Mt s khi nim v kin thc ha hc c bn

1. Nguyn t ha hc
Nguyn t ha hc l loi nguyn t (th nguyn t) m cc nguyn t ca cng
mt nguyn t ha hc th c cng s th t nguyn t Z (bc s nguyn t, s hiu,
s in tch ht nhn). Theo thng tin mi nht, th hin nay c bit c 117
nguyn t hc, tc c bit c 117 loi nguyn t. Tuy nhin cc nguyn t c Z >
92 l cc nguyn t ha hc nhn to, do con ngi bn ph cc nguyn t c sn
m pht sinh ra nguyn t mi.
Th d: H2SO4 c to bi 3 nguyn t ha hc, l cc nguyn t hydrogen
(loi nguyn t hydrogen), nguyn t lu hunh (loi nguyn t lu hunh) v
nguyn t oxi (loi nguyn t oxi)
2. Nguyn t
Nguyn t l phn nh nht ca mt nguyn t ha hc m cn gi c bn
cht ca nguyn t .
Th d: Phn t H2SO4 c to bi 3 nguyn t ha hc (3 loi nguyn t) v 7
nguyn t (2 nguyn t H, 1 nguyn t S v 4 nguyn t O)
Phn t C12H22O11 gm 3 nguyn t ha hc (nguyn t cacbon,
nguyn t hydrogen v nguyn t oxi) v 45 nguyn t (12 nguyn t cacbon, 22
nguyn t hydrogen v 11 nguyn t oxi)
Nh vy, nguyn t l loi nguyn t, cn nguyn t l phn nh nht ca
nguyn t.
3. Phn t
Phn t l phn nh nht ca mt cht (cht nguyn cht) m cn gi c tnh
cht (tnh cht ha hc) ca cht .

Th d: Phn nh nht ca nc m cn gi c tnh cht ca nc l mt phn

t nc (H2O). Phn nh nht ca ng m cn gi c tnh cht ca ng
(ng saccaroz, saccharose, sucrose) l mt phn t ung (C12H22O11).
Phn t c th gm mt nguyn t to nn, nh: He, Ne, Na, Cu, Fe (phn t n
nguyn t). Phn t c th gm nhiu nguyn t to nn, nh: CH4, HCl, H2, O3,
KMnO4 (phn t a nguyn t)
4. Ion
Ion l tp hp gm mt nguyn t hay mt s nguyn t c mang in tch.
Ion mang in tch dng gi l ion dng hay cation.
Ion mang in tch m gi l ion m hay anion.
Ion dng c to ra do mt nguyn t hay mt s nguyn t mt bt in
t.
Th d: Na+; NH4+; Mg2+; Al3+; CH3NH3+; Fe2+; Fe3+
Ion m c to ra do mt nguyn t hay mt s nguyn t nhn thm in t
vo.
Th d: Cl-; OH-; SO42-; PO43-; CH3COO5. n cht
n cht l cht m phn t ca n gm mt nguyn t hay cc nguyn t ca
cng mt nguyn t ha hc (cng mt loi nguyn t).
Th d: Ne, Na, H2, O2, O3, P, P4, S, S8, Cu, Cl2, N2, C l cc n cht
6. Hp cht
Hp cht l cht m phn t ca n gm cc nguyn t ca t nht hai nguyn t
ha hc to nn (t nht hai loi nguyn t)

Th d: HCl, H2O, CH4, C2H6O, KMnO4, C6H12O6, C3H7NO2S l cc hp

cht
7. Khi lng nguyn t (Nguyn t khi, Nguyn t lng)
Khi lng nguyn t l khi lng ca nguyn t c tnh bng n v khi
lng nguyn t. n v khi lng nguyn t hin nay l n v cacbon (vC, u,
amu, atomic mass unit)
1 n v khi lng nguyn t = 1 vklnt = 1 vC = 1 u = 1 amu = 1/12 khi
lng ca mt nguyn t 12C =1/(6,022.1023) gam = 1,66.10-24 gam
Th d: H c khi lng nguyn t bng 1 (hiu l 1 n v khi lng nguyn t,
hay 1 vC hay 1 u), ngha l 1 nguyn t H c khi lng bng 1/12 khi lng ca
mt nguyn t 12C hay mt nguyn t H c khi lng bng n v gam l 1/
(6,022.1023) gam = 1,66.10-24 gam
O c khi lng nguyn t bng 16 n v cacbon, hay mt nguyn t O
c khi lng gp 16 ln so vi 1/12 ln khi lng ca mt nguyn t 12C, hay
mt nguyn t O c khi lng tnh bng gam l 16.1/(6,022.1023) gam =
2,6569.10-23 gam
8. Khi lng phn t (Phn t khi, Phn t lng)
Khi lng phn t l khi lng ca mt phn t c tnh bng n v cacbon.
Khi lng phn t bng tng khi lng ca cc nguyn t c trong phn t.
Th d: Khi lng phn t ca nc (H2O) bng: 2(1) + 1(16) = 18 (18 vC; 18
u). Mt phn t H2O c khi lng gp 18 ln so vi 1/12 khi lng ca mt
nguyn t ng v 12C hay 1 phn t H2O c khi lng bng 18/(6,022.1023)
gam = 2,989.10-23 gam.

