[
k rR'fonf at'D 632 *|ef
vwGif y&deAd m efjyKI/ xdEk pS f 'DZifbmvwGif yxrqH;k cvDzm tblbmhcf rlqidk fvrD mwdk@=um; ppfrufjzpfymG ; cJhayonf?
(cvDzm. t"dy`g,rf mS tm%mqufco
H /l odk@r[kwf orRw [k jzpfonf? xd&k mxl;udk vltrsm;u a&G;cs,f wifajrmuf&ayonf?)
tapmydik ;f cvDzmrsm;
ud,
k fawmfr[
k rR'f y&deAd m efjyK+yD;aemuf tpPvmrfEdkiif aH wmftm; pOfqufrjywfaom cvDzmrsm;jzpfonfh tblbmhc/f
tdrk m&f/ tGwo
f ref/ tvDEiS fh [mqefwdk@u tkycf sKyfcaJh yonf? xdk tapmydik ;f cvDzmrsm;udk &m&S'D gef ajzmifrh wfol
rsm; [k vlord sm;ayonf? xdk &m&S'D gef rsm;.aemuf? rsm;pGmaom cvDzm pepfrsm;ud xlaxmifcJhayonf? cvDzm
wpfudk,pf Donf tpPvmrfOh ya'[k vlord sm;aom &S&t
D wf udk tajccHum udk,yf idk f Oya'rsm;udk jyKpkcaJh yonf?
qGeef D cvDzmrsm;ESifh tvDEiS fh udk,af wmfr[
k rR'f. orD;awmf zmwDrmbufrS qif;oufaom rsKd ;&d;k rSjzpfaom
tpPrmvftDvD &S,
D m wdk@. atrmef rsm;pif+ydKifjzpfaom umvrsm;vnf; &Scd aJh yonf? &S,
D mwdk@onf xdrk S udk,yf ikd f
cvDzmpepfudk xlaxmifI/ zmwDrdkuf tifyg,m tjzpf tkycf sKyfcaJh yonf?
(qGeef ED iS fh &S,
D monf omoema&;a=umifh r[kwb
f J/ tkycf sKyfrt
_ m%ma=umifh *d%
k ;f uGJc&Jh jcif; jzpfI/ atrmef qdo
k nfrmS a&S@aqmifvrf;jy
[k t"dy`g,u
f dk ay;ayonf?)
acwftydik ;f tjcm;rsm;
at'D 630 rS 660 - tmvf &m&S'D gerf sm;acwf
at'D 660 rS 750 - tdrk idk f,mh'f rif;quf
at'D 750 rS 960-tbmquf'rf if;quf
at'D 960rS 1250- zmwDrdkurf if;quf
at'D 1250 rS 1517-rmefvGwu
f rf if;quf
16 &mpkrS 20 &mpk tpydik ;f txd rlqvif tifyg,mrsm;
20 &mpktwGi;f udkvedk t
D yk cf sKyfcH rlqvifrsm;
20 &mpk tukeyf idk ;f ESifh 21 &mpk qef;p rlqvifrsm; Ed;k =um;vmaomacwf
tmvf &m&S'D gef ajzmifrh wfaom vrf;jy cvDzmrsm;/
ud,
k fawmf rk[rR'f y&deAd m efjyK+yD;aemuf cvDzm ig;OD;u tpPvmrf tifyg,mudk pOfquf OD;aqmifcJhayonf? od@k aomf
yrajrmuf cvDzm atrmef[mqefrmS (OD;aqmif) oufwrf; wdak wmif;vGe;f aoma=umifh rlqvif trsm;pku cvDzm
(orRw)}uD; av;yg;udkom todrsm;=uayonf?
