Chng 1: H thng thng tin quang

CHNG 1:

H THNG THNG TIN QUANG

Trong s pht trin ca mng vin thng Vit Nam ni ring v trn ton th gii ni chung, thng tin quang c nhng ng gp rt quan trng v c qui m pht trin cng nh nng cao cht lng ton mng. H thng thng tin bng cp si quang l h thng truyn dn vi k thut v cng ngh tin tin, cho php to ra cc tuyn truyn dn di, vi dung lng rt ln, cu trc h thng linh hot, tin cy cao... Thng tin quang s p ng nhu cu pht trin mng truyn dn phc v cho s pht trin a dng cc dch v vin thng i hi tc cao, c bit phc v cho s pht trin t ph Internet tc cao v cc dch v IP. Trong chng ny trnh by cc thnh phn ca mt tuyn truyn dn quang; cu to, c im, suy hao tn hiu ca si quang; nguyn l, c tnh, cc tham s ca thit b pht quang v thit b thu quang.

1.1. H thng thng tin quang: 1.1.1 Cc thnh phn chnh ca mt tuyn thng tin quang: Cc thnh phn chnh ca tuyn thng tin quang gm c thit b pht quang, cp si quang v thit b thu quang: + Thit b pht quang c cu to t ngun pht tn hiu quang v cc mch in iu khin lin kt vi nhau. + Cp si quang gm c cc si dn quang v lp v bc xung quanh bo v khi tc ng c hi t mi trng bn ngoi. + Thit b thu quang c cu to t b tch sng quang v cc mch khuch i, ti to tn hiu hp thnh.

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Ngoi cc thnh phn ch yu trn, tuyn thng tin quang cn c cc b ghp ni quang (connector), cc mi hn, cc b chia quang v trm lp; cc tuyn thng tin quang hin i cn c th c cc b khuch i quang, thit b b tn sc v cc trm xen r knh. Cc thnh phn ch yu ca tuyn thng tin quang s c trnh by cc phn sau.

Tn hiu in vo

Cc t/b khc

THIT B PHT QUANG

Mch iu khin Ngun pht quang

B ni quang

Mi hn Xen r knh

TRM LP Thu quang mch in Pht quang

Tn hiu in ra

THIT B THU QUANG

Chuyn i tn hiu Tch sng quang

B tn sc Khuch i quang

Hnh 1.1 Cc thnh phn chnh ca tuyn truyn dn cp si quang

1.1.2. Cc u im ca h thng thng tin quang: rng bng tn ln (khong 15THz 1550nm) v suy hao thp (0,2-0,25 dB/km bc sng 1550nm). Si quang khng b nh hng ca nhiu in t. Tnh an ton v tnh bo mt cao do khng b d sng in t nh cp kim loi. Si quang c kch thc nh, khng b n mn bi mi trng axit, kim, nc,... nn c bn cao. Vt liu ch to si quang c sn trong t nhin. H thng truyn dn quang c kh nng nng cp d dng ln tc bit cao hn bng cch thay i bc sng cng tc v k thut ghp knh. Bn cnh nhng u im trn, h thng thng tin quang cn c nhc im sau:

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- Cc b phn bin i quang - in t tin, kh ch to, kh nng ghp ni vi si quang kh khn. - Vic ghp ni si quang i hi thit b c kh c chnh xc cao. Cc khp ca u ghp ni khng tng hp hay c vt nt trn si quang l nguyn nhn gy ra suy hao. - Vic ghp cc knh truyn quang hc gp nhiu kh khn. 1.2 Si quang: 1.2.1 c im ca nh sng: nh sng truyn thng trong mi trng chit sut ng nht. Hin tng phn x v khc x nh sng xy ra khi nh sng truyn qua mt phn cch gia hai mi trng c ch s chit sut khc nhau, tia sng no khi ti mt phn cch gia hai mi trng m quay tr li mi trng ban u l tia phn x, cn tia sng no i hng i qua mt phn cch vo mi trng khc l tia khc x. Theo nh lut Snell ta c quan h: n1 sin
1

= n2 sin

(1.1)