9. Khi lng ion

Khi lng ion l khi lng ca mt ion tnh bng n v cacbon. Do khi
lng ca cc in t mt i (tao ion dung) hay nhn vo (to ion m) rt khng
ng k so vi khi lng nguyn t nn khi lng ion bng tng khi lng ca
cc nguyn t to nn ion.
Th d: Khi lng ca ion NH4+ bng 1(14) + 4(1) = 18 (18 vC; 18 u) hay 18/
(6,022.1023) gam = 2,989.10-23 gam
Khi lng ca ion SO42- bng 1(32) + 4(16) = 96 (96 vC; 96 u) hay
96/(6,022.1023) gam = 1,594.10-22 gam
10. Mol
Mol ca mt cht l mt lng ca cht m trong c cha s phn t nh
nht ca cht , m cn gi c bn cht ca cht , bng vi s nguyn t 12C
c cha trong 12 gam 12C. S nguyn t 12Cc cha trong 12 gam 12C l
6,022.1023 (s Avogadro). Nh vy mol mt cht l tp hp gm 6,022.1023 phn
t (n v) nh nht ca cht nhng cn gi c bn cht ca cht .
Th d: 1 mol H gm 6,022.1023 nguyn t H
1 mol H2 gm 6,022.1023 phn t H2
1 mol H+ gm 6,022.1023 ion H+
1 mol in t gm 6,022.1023 in t (electron)
2 mol OH- gm 2x6,022.1023 ion OHNh vy khi nim mol ging nh khi nim chc hay t trong sinh hot thng
ngy. Mt chc trng g l gm 10 trng g. Mt t vit ch l gm 12 cy vit ch.
Tng t, c th ni, 1 mol trng g gm 6,022.1023 ci trng g. Tng qut 1 mol
cht no (phn t, nguyn t, ion,...) gm 6,022.1023 n v cht .
11. Khi lng mol nguyn t (Nguyn t gam)

Khi lng mol nguyn t l khi lng ca mt mol nguyn t (khi lng
ca 6,022.1023 nguyn t). Trn nguyn tc, khi lng mol nguyn t c th tnh
bng bt c n v khi lng no, nh vC, gam, kg, tn, ... Tuy nhin trong thc
t, khi lng mol nguyn t hiu l tnh theo n v gam. V l do m khi
lng mol nguyn t cn c gi l nguyn t gam. V hnh thc, khi lng mol
nguyn t (hay nguyn t gam) l khi lng c tnh bng n v gam m c s
ch bng vi s ch khi lng nguyn t ca nguyn t . V ngha, khi lng
mol nguyn t l khi lng tnh bng n v gam ca 1 mol nguyn t hay ca
6,022.1023 nguyn t .
Do 1 nguyn t 12C c khi lng 12 vC, cn 12 gam l khi lng ca 1 mol
12C, nn khi thay vC bng gam th hiu l nhn ln 6,022.1023 ln. Do khi
lng ca 1 nguyn t H l 1 vC cn khi lng ca 1 mol H l 1 gam => khi
lng tnh bng gam ca 1 nguyn t H bng 1/(6,022.1023) gam => 1 vC = 1/
(6,022.1023) gam = 1,66.10-24 gam.
Th d: Nhm (Al) c khi lng nguyn t l 27 vC th khi lng mol
nguyn t ca Al l 27 gam. Ngha l 1 mol Al hay 6,022.1023 nguyn t Al c
khi lng 27 gam. Nh vy khi lng ca 1 nguyn t Al tnh theo n v gam l
27/(6,022.1023) gam = 4,48356.10-23 gam
12. Khi lng mol phn t (Phn t gam)
Khi lng mol phn t l khi lng ca 1 mol phn t (hay ca 6,022.1023
phn t). Tng qut khi lng mol phn t c th tnh bng bt c n v khi
lng no cng c, nhng trong thc t ngi ta dng n v gam. Nh vy khi
lng mol phn t l khi lng ca 1 mol phn t c tnh bng n v gam (nn
khi lng mol phn t cn c gi l phn t gam). Do , v hnh thc khi
lng mol phn t l khi lng tnh bng n v gam ca mt lng phn t m
c s ch bng s ch khi lng phn t ca phn t . V ngha, y l khi
lng tnh bng gam ca 1 mol phn t hay ca 6,022.1023 phn t. (T n v