tbmquf'f rif;quf tpPvmrf a&$acwf
at'D 750 wGif tbmquf'rf if;quf tm%m&vmaomtcg tdik rf idk f,m'f tifyg,monf pnf;vH;k nD!Gwrf _u&kd cJI
h
tiftm;cdik rf m awmifhwif;vmcJhayonf? wdk@onf b,fvm&ufp/f ppfpvDu|ef;rsm; tygt0if ajrxJyifv,f
u|ef;a'orsm;udk odr;f ydkuEf idk fcaJh yonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;topfonf tdik rf idk f,mh'rf sm;vufxufrS b0ifrusaom t&m
rsm;udk qef@usif pnf;&H;k cJh+yD; ,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &;jzpfonfh tbl rlqvif tbmquf'f awmfvSeaf &;udk jyKvkycf Jh
ayonf? tbmquf'rf if;rsm; vufatmufwGif tpPvmrf +rdK@jy,Ofaus;r_rmS &GuEf ak 0cJhayonf? txl;ta&;ygaom
wd;k wufrr_ Sm tm&fApD um;ajy ta&;tom;ESifh uAsmvuFum pmayxGe;f um;r_rsm;rSm xGe;f awmufcJhI/ ude;f b&pf
wuUodkvrf jS yKpkaom tpPvmrf ordki;f wGif xdak cwfudk a&$acwf [k wifpm;cJah yonf? wdk@wGif pD;yGm;a&;ESihf ukef
xkwfvyk if ef;/ 0dZm ody`yH nm&yfrsm; (rlqvif ody`Hacwfajymif; awmfveS af &;) onfvnf; t"du tcef;urS yg0ifcJh
ayonf? tbmquf'f rif;qufrsm;rS tmvfrefqm/ (tkyfcsKyfumv at'D 754-775)/ [m&Gef &m&Sp'f f (tkycf sKyf
umv at'D 786-809) tmvfrmrGe;f (tkycf sKyfumv (at'D 809-813)ESifh olwdk@aemuf tapmydik ;f qufcHonfh
orRwrsm;vufxufwiG f txl;ojzifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufcJhayonf?
at'D 820wGif tbmquf'rf if;quf cvDzmrsm;ESifh acwf+ydKif tifyg,mrsm; &Scd aJh yonf?
tbmquf'rf if;rsm;. ta&S@ar#mf oDt&dk t
D & ta&S@buf&Sd yg&mS ;ESifh w&efpZdk meD;,m;wdk@. ta&;udprP sm;twGuf
xdrk if;qufonf ,cif+rdK@awmfjzpfaom 'rwfpuwfrS buU'wfudk +rdK@awmftjzpf ajymif;a&$@owfrSwcf Jhayonf?
tbmquf'f awmfveS af &;twGi;f tdrk idk f,mh'f rdom;pkrsm; owfjzwfcv
H dku&f aomfvnf;/ rdom;pk0ifwpfO;D jzpfaom
t'l &m[fref (1)onf pydeo
f dk@ xGufajy;vGwfajrmufomG ;cJI at'D 756 ckEpS w
f iG f ud,
k yf dik f cvDzm pepfukd xdak 'oY
pwifxal xmifcJhayonf? udk,yf idk t
f yk fcsKyfa&;a'o tjzpf [m&Ge&f m&Sp'f v
f ufxufwiG f txl;udk,yf idk f tkycf sKyfciG &hf
rif;rsm; tmcfvmbuf'f rsm;udk cef@tyfxm;cJhayonf? olwdk@udk,w
f idk u
f vnf; A[dk cvDzmrsm;. =oZmtm%mudk
tod trSwjf yKcJhayonf? odk@aomf at'D 909 wGif &S,
D m zmwDrdkurf if;quf. jzKwfcsra_ =umifh tmcfvmbuf'f
rsm;onf eef;oufr&Sncf aJh cs? at'D 960 wGif zmwDrdkurf sm;onf tbmquf'fwdk@. tD*spfudk atmifEidk cf I
Jh wGif
yif at'D 969-973 wGif +rdK@awmfopfwnfcaJh yonf? xd+k rdK@awmfudk tmvfumG [D&m-atmifjrifr_ +*dKvfopf tjzpf
trnfay;cJhI ,ckacwfwGif udik &f [
dk k ac:wGifayonf? tvm;wlyif yg&mS ;wGifvnf; wmuuf&Sf *gpef mAuf'f wd@k u
tbmquf'w
f dk@. =oZmudk xdyg;vmcJhayonf? tbmquf'w
f dk@. =oZmonf ,m,Dtm;jzifh wnf&aSd eao;aomf
vnf; yg&mS ;jynfr}uD;odk@ ajymif;a&$@vmaom rlqvif wmuuf&rSf sm;jzpfonfh qJv*f smhuf wmuuf&rSf sm;u tbm
quf'f wdk@udk at'D 1055 wGif 0g;+rdKvdkuaf yonf?