cacbon chuyn thnh n v gam th tng 6,022.1023 ln, nn khi th vC bng

n v gam th l khi lng ca 1 mol phn t).
Th d: H2O c khi lng phn t l 18 vC => khi lng mol phn t ca
H2O l 18 gam. Tc 1 mol H2O (hay 6,022.1023 phn t H2O) c khi lng l 18
gam => khi lng tnh bng gam ca 1 phn t H2O l 18/(6,022.1023) gam =
2,989.10-23 gam
Trong qu trnh dy hc ti hi 1 phn t nc c khi lng bao nhiu n v
cacbon th a s cc bn hc sinh tr li ng l 18 n v cacbon, cn ti hi tip 1
phn t nc c khi lng bao nhiu gam th cng c nhiu bn hc sinh tr li l
18 gam. Tr li nh vy l sai 6,022.1023 ln (sai c t t t...ln)
tng tng s Avogadro (6,022.1023) ln nh th no th chng ta lm th
nghim tng tng nh sau. em cn ly 18 gam nc, y l khi lng ca
1 mol nc hay ca 6,022.1023 phn t nc (H2O). Ly s phn t H2O c trong
18 gam nc ny em ri u khp b mt tri t (c din tch khong nm trm
mi triu cy s vung, 510 000 000 km2 = 5,1.1018 cm2) th bnh qun mi cm2
b mt tri t c cha hn mt trm ngn phn t H2O (6,022.1023 phn
t/5,1.1018 cm2 = 1,18.105 phn t/cm2)

13. Khi lng mol ion (Ion gam)

Khi lng mol ion l khi lng ca mt mol ion hay ca 6,022.1023 ion.
Tng t khi lng mol nguyn t, khi lng mol phn t, khi lng mol ion
c tnh bng n v gam. Nh vy khi lng mol ion (hay ion gam) l khi
lng tnh bng n v gam ca 1 mol ion (hay ca 6,022.1023 ion). V hnh thc,
khi lng mol ion bng khi lng tnh bng gam ca mt lng ion m c s ch
bng s ch khi lng ion ca ion . y chnh l khi lng tnh bng gam ca 1
mol ion hay ca 6,022.1023 ion.

Th d: SO42- c khi lng ion l 96 vC => khi lng mol ion ca SO42- l
96 gam. Ngha l 1 mol ion SO42- (hay 6,022.1023 ion SO42-) c khi lng l 96
gam => 1 ion SO42- c khi lng tnh bng gam l 96/(6,022.1023) gam =
1,594.10-22 gam
14. T khi lng tnh s mol
Sau khi bit c khi lng mol nguyn t, khi lng mol phn t, khi
lng mol ion (ngha l bit c 1 mol nguyn t, 1 mol phn t, 1 mol ion c
khi lng bng bao nhiu gam), th t khi lng tnh bng gam ca mt lng
nguyn t, phn t hay ion no , chng ta tnh c d dng trong khi lng
c bao nhiu mol nguyn t (phn t hoc ion). Chng ta ly khi lng tnh bng
gam ca nguyn t (phn t hoc ion) em chia cho khi lng ca 1 mol nguyn
t (phn t hoc ion) th s bit c s mol nguyn t (phn t hoc ion).
nA = mA/MA
nA: s mol A
mA: khi lng ca A (tnh bng n v gam)
MA: khi lng mol ca A (nguyn t gam hoc phn t gam hoc ion gam, ty
theo A l nguyn t hoc phn t hoc ion)
Cch tnh s mol kiu ny cng ging nh cch lm bi ton chia lp cp 1:
Mt cun tp c gi 3 000 ng, nh vy vi 15 000 ng th mua c bao nhiu
cun tp?
15 000 /(3 000 /cun) = 5 cun.
Th d: Tnh:
-

S mol Fe c trong 28 gam Fe

S mol CO2 c trong 11 gam CO2

S mol NH4+ c trong 27 gam NH4+

(Cho bit: Fe = 56; C = 12; O = 16; N = 14)

Khi u bi cho Fe = 56 th hiu l 1 nguyn t Fe c khi lng nhiu gp 56
ln so vi 1/12 khi lng ca 1 nguyn t 12C nn khng cn n v (bao nhiu
ln nn khng cn ghi). Nu n v th ghi l 56 vC/nguyn t (1 nguyn t Fe
c khi lng 56 vC) hay 56 gam/mol (1 mol Fe c khi lng 56 gam). Chng ta
nn hiu theo cch 56 gam/mol c th ha v d tnh ton tm s mol hn. Tng
t, C = 12 => 1 mol C c khi lng l 12 gam; O = 16 => 1 mol O c khi lng
16 gam; N = 14 => 1 mol N c khi lng 14 gam.
nFe = 28g/(56g/mol) = 0,5 mol Fe
nCO2 = 11g/(44g/mol) = 0,25 mol CO2
nNH3 = 27g/(18g/mol) = 1,5 mol NH3
15. nh lut Avogadro (ch p dng cho cht kh hay hi)
Trong cng iu kin v nhit v p sut th cc th tch kh hay hi bng
nhau s cha s phn t kh hay hi bng nhau (hay s mol bng nhau)
Th d: 27,3C; 1atm th 2,464 lt kh H2 c cha 6,022.1022 phn t H2 hay
0,1 mol H2
27,3C; 1atm th 2,464 lt kh CH4 c cha 6,022.1022 phn t CH4
hay 0,1 mol CH4
27,3C; 1atm th 2,464 lt hi nc (H2O) c cha 6,022.1022 phn
t H2O hay 0,1 mol H2O
27,3C; 1atm th 2,464 lt kh heli (He) c cha 6,022.1022 phn t
He hay 0,1 mol He
Chc c bn hc sinh thc mc ti sao c phn t kh hay hi kch thc ln nh
khc nhau, m cng th tch li cha cng s phn t, hi kh hiu. ng l phn t
c kch thc ln th s phn t phi t hn, cn phn t c kch thc nh th phi