xdu
k mvrsm;wGif wpfcgw&H ppfa&;t&/ wpfcgw&HwGif +idr;f csrf;pGm =o0g'cH,rl t
_ & ponfjzifh tifyg,mrSm us,fjyef@
vmcJhayonf? at'D 1000 rwdkirf u
SD av;wGif tdENd,udk yxrtqift
h aejzifh atmifEidk cf Jhonf? xdk@aemuf ESpf 200
twGi;f (at'D 1193-1209) wGif **Fgjrpf0rS ;f a'orsm;udk atmifEidk cf aJh yonf?
qm[m&. udik ;f uGJjzpfaom taemufyidk ;f tmz&duwGif at'D 1000 ausmfuav;wGif tpPvmrftifyg,mudk tcdik f
trm wnfaqmufcaJh yonf? umeifrf wGif at'D 1081 ESifh 1097 =um;Y rlqviftyk fcsKyfa&;udk xlaxmifcJ+h yD;/
rSww
f rf;rsm;t& *gtdk acgi;f aqmif rlqvifrif;om;wpfyg;onf at'D 1009 tapmydki;f umvuyif a&muf&dS
ae+yD[k qdak yonf? rmvdtygt0if tpPvmrf bk&ifyidk Ef dkiif Honf at'D 13 &mpkwiG f jzpfvmcJah yonf?
tbmquf'f pd;k pHEpS rf sm;umvwGif buU'wfonf urBm,Ofaus;r_ txGt
f xdyf A[dck sufr jzpfcJhayonf? tbm
quf'f rif;rsm;onf udk,af wmfr[
k rR'f. OD;av;awmf tbmhqf . rsdK;EG,rf sm;jzpfI/ olwdk@onf tdrk idk f,mh'f tkycf sKyfr_
atmufrS &Sijf yefvmaom vlom;rsm; ar&S,
d &Sijf yefvmolrsm; jzpfonf[k cH,lcaJh yonf? tbmquf'f
cvDzmrsm;jzpfaom [m&Ge&f m&Sp'f Ef iS fh tmvfrmrGew
f dk@onf 0dZm odyy`H nmwdk@. em,u }uD;rsm; jzpfcJhI/ xdyk nm&yf
rsm;tm; tvGef tm;ay;tm;ajrmuf jyKay;cJah yonf? tpPvmrf 'oersm; zGifh+zdK;vmr_EiS t
fh nD tpPvmrfOya' &S&D
twfrsm;udk pepfwusjyKjyifcJhI/ udk,yf idk t
f yk cf sKyfa&;a'o av;ckudkvnf; xlaxmifcaJh yonf? xdu
k mvtwGi;f wGif
tpPvmrf 0dy\em qlz0D g'rsm; xGef;awmufcjJh cif;rsm;udkvnf; awG@&+yD;/ wynfph Ofquf qifhjyefaom qG[D bdck g&D
usr;f tygt0if tjcm;aom ['D;of (ordik ;f ) usr;f rsm;udkvnf; jyKpkcaJh yonf?
a'oqdik &f m tkycf sKyfa&;rsm;
tbmquf'rf if;rsm;onf wdak wmif;aom umvtwGi;f wGif oH;k yGifhqidk f +ydKifbufrsm;jzpfaom tm&Afrsm;/ yg&mS ;rsm;
ESifh ajymif;a&$@tacscsaexdik v
f maom wmuuf&rSf sm;udk odrf;oGi;f Edik cf Jah yonf? odk@aomf pkaygi;f xm;aom tifyg,m
}uD;tm; tkycf sKyfa&;twGuf ay;qyf&r_rmS }uD;us,v
f SI/ tpPvmrfwdk@. Edik if Ha&; pnfvH;k nD!Gwrf r_ mS pwif uGJjym;
cJah yonf? oDt&dk t
D & cvDzm acgif;aqmifrsm;[k todtrSwjf yKxm;aom apmfbmG ;rsm;u vGwfvyfa&; cGJxGufvm
cJu
h m/ +ydKifbuf zvDzmrsm; wnfaxmifvmr_EiS t
fh wl twGi;f tm%mvk +ydKifbufrsm; pepf Zwford ;f oGm;cJhayonf?
wajz; ajz;ESifh tbmquf'f rif;qufonf bla0[uf apmbGm;rsm;. &kyaf o; tkyfcsKyforl sm; jzpfvmcJhayonf?
xdu
k mvrsm;twGi;f wGif euQwaW A'ynm/ uAsmvuFma&;jcif;twwf/ 'oe (tawG;tac) ynm/ ody`aH &;&mESihf
ocsFmynmrsm; xGe;f awmufcaJh yonf?
zmwDru
dk f tifyg,m
zmwDrdkuw
f dk@. ZmwdrmS (,ckacwf wle;D &Sm;ESifh tvf*s;D &D;,m; ta&S@ydik ;f ) tufz&DuD,m rS jzpfayonf? xdt
k ifyg,m
udk at'D 909 wGif tA'v
l m tmvfr[f'D bDvm[f uxlaxmifcJh+yD;/ olonf ud,
k fawmfr[
k rR'.
f orD;awmf
zmwDrmESifh yxrOD;qHk; &S,
D mwdk@. atrmef tjzpf cH,al om tvDocifwdk@. rsKd ;&d;k jzpfonf[k cH,I
l / ol. rif;quf
udk zmwDrm,mef zmwDrdku[
f k ac:wGifjcif; jzpfayonf?
tA'v
l m tmvfr[f'o
D nf wdkawmif;aom umvwGiyf if ol. =oZmudk ,ckacwf armf&dku/dk tvf*sD;&D;,m;/ wle;D
&Sm;/ vufAsm; Edkiif rH sm;yg0ifonfh ud,
k yf dik f tkycf sKyfre_ ,frsm;xHodk@ jzef@usuEf idk cf Jh ayonf? xdek ,fa'orsm;udk wle;D &Sm;
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tm; awmfveS rf _aygif; rsm;pGm jyKvkyfcaJh yonf? onf oduQmcs ESrd Ef Si;f cH&+yD; r=umrSyD if ruUm[fEiS hf r'Demudk
odompGm atmifjrifvmcJI
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yg&mS ;tm; tm%mudk &&Sad p&ef wdku&f dkuf wGe;f tm;ay;cJjh cif; jzpfomG ;ayonf? yxrurBmppf +yD;aomtcg atmfwrkd if
tifyg,m. tuif;tusef tydik f;onfyif Oa&my em,ursm;. =unf&h j_ cif;atmufY usyx
f kwpf nf; cHvkdu&f ay
awmhonf? atmfwrdk ifwdk@. vufatmufcrH sm;jzpfaom ,ckacwf tvfab;eD;,m;/ abmhpef ;D ,m;/ [mAD*Zkd ;D em;/
blvaf *;&D;,m;/ tD*sp/f *&d/ tD&wf/ vufbEGe/f rGefweD *D &d;k / &dak r;eD;,m;/ aqmf't
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a*sm'f ef/ wl&uDEiS fh abmvfuef wdik ;f jynfrsm;/ ajrmuf tmz&duwdki;f jynfrsm;ESifh yifv,feuf. ajrmufbufyikd f;
wdik ;f jynfrsm;rSm Oa&mywdik ;f jynfrsm;. =oZmcHrsm; jzpfomG ;awmhonf?
rsm;pGmaom rlqvif wdki;f jynfrsm;onf Oa&my Edik if aH &;ykpH H tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh trsKd ;om;a&; 0g'udk arG;pm;
vufuidk fjyK&ef enf;em&Sm}uHI rlqvifurBmodk@ xd;k 0ifvmcJhonf? tD*sp/f qD;&D;,m;ESifh wl&uDuJhodk@ Edkiif rH sm;onf
olwdk@. Edik if aH &; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk pnf;=uyfaom rl0g'rsm; csrw
S fum olwdk@jynforl sm;. =um;Y trsKd ;om;a&;
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f dumQ tjzpf cdik rf mvmatmif }udK;yrf;=uonf? tD&wfuo
Jh dk@ tjcm;aom Edik if rH sm;wGif ESp&f Snv
f rsm; bmoma&;
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f rl sm;t=um; }udKwifq;Hk jzwfaom pdwjf zifh r,HkouFmr_rsm;
cdik rf maeI trsKd ;om; nD!w
G rf u
_ dk &,l&ef cufcJvaS yonf?