c s phn t nhiu hn ch (trong cng mt th tch bnh cha bng nhau). iu

thc mc ny ng vi cht lng hay cht rn, v khi dng lng hay rn th cc
phn t tip xc nhau, nn nu phn t kch thc ln th chim th tch ln, cn
phn t kch thc nh th chim th tch nh, nn nu hai th tch bnh cha bng
nhau, bnh cha phn t kch thc nh s cha s phn t nhiu hn so vi s
phn t c kch thc ln. Tuy nhin khi dng kh th cc cc phn t cch xa
nhau, khong cch gia hai phn t rt ln so vi kch thc ca phn t. Trong
cng iu kin v nhit v p sut, coi nh khong cch trung bnh gia cc phn
t kh bng nhau, khng ph thuc vo kch thuc ln hay nh ca phn t, nn
trong cng iu kin v nhit v p sut, cc th tch kh bng nhau s cha s
phn t bng nhau. Ging nh khi tip xc nhau th khong cch gia hai tri
banh tennis s nh, cn khong cch hai tri banh dng trong bng s ln. Nhng
nu t hai qu banh tennis mi tri t mt gc sn xa nhau, tng t t hai tri
banh bng , mi tri t mi gc sn xa nhau (cng mt sn), th coi nh
khong cch gia hai tri banh tennis v khong cch gia hai tri banh bng l
bng nhau.
Trong cch ni ca ting Vit th khi ni kh hiu l bnh thng (iu kin
thng, 25C, 1 atm) cht ny hin din dng kh, cn khi ni hi th hiu l
bnh thng cht ny c th khng dng kh m dng lng hay rn. Th d
ngi ta ni kh hydrogen, kh cacbonic (khng ni hi hydrogen, hi cacbonic, v
iu kin thng, hydrogen, cacbonic hin din dng kh) trong khi ngi ta ni
hi nc, hi thy ngn (khng ni kh nc, kh thy ngn, v bnh thng nc
cng nh thy ngn hin din ch yu dng lng). Tuy nhin khi ni hi, hiu l
ly dng kh ca n.
H qu ca nh lut Avogadro
Trong cng iu kin v nhit v p sut, 1 mol bt k kh hay hi no cng
u chim th tch bng nhau. c bit iu kin tiu chun (0C, 1atm) 1 mol bt

k kh, hi hay hn hp kh hi no cng u chim th tch bng nhau, bng 22,4

lt hay 22 400 mL hay 22 400 cm3.
Th d: 27,3C; 1atm, th 1 mol kh CH4 chim th tch 24,64 lt
27,3C; 1atm, th 1 mol kh H2 chim th tch 24,64 lt
27,3C; 1atm, th 1 mol hi nc (H2O) chim th tch 24,64 lt
iu kin tiu chun (0C, 1atm), 1 mol kh CH4, 1 mol kh H2, 1 mol
hi nc u chim th tch bng nhau, u bng 22, 4 lt
16. Tnh s mol ca mt cht kh kh hay hi khi bit th tch ca n iu kin
tiu chun
Cch tnh s mol s (14) p dng cho mi cht (nguyn t, phn t, ion, dng
rn, dng lng hay dng kh) bng cch ly khi lng ca cht chia cho khi
lng ca 1 mol cht s c s mol cht . Ngoi ra, vi cht kh hay hi khi
bit th tch ca kh hay hi ny iu kin tiu chun (ktc), tnh s mol ca
lng th tch o ktc th chng ta ly th tch kh em chia cho th tch ca 1 mol
kh ( ktc). Nu th tch tnh bng n v lt th ly th tch ny em chia cho 22,4
ll/mol, cn nu th tch kh tnh bng mL (hay cm3) th ly th tch kh em chia
cho 22400 mL/mol (hay 22400 cm3/mol)
nA = VA(L)/22,4(L/mol)
nA = VA(mL)/22400(mL/mol)
nA: s mol kh (hay hi) A
VA(L): th tch kh A ktc tnh bng n v lt
22,4(L/mol): th tch ca 1 mol kh ktc, tnh bng n v lt
VA(mL): th tch ca kh A ktc, tnh bng n v mL hay cm3
22400 (mL/mol): th tch ca 1 mol kh ktc tnh bng n v mL hay cm3

Th d: Tnh:
- S mol H2 c trong 44,8 lt H2 (o ktc)
- S mol H2O c trong 112 mL hi nc (ktc)
- S phn t NH3 c trong 560 cm3 NH3 (ktc)
- S gam C c trong 11,2 lt CO2 (ktc)
(Cho bit C = 12)
nH2 = 44,8L/(22,4L/mol) = 2 mol H2
nH2O = 112mL/(22400mL/mol) = 0,005 mol H2O
nNH3 = 560cm3/(22400cm3/mol) = 0,025 mol NH3
=> c 0,025 mol.(6,022.1023 phn t/mol) = 1,5055.1022 phn t NH3
nCO2 = 11,2L/(22,4L/mol) = 0,5 mol CO2
=> c 0,5 mol C (do 1 mol CO2 c cha 1 mol C) => 0,5mol.(12g/mol)
= 6 gam C
Ch : 1 L = 1 dm3 = 1 000 cm3 = 1 000 mL => 1 mL = 1 cm3
1 m3 = 1 000 dm3 = 1 000 L
17. Phng trnh trng thi kh l tng
Kh l tng l kh khng c th tch ring (ngha l nu dng p sut ln th
c th nn mt th tch kh l tng v tr s khng (0), trong khi kh tht khng th
v th tch bng 0 c, khi nn mt th tch kh tht p sut tht cao th cc kh
tht ha lng ri ha rn, c cc phn t st bn nhau khng c th tch bng 0).
Kh l tng cng khng c lc ht lin phn t (lc Van der Waals), gia cc phn
t kh l tng khng c lc ht ln nhau, trong khi gia cc phn t kh tht lun
lun hin din lc ht gia cc phn t vi nhau. Do kh l tng khng c tht,
tuy nhin n gin ha php tnh, khng sai s nhiu, th ngi coi kh nh l kh
l tng ( p sut khng cao qu, nhit khng thp qu).

 ph thng, coi tt c cc kh u l kh l tng, nn chng ta c th p dng

phng trnh trng thi kh l tng cho mi kh cng nh hi tnh s mol kh
hay hi khi bit th tch kh hay hi o iu kin khng tiu chun (nhit khc
0C hay p sut khc 1atm)
pV = nRT
p: p sut ca kh, trn nguyn tc c th tnh bng bt c n v p sut no
cng c, nh: atm, mmHg (torr), cmHg, N/m2 (Pa, Pascal), dyn/cm2 (bari,
barye), bar (1 bar = 106 bari 1atm)...
V: th tch kh, trn nguyn tc c th tnh bng bt c n v th tch no cng
c, nh L (dm3), mL (cm3), m3,...
n: s mol kh (kh l tng)
R: hng s kh l tng, R c nhiu tr s ty theo n v ca p sut p v ca
th tch V. Tuy nhin gip tnh nhanh s mol cht kh v d nh th ta nn thuc
lng tr s ca R = 22,4/273 (lt.atm.mol-1.K-1) 0,08205 lt.atm.mol-1.K-1. Khi
dng tr s R = 22,4/273 th bt buc n v p sut p phi l atm, n v ca th
tch V phi l lt. Cn nhit T th lun lun l nhit tuyt i K (Kenvil)
T: nhit ca kh, bt buc phi dng nhit K. Trong hu ht bi ton ha
hc, ngi ta cho nhit bch phn C (Celsius). Cng thc i t C sang K
l:
T(K) = t(C) + 273
S lin h gia cc n v p sut v th tch thng gp i n v cho
ng:
1 atm = 760 mmHg = 76 cmHg =>
1 mmHg = 1/760 atm; 1 cmHg = 1/76 atm

1 L = 1 000 mL = 1 000 cm3 => 1 mL = 1 cm3 = 0,001 L

tm tr s ca R ta coi nh c 1 mol kh l tng ktc (0C; 1atm):
T pV = nRT =>
R = pV/(nT) = [1atm.22,4L]/[1mol.(0 + 273)K] = 22,4/273
L.atm.mol-1.K-1
Khi thay tr s p, V (V ca 1 mol kh) ktc theo cc n v p sut, th tch
khc nhau, ta s tnh c R c cc tr s khc nhau, ty theo n v ca p sut v
th tch dng.
Th d: Tnh: - S mol CO2 c trong 492,8 mL CO2 o 27,3C; 1 atm
- S mol ca H2O c trong 168 cm3 hi nc o 136,5C; 836 mmHg
- S phn t CH4 c trong 0,5376 m3 metan (54,6C; 68,4 cmHg)
nCO2 = pV/RT = [1atm.0,4928L]/[(22,4/273)(L.atm.mol-1.K-1).(27,3 + 273)K]
= 0,02 mol
nH2O = pV/RT = [1atm.0,168L]/[(22,4/273)(L.atm.mol-1.K-1).(136,5 + 273)K]
= 0,005 mol
nCH4 = pV/RT = [(68,4/76)atm.537,6L]/[(22,4/273)(L.atm.mol-1.K-1).(54,6 +
273)K] = 18 mol
=> 18 mol.(6,022.1023 phn t/mol) 1,084.1025 phn t CH4
Ti n v thy phi dng n v thch hp, khi tnh ton nhanh th ta hiu
ngm, khng vit n v trong php ton, nhng kt qu sau cng phi n v (v
con s khng c n v th khng c ngha). Do bi vit a ln mng nn cc
php chia thng vit theo hng ngang. Khi lm bi hay son li th nn vit s b
chia t trn cn s chia t bn di v c gch (dng phn s) d theo di
hn.