wl&uD/ tD*spf/ b*Fvma'h&/Sf tif'edk ;D &Sm; wdk@uJhodk@ tcsKd @aom rlqvif wdik ;f jynfrsm;rSm bmoma&;ESihf Edik fiaH &;udk
oD;jcm;xm;&ef enf;vrf;rsm; &SmazG=u+yD;/ aqmf't
D ma&AsEidk firH mS xdrk S oD;jcm;jzpfayonf? rSm tpPvmrfomoem
oef@pifa&;qdkaom aqmify'k fjzifh 0g[mbD 0g'udk vufcu
H m 0g[mbD tpPvmrf bmoma&;Edik if aH wmf tjzpf &yfwnf
ayonf?
tdE,
Nd udk cGJpw
d jf crf;jzmjcif;
tdE,
Nd udk cGJpw
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f wGif tdENd,ESifh ygupPwef[I
l tcsKyftjcmydik af om
ESpEf idk if H ay:aygufvmjcif;udk &nf!e$ ;f ayonf? +Adwo
d #u vGwfvyfa&; owfrSwf vdkuaf omtcg ,cifu +Adwo
d #&mh*sf a'otm; ESpfjynfwpfjynf pmcsKyftygt0if ESpEf idk fit
H jzpf zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifvdkuaf yonf? xdpk mcsKyft&
txl;ojzifh yef*syEf iS fh ba*Fga'owdk@onf ygupPwef[k jzpfvmcJah yonf?
1947 wGif tdENd,udk cGJjcrf;+yD; jzpfay:vmaom ygupPwefonf urBmh rlqvif trsm;qH;k Edik if jH zpfI 'kwd, urBmppf
vGef umv urBmh q,fEdkiif aH jrmuf t}uD;qH;k Edik if H jzpfcaJh yonf? 1971 ck ESpfwiG f aoG;ajrus ppfyGJ}uD;jzpfI ba*Fg
jynfe,fonf b*Fvma'h&t
Sf jzpf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom Edkiif jH zpfcaJh yawmhonf?
,ae@wGif ygupPwefonf tif'edk ;D &Sm;+yD;v#if 'kw,
d tpPvmrfomomem0if vlO;D a& trsm;qH;k Edik if H jzpfI EsLuvD;
ydik f rlqvifEidk fiH wpfEidk if H jzpfayonf?
tm&Af tpPa&;vf ydyuQ

tm&Af tpPa&;vf ydyuQonf Edkiif aH &;wif;rmr_rsm;ESifh yGiv
fh if;pGm &efvrdk r_ sm;udk &mpkEpS cf ef@ =umatmif qGJqef@v#uf
&Sad yonf? acwfopf *sL;vlrsKd ;rsm; (a&0wD bmom0ifrsm;). trsKd ;om;Edik if t
H jzpf tpPa&;vf Edik if H xlaxmifrE_ iS hf
tjcm;wpfzufwiG f tm&AfEidk if rH sm;ESifh vlrsKd ;wl ygvufpwdik f; vlrsKd ;wdk@tm; udk,yf idk ef ,fajr aysmufq;Hk apr_ jzpf&yf
rsm;rSm xdt
k a&;tcif;. t"du aomhcsufwpfck jzpfayonf? xdyk dyuQonf tjriftm;jzifh tm&AfEidk if rH sm;/ tjcm;
rlqvifEdkiif rH sm;ESifh tpPa&;vfwdk@t=um;om ywfoufonf[k xif&aomfvnf; bmoma&;/ vlrsKd ;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_
qufpyfr/_ vl@tcGit
fh a&;/ tjcm;aom r[mAsL[musonfh ta&;t&mrsm;a=umifh urBmESit
fh 0Sr;f wpfo;D yk*~v
jzpfap/ tpd;k &r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;vdkujf zpfap ta=umif;aygi;f pHkudk udk,pf m;jyKv#uf yg0if ywfoufaeayonf?
wpfcsKd @uvnf; tm&Af tpPa&;vf ydyuQonf taemufurBmESifh tpPvmrfurBmt=um; wpfppESifh tr_u
d fup
jy\'fr;D avmif p&m jzpfvmonf[k oH;k oyf=uI/ tcsKd @rS xdko;Hk oyfcsufudk vufrcHay? rnfodk@qdkap xdyk dyuQ
a=umifh bufEpS b
f ufrS axmufcHorl sm;t=um; r=umc%aom tacstwif ydurQ sm; urBmESifh t0Sr;f jzpfae&ay
onf?