Nh vy khi bi ton ha hc cho bit mt lung th tch kh o iu kin khng

tiu chun, ta p dng cng thc pV = nRT tnh s mol kh c trong lng th
tch ny nh trnh by trn (t b ba V, T, p ta tnh c s mol kh n). Cch ny
c th p dng trong hu ht cc trng hp tnh s mol kh c khi bit th tch
kh o iu kin nhit , p sut no (k c ktc). Tuy nhin, nu khng mun
dng tr s R hay khng nh cch i n v p sut, th tch, th ta c th p dng
cng thc:
p2V2/T2 = p1V1/T1 hay pV/T = p0V0/T0
p2, p1: p sut ca kh ng vi sau v trc, dng bt c n v p sut no cng
c, nhng phi o cng mt n v p sut
V2, V1: th tch ca kh ng vi sau v trc, dng bt c n v th tch no cng
c, nhng phi cng o cng n v th tch
T2, T1: nhit kh ng vi sau v trc, bt buc phi dng nhit tuyt i K
(khng c dng nhit C, do phi i nhit C ra nhit K bng cch
dng cng thc: T = t + 273)
p0 = 1 atm = 76 cmHg = 760 mmHg: p sut ktc
T0 = 273K: nhit ktc
V0: th tch kh ktc (V0 = 22,4 L = 22 400 mL nu c 1 mol kh.
V0 = n.22,4L = n.22 400 mL nu c n mol kh)
p, V, T: p sut, th tch, nhit ca kh iu kin bt k (khng tiu chun)
Cc cng thc c p dng trong trng hp s mol kh n khng i, n mol kh
ny c th tch cc nhit , p sut khc nhau m thi.
Cng thc p2V2/T2 = p1V1/T1 c dng tnh th tch kh V2 p2, T2 khi bit
th tch kh V1 p1, T1

Cn cng thc pV/T = p0V0/T0 c dng tnh th tch kh o ktc p0, T0,
khi bit th tch kh V iu kin khng tiu chun p, T. T V0 tnh c, ta i
ra s mol kh bng cch dng cng thc:
n = V0(L)/22,4(L/mol) hay n = V0(mL)/22400(mL/mol)
Cc cng thc trn c suy ra t cng thc pV = nRT:
p2V2 = nRT2 => nR = p2V2/T2 (*)
p1V1 = nRT1 => nR = p1V1/T1 (**)
So snh (*), (**) => p2V2/T2 = p1V1/T1
Th d: C mt lng kh metan 30C, 760 mmHg c th tch 3 m3. nhit
90,6C, p sut 570 mmHg th th tch lng kh metan trn bng bao nhiu?
p2V2/T2 = p1V1/T1 => V2 = (p1V1/T1)(T2/p2)
V2 = [(760mmHg.3m3)/(30 + 273)K ][(90,6 + 273)K/570mmHg] = 4,8 L
Tnh s mol H2 c trong 32 lt o 27C, 912 mmHg:
p0V0/T0 = pV/T => V0 = (pV/T)(T0 /p0)
V0 = [(912mmHg.32L)/(27 + 273)K ][(0 + 273)K/760mmHg] =34,944 L
=> S mol H2 = 34,944L/22,4(L/mol) = 1,56 mol H2
18. T khi hi ca cht A so vi cht B
T khi l so snh khi lng, ngha l mun bit cht no nng hn, cht no
nh hn v nng hay nh hn bao nhiu ln. T khi hi ca cht A so vi cht B
ngha l mun bit dng hi (hay kh) th hi A nng hay nh hn hi (kh) B bao
nhiu ln. M mun so snh khi lng gia A v B th phi l ly hai khi lng
ca A v B ca cng mt th tch bng nhau. Sau ly khi lng ca A em chia
cho khi lng ca B (hai khi lng ca cng th tch, th tch A bng th tch B),
nu kt qu php chia > 1, tc l A nng hn B, cn nu kt qu php chia < 1, th
A nh hn B, cn nu t s khi lng ny bng 1, tc l A, B nng nh bng nhau.

Theo h qu ca nh lut Avogadro, trong cng mt iu kin v nhit v p

sut th 1 mol bt k kh hay hi no cng u chim th tch bng nhau (nu l
iu kin tiu chun th 1 mol mi kh u chim th tch bng nhau l 22,4 lt). M
1 mol A c khi lng l MA gam, cn 1 mol B c khi lng l MB gam. Do t
khi hi ca A so vi B, k hiu dA/B c tnh nh sau:
dA/B = MA/MB
MA, MB l khi lng (gam) ca 1 mol A, 1 mol B, khi lng ca cng mt
th tch bng nhau (bng 22,4 lt, nu l ktc)
dA/B > 1 => hi (kh) A nng hn hi (kh) B
dA/B < 1 => hi A nh hn hi B
dA/B = 1 => hi A v B nng bng nhau
Th d: dCH4/H2 = MCH4/MH2 = 16/2 = 8
Nh vy, t khi ca kh metan so vi kh hydrogen bng 8. Ngha l kh metan
nng hn kh hydrogen 8 ln. Hai th tch bng nhau ca kh metan v kh
hydrogen, kh hydrogen chim 1 phn khi lng th kh metan chim 8 phn khi
lng.
Trung bnh 1 mol khng kh c khi lng 29 gam, nn t khi hi ca cht A
so vi khng kh c tnh nhu sau:
dA/KK = MA/MKK = MA/29
Th d: T khi ca kh axetien (C2H2) so vi khng kh
dC2H2/KK = MC2H2/MKK = 26/29 = 0,896
=> axetilen nh hn khng kh 0,896 ln
Axetilen nh hn khng kh (nn c bm lm bong bng bay). Hai th tch bng
nhau ca khng kh v axetilen, nu khng kh chim 1 phn khi lng th axetilen
chim 0,896 phn khi lng.

Vi cht kh hay hi, khi ni t khi ca n hiu l so snh vi khng kh, nn ta p

dng cng thc
dA(kh) = dA/KK = MA/29

dhi X = dX/KK = MX/29

Th d: dH2 = dH2/KK = MH2/MKK = 2/29

dhi nc = dH2O/KK =

MH2O/MKK = 18/29 = 0,62

Hi nc nh hn khng kh. Hai th tch bng nhau ca khng kh v hi nc,
khng kh chim 1 phn khi lng th hi nc chim 0,62 phn khi lng.
Khi ni t khi hi ca A so vi B th A, B c th khng phi l dng kh iu
kin thng (25C, 1atm) m c th l dng lng hay dng rn, tuy nhin ta ly
dng hi (kh) ca n so snh khi lng vi nhau.
Th d:
dH2O /He = MH2O /MHe = 18 /4 = 4,5 => hi nc nng hn kh heli 4,5
ln
dHg/CH4 = MHg/MCH4 = 200,6/16 = 12,5375 => hi thy nng hn kh
metan 12,5375 ln
(nc v thy ngn hin din dng lng iu kin thng, nhng cch tnh t khi
nh th d trn, ta ly hi nc, hi thy ngn so snh vi kh heli, kh metan,
ch khng phi ly nc lng hay thy ngn lng)
Khi u bi ton ha hc cho bit t khi hi ca A so vi B (thng cht B bit
MB ri, nh H2, N2, He, CH4, khng kh,..) nn t d kin ny gip ta tnh c
khi lng phn t ca cht A.
dB/A = MA/MB => MA = dB/A.(MB)
Th d: A l mt cht hu c c t khi hi so vi hydrogen bng 15

dA/H2 = MA/MH2 = MA/2 = 15 => MA = 15.2 = 30 (30 vC, 30 u, 30

g/mol)
T d kin t khi hi ca hn hp A so vi B, gip ta tnh c khi lng phn
t trung bnh ca hn hp A
dhhA/B = MtbhhA/MB => MtbhhA = (dhhA/B).MB
Th d: T khi hi ca hn hp A gm hai hydrogencacbon ng ng lin tip so
vi heli bng 6,45 (hn hp hi A nng hn kh heli 6,45 ln). Hy cho bit cng
thc ca mi cht trong hn hp A.
(C = 12; H = 1; He = 4)
dhhA/He = MtbhhA/MHe = MtbhhA/4 = 6,45 => MtbhhA = 6,45.4 = 25,8
MtbhhA: khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp A
1 mol hn hp A c khi lng phn t trung bnh bng 25,8 vC (hay 1
mol hn hp A c khi lng 25,8 gam).
M ba hydrogencacbon c khi lng phn t nh nht c bit l: CH4 (M =
16); C2H2 (M = 26); C2H4 (M = 28). Hn hp hydrogencacbon A c khi lng
phn t trung bnh bng 25,6 nh vy trong hn hp A phi c t nht mt cht c
M < MtbhhA= 25,8. Do trong hn hp A phi c CH4 c M = 16 < MtbhhA=
25,8. V cht ng ng k tip phi l etan (C2H6, M = 30 > MtbhhA)
Tnh cht ca i lng trung bnh l nm trung gian gia cc i lng
ca cc cht c trong hn hp, ngha l i lng trung bnh ln hn i lng nh
v nh hn i lng ln ca cc cht c trong hn hp. d hiu, ta coi nh s
tin trung bnh ca hai ngi, mt ngi c 10 000 ng, ngi kia c 20 000 ng.
Tng s tin ca hai ngi l 10 000 + 20 000 = 30 000 . Nh vy s tin trung
bnh ca hai ngi ny l: 30 000 /2 ngi = 15000 /ngi. Ta thy:
10 000 < 15 000 < 20 000
19. T khi ca mt cht rn, cht lng hay dung dch (lng)