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tma&AD;,m; tkyfcsKyfa&; opfudk zefw;D cJhonf? xdt
k yk cf sKyfa&;opfwiG f qufoG,af &;0ef}uD;Xme (1953) pdu
k yf sKd ;a&;
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f rm;ESifh vlrz_ v
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wvmvf udk
o,f,yl dk@aqmifa&; 0efcsKyftjzpf cef@tyfcJ@ayonf?
1958-59 wGif wvmvf u trsKd ;om; aumifpDudk jyKjyifajymif;vnf;&ef tpD&ifcpH m wpfck tqdw
k ifoGi;f cJhonf? ol
tpD&ifcH ouJo
h dk@ ol. tpD&ifcpH mtm; w&m;0if vkyyf idk cf Gifh r&Sad om aqG;aEG;nEd i_d ;f a&; ud,
k x
f nftjzpf xm;&Scd Jh
onf? ol@tawG;tac:rSm onf tpd;k &udk,fxnfwiG ;f Y vlxkbufrS us,fus,fjyef@jyef@yg0if ywfoufvmEdik &f ef
yxr ajcvSrf;jzpfcJhonf? wvmvf onf ol. tpD&ifcpH mudk tdraf &S@rif;om; jynfyY &Spd Of bk&ifrif;tm; wdku&f u
kd f
wifjycJjh cif; jzpfayonf? bk&if qtk('f) onf &d;k &d;k om;om;yif xdt
k pD&ifcpH mtm; Edik if .
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xdt
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aeaumif;vnf; ajymqdkaeEdik fayonf? ESpfaygi;f oH;k q,f =um+yD;aomfrS xdt
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xdx
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k mvwGiyf if
zdik Zf ,fEiS fh qtk('f)wdk@t=um; wif;rmr_rmS }uD;xGm;vm+yD; aemufq;Hk 1964 ckEpS fwiG f ydyuQ aygufuJGawmhonf?
qtk('f)u zdik Zf ,ftm; bk&ifo
h ufapmifhwyfjzifh zrf;qD;xm;rnf[k +cdr;f ajcmufI/ zdik Zf ,fuvnf; qtk('f)tm; bk&ifh
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h / udik &f kd
odk@ xGufcmG vmcJhonf/ xdrk S *&dodk@ xGucf mG cJhI 1969 ckEpS fwiG f *&dYyif uG,v
f eG cf aJh yonf? xdk@aemuf zdik Zf ,fonf
bk&ifjzpfvmawmhonf?
1967 (tm&Af tpPa&;vf) ppfyGJu tjcm;aom oufa&mufr_rsm;udk jzpfcJhI/ pl;tufw;l ajrmif;udk ydwfvu
dk &f jcif;onf
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Oya'ESifh tnD wpfcJeufaxmufcH cJhaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&; &+yD;aemufwiG f tpPvmrfomoemtm; wajz;ajz;ESihf
ta&;w,l r&Sad wmhay? bmomw&m;udk vufuidk rf jyKaom Oya'udk wl&uD. tajccHpnf;rsnf; Oya'wGif 1937
ckEpS Yf w&m;0if jyXm;efvu
dk fjcif;onf a'ocH tpPvmrfrpf tkypf rk sm;ESifh wl&uD vlrt
_ odki;f t0dik ;f u tpPvmrf Oya'
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odk@r[kwf wl&uD wpfEidk if Hv;Hk eD;yg; tpPvmrf omoem0ifrsm; jzpfaomfvnf; Edik fiaH wmftm; umvfrm;uf0g'
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twGi;f jyef@ESH@pGm aexdik cf Gifh &cJah yonf? xdk@aemuf 20 &mpk qef;p (1917)wGif &k&jS ynfY uGejf rLepftpd;k & wuf
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jzpfcaJh yonf? omoedu taqmufttHrk sm;udk zsufq;D cH&jcif;/ tpPvmrf omoem ynmwwfrsm;udk OD;aESmuf
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vGef umv urBmh q,fEdkiif aH jrmuf t}uD;qH;k Edik if H jzpfcaJh yonf? 1971 ck ESpfwiG f aoG;ajrus ppfyGJ}uD;jzpfI ba*Fg
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