Khi ni t khi ca mt cht rn, cht lng hay ca mt dung dch (dung dch
lng) th hiu l so snh khi lng ca cht rn, cht lng hay dung dch vi
nc (dng lng) nhm bit cht nng hay nh hn nc bao nhiu ln. Mun
vy ngi ta ly khi lng ca vt v khi lng ca nc (khi lng ca hai th
tch bng nhau ca vt v nc), em so snh, bn no c khi lng ln hn th
nng hn.
T khi hiu l nng hay nh hn bao nhiu ln nn khng c n v. Cn khi
lng ring l khi lng ca mt v th tch, nn c n v, nh g/mL, kg/L,
g/cm3, kg/dm3...Do nc dng lng c khi lng ring 1g/mL (hay 1g/cm3 hay 1
kg/L, 1kg/dm3, ngha l 1 mL nc c khi lng 1 gam hay 1 lt nc c khi
lng 1 kg), nn t t khi ca cht rn, cht lng hay dung dch (khng c n v)
ta thm vo n v g/mL hay g/cm3 th s c tr s khi lng ring ca cht rn,
cht lng hay dung dch .
Th d: Kim loi ng (Cu) c t khi bng 8,93 th hiu l hai th tch bng nhau
ca ng (rn) v nc (lng), nc chim 1 phn khi lng th ng chim 8,93
phn khi lng, hay ng nng hn nc 8,93 ln. Do 1 mL nc c khi lng 1
gam nn 1 mL ng c khi lng 8,93 gam. Nh vy ng c khi lng ring l
8,93 g/mL (hay 8,93 g/cm3 hay 8,93 kg/dm3)
Thy ngn (Hg, lng) c t khi 13,55 th hiu l thy ngn nng hn nc
13,55 ln. Hai th tch bng nhau ca thy ngn v nc, nc chim 1 phn khi
lng th thy ngn chim 13,55 phn khi lng. Do nc c khi lng ring l 1
g.mL nn thy ngn c khi lng ring l 13,55 g/mL
Etanol (Ru etylic, C2H5OH, lng) c t khi 0,79 (<1) th hiu l etanol
nh hn nc. Hai th tch bng nhau ca etanol v nc, nc chim 1 phn khi

lng th etanol chim 0,79 phn khi lng. Etanol c khi lng ring l 0,79
g/mL hay 0,79 g/cm3 hay 0,79 kg/L
Sau y l t khi ca mt s cht rn, cht lng:
Br2(l) Au (vng) I2(r) Fe (st) Pb (ch) Mg Ni P (trng) Pt
Ag Zn Na Ir
Li
3,14 19,3
4,94 7,86
11,4
1,74 8,90 1,83
21,45 10,5 7,2 0,97 22,6 0,53
C6H6(benen, l) Axeton (l) ietyl ete (l) Anilin(l) CH3COOH(l) Glixerin(l) n-Hexan(l) Toluen
0,879
0,791
0,714
1,022
1,049
1,26
0,659
0,867

Ch : - T khi ca cht kh hay hi l so snh khi lng kh, hi vi khng kh

- T khi ca cht rn, cht lng l so snh khi lng cht rn, cht lng vi nc
dng lng
- T khi khng c n v, cn khi lng ring th c n v
- Vi cht rn, cht lng, khi bit t khi, ta thm n v g/mL th c tr s khi
lng ring ca cht rn hay cht lng
- Cn vi cht kh, t t khi ca n khng th thm g/mL c tr s khi lng
ring uc. M ta phi tnh, c bit th tch cht kh nh hng rt ln bi yu t
nhit T, p sut p, nn khi lng ring ca cht kh phi cho bit r iu kin
nhit , p sut no.
Th d: Hy cho bit: T khi ca kh hydrogen; Khi lng ring ca kh hydrogen
ktc; Khi lng ring ca hydrogen 27,3C; 1,4 atm
(H = 1)
dH2 = dH2/KK = MH2/MKK = 2/29 = 0,06896
1 mol H2 c khi lng 2 gam. 1 mol H2 ktc c th tch 22,4 lt, do khi
lng ring ca H2 ktc l:
2g/22,4L = 0,08928 g/L

 tnh khi lng ring ca H2 27,3C; 1,4 atm chng ta cn tm th tch ca 1

mol H2 (cng l 1 mol cc kh khc) 27,3C; 1,4 atm c th tch bng bao nhiu
V = nRT/p = [(1mol)(22,4/273)(L.atm.mol-1.K-1).(27,3 + 273)K]/1,4atm = 17,6 L
1 mol H2 c khi lng 2 gam, 1 mol H2 27,3C; 1,4 atm c th tch 17,6 lt, do
khi lng ring ca H2 27,3C; 1,4 atm l:
2g/17,6L = 0,1136 g/L.