- n1 : ch s chit sut mi trng th nht; - n2 : ch s chit sut mi trng th hai; - 1: gc hp bi tia ti vi php tuyn mt phn cch gia n1 v n2 ; - 2: gc hp bi tia khc x vi php tuyn mt phn cch gia n1 v n2 ;

Tia ti Tia khc x
2

n2 n1
1

n2 < n1

Tia phn x

Hnh 1.2 Hnh 1.2: Gc ti ( 1) v gc phn x ( 3) bng nhau. Gi s n1 >n2, th 1< 2 v t l vi nhau, tng 1 sao cho 2 =/2 khi nu tip tc tng 1 th khng cn tia khc x khi xy ra hin tng phn x ton phn. Hin tng phn x ton phn ch xy ra khi tia sng i t mi trng c ch s chit sut ln

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hn sang mi trng c ch s chit sut nh hn v gc ti ( 1) phi ln hn gc ti hn ( c). Theo nh lut Snell

c

c xc nh nh sau:

Sin c =

n2 ( n1 > n2 , 2 = 90 0 ) n1

(1.2)

* Khu s NA=n.Sin 0 max (n: chit mi trng bn ngoi, 0 max: gc vo si quang ln nht) : Th hin s tip nhn nh sng v kh nng tp trung nh sng vo si quang do cho php ta tnh ton hi qu qu trnh ghp ngun sng vo si quang. 1.2.1 Cu trc ca si quang:
2 NA = n.Sin 0 max = n12 n2 = n1 2 , =

n1 n2 n1

(1.3)

n1: Chit sut li si quang n2: Chit sut v si quang

Si quang c cu trc nh mt ng dn sng hot ng di tn s quang, tc l c dng hnh tr v chc nng dn sng nh sng lan truyn theo hng song song vi trc ca n. Cu trc c bn gm mt li hnh tr lm bng vt liu thy tinh c ch s chit sut n1 ln v bao quanh li l mt v phn x hnh ng ng tm vi li v c chit sut n2 > n1. Lp v phn x mc d khng l mi trng truyn nh sng nhng n l mi trng to ra ranh gii vi li v ngn chn s khc x nh sng ra ngoi, tham gia bo v li v gia cng thm bn ca si. S lan truyn nh sng dc theo si quang c m t di dng cc sng in t truyn dn c gi l cac mode trong si. c im ca cc mode truyn trong si quang: - Mi mt mode truyn l mt mu cc ng trng in v trng t c lp i lp li dc theo si cc khong cch tng ng vi bc sng. - Cc mode hon ton c lp vi nhau. - Mi mode c tc lan truyn ring v c bc sng xc nh.

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1.3 Phn loi si quang: 1.3.1 Phn loi si quang theo ch s chit sut: Vic phn loi si dn quang ph thuc vo s thay i thnh phn chit sut ca li si, c chia lm ba loi si quang thng dng nh sau: 1.3.1.1 Si quang c chit sut phn bc (Si SI: Step-Index): y l loi c ch s chit sut ng u li si v khc nhau r rt vi chit sut lp v phn x. Cc tia sng t ngun sng truyn vo si quang vi gc ti khc nhau s truyn theo nhng ng truyn khc nhau, tc l truyn cng vn tc nhng thi gian n cui si s khc nhau. Do khi a mt xung nh sng vo u si do hin tng tn sc nh sng nn cui si nhn c mt xung nh sng rng hn. Loi si ny c tn sc ln nn khng th truyn tn hiu s tc cao v c ly qu di.

Hnh 1.3 Si quanga mode ch s chit sut phn bc (SI:Step Index)

1.3.1.2 Si quang c chit sut gim dn (Si GI: Gradien-Index): Si GI c phn chit sut hnh Parabol, ch s chit sut ca li khng u nhau, m n thay i mt cch lin tc gim dn t tm li ra ranh gii phn cch li - v, nn tia sng truyn trong li b un cong dn. tn sc ca GI nh hn nhiu so vi si SI

Hnh 1.4 Si quang c chit sut gim dn (GI: Gradien-Index)

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1.3.2 Phn loi theo mode truyn dn: 1.3.2.1 Si a mode (MM: Multi Mode): Si a mode l si truyn dn ng thi nhiu mode sng khc nhau, c th l a mode c chit sut phn bc hoc chit sut gim dn. Cu trc ca si a mode: ng knh li a=50m, ng knh lp bc 125m, lch chit sut =0,01, chit sut li n=1,46. Tn s chun ha V (hay cn gi l tham s V) xc nh nh sau:

V =

2 2 .a.NA = .a.n1 2 38( = 850nm ) 2 2 .a 2 2 V2 2 M = n1 n2 = ( 726 ) 2 2

(1.4)

Tn s mode M i vo c xc nh (gn ng)

(1.5)

1.3.2.2 Si n mode (SM: Single Mode): Si n mode c dng phn b chit sut phn bc v ch truyn mt mode sng trong si, do tn sc xp x bng khng.

Hnh 1.5 Si quangn mode (SM:Single Mode)

Thng s cu trc ca si n mode: ng knh li (a=9-10m), ng knh lp bc 125m, lch chit sut =0,003, chit sut li n=1,46. ng knh trng mode MFD (Mode Field Diameter): l mt hm ca bc sng cho cc loi n mode khc nhau, n biu th s phn b tp trung trong khng gian ca cng trng mode c bn.

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Bc sng ct l bc sng nh nht ti si quang lm vic nh si n mode. Gi c : bc sng ct trn on si cha bc cp. cc : bc sng ct trn on si bc thnh cp.

= C

2 a v

2 2 n1 n2

(1.6)

Si quang hot ng ch n mode khi >c . Cc gi tr c, cc tha mn: 1100nm<c <1280nm cc<1270nm

1.4 Cc c tnh ca si dn quang: Si quang ng dng trong vin thng c 2 c tnh c bn: - c tnh vt l: mt ct, ch s khc x, lc cng, kch thc. - c tnh truyn dn: suy hao, tn sc, bc sng ct. 1.4.1 Suy hao tn hiu trong si quang: Khi truyn tn hiu t pha pht n pha thu th s b suy hao v mo tn hiu, y l 2 yu t quan trng. N tc ng vo qu trnh thit k h thng, xc nh khong cch v tc truyn dn cng nh cu hnh ca h thng thng tin quang. Suy hao tn hiu thng c c trng bng h s suy hao () v c xc nh bng t s gia cng sut quang u ra Pout ca si dn quang di L vi cng sut quang u vo Pin :

P 10 log in P L out

(1.7)

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L: [km]

P [B 1 . lo in d ] 0 g P ut o : c tnh bng dB/km

1.4.1.1 Suy hao hp th trong si quang: + Hp th do tp cht: Trong thy tinh thng thng c cc tp cht nh nc v ion st, crm, ng, ion OH. Cc tp cht ny gy ra s suy hao rt ln v c bit lin kt OH hp th nh sng nn gy ra suy hao rt ln n vi nghn dB/km. gim suy hao, ngi ta ch to si quang sao cho cc s tp trung ion OH rt nh suy hao 0,2dB/km ti bc sng 1550nm. + Hp th vt liu: Do cc lin kt nguyn t ca vt liu s hp th nh sng c bc sng di gi l hp th vt liu. + Hp th in t: Trong vng cc tm nh sng b hp th l do cc photon kch thch cc in t trong nguyn t ln mt trng thi nng lng cao hn. V vy cng gy ra s suy hao nh ca s ng truyn. 1.4.1.2 Suy hao do tn x Rayleigh: Tn x Rayleigh l hin tng nh sng b tn x theo cc bc sng khc nhau, khi n gp phi mt vt c kch thc khng qu nh so vi bc sng ca n. Nguyn nhn do qu trnh ch to c s khng ng nht v mt vt liu v s thay i thnh phn oxit (P2O5, SiO2, GeO2). 1.4.1.3 Suy hao un cong (suy hao bc x): y l suy hao ngoi bn cht ca si, si dn quang khi b un cong gy ra hin tng pht x nh sng ra ngoi v si. C 2 loi un cong:

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- Un cong v m: l un cong l un cong c bn knh un cong ln hn hay bng ng knh si khi ta un si theo mt gc no . - Vi un cong: Trong lc si c to thnh cp, si c th b un cong mt cch ngu nhin. 1.4.2 Mo tn hiu trong si dn quang: Tn sc lm cho cc xung nh sng lan truyn trong si quang b dn rng ra v iu ny gy nn mo tn hiu. Khi xung b dn qu s c th gy ra hin tng ph chm cc xung k nhau, ph chm n mt mc no thit b thu quang s khng phn bit c cc xung ny na v s xut hin li tn hiu. Nh vy c tnh tn sc hn ch dung lng truyn dn ca si. Trong thng tin si quang, tn sc trong si c chia ra lm cc loi nh sau: 1.4.2.1 Tn sc mode: Tn sc mode ch ph thuc vo kch thc si, n tn ti trn cc si a mode v cc mode trong si s lan truyn theo cc ng i khc nhau, do thi gian lan truyn khc nhau. Cc si n mode khng c tn sc mode. 1.4.2.2 Tn sc vt liu: Tn sc vt liu l mt hm ca bc sng v do s thay i v ch s chit sut ca vt liu li to nn. N lm cho bc sng lun ph thuc vo vn tc nhm ca bt k mode no. 1.4.2.3 Tn sc dn sng: Tn sc dn sng l do si n mode ch gi c khong 80% nng lng trong li, v vy cn 20% nh sng truyn trong v nhanh hn nng lng trong li. Tn sc dn sng ph thuc vo thit k si v hng s lan truyn mode l mt hm s ca a/, n thng c b qua trong si a mode nhng li cn quan tm trong si n mode. 1.5 B pht quang: 1.5.1 Nguyn l pht x nh sng:

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E2 E1
a) Cn bng nhit

E2 E1
b) Hp th

E2 E1
c) Pht x t pht

E2 E1
d) Pht x cng bc

Hnh 1.6 Nguyn l pht x nh sng

Gi s c mt electron ang nm mc nng lng thp E1 v khng electron no nm mc nng lng E2 (hnh a). Khi c mt mc nng lng bng vi mc nng lng chnh lch E2 - E1 cp cho electron ny th electron nhy ln mc nng lng E2 sau khi hp th nng lng (hnh b). Vic cung cp nng lng gi l kch thch. Trng thi E2 l khng bn vng nn electron s nhanh chng quay v trng thi E1 v pht ra photon c nng lng:

h 12 = E 2 E1 v
Hin tng ny gi l pht x nh sng gi l pht x t pht (hnh b).

(1.8)

Trong khi electron vn mc nng lng E2 , nu c mt photon c nng lng hv12 p vo, th electron s ri khi mc nng lng E2 xung mc nng lng thp E1 , ng thi pht ra photon c nng lng hv12. Hin tng ny gi l pht x t kch (hnh d). C ch pht x ca cht bn dn: C ch pht x nh sng trong cht bn dn l nh kh nng ti hp bc x pht quang ca cc ht bn dn trng thi kch thch. iu kin cn bng nhit, mt cc electron c kch thch rt nh nn cc photon ti u b hp th v pht x kch th hu nh khng xy ra. N ch vt qua s hp th khi no tch ly trng thi kch thch ln hn trng thi bn, iu ny gi l nghch o tch ly v thc hin bng k thut bm. 1.5.2 Diode pht quang LED (Light Emitting Diode):

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C hai kiu cu trc LED c s dng rng ri l cu trc tip gip thun nht v cu trc tip gip d th kp (khng ng nht). Qua thc t v nghin cu th cu trc d th kp c hiu qu, c s dng nhiu nht. 1.5.2.1 Cu to: Gm cc lp bn dn p v n ca min hot tnh, khi hot ng c phn cc thun, nh hnh v:
Tip gip pn Vng ngho Loi n Electron khuch tn Loi p Loi n Vng ngo hp li Loi p

- -

a) Tip gip pn

- -

- - - - -

- - - - Ngun ngoi b) Phn cc thun

Hnh 1.7 cu trc LED

1.5.2.2 Hot ng: Khi c in p phn cc thun t vo lp tip gip pn th cn bng in tch b ph v, cc electron d dng i qua min tip gip, cc in tch t min n v cc l trng vng p s kt hp vi nhau ti min hot tnh, bc x ra photon. Qu trnh bc x nh sng xut hin. Trong thng tin quang c 02 loi LED c s dng: - Cu trc LED pht mt (SLED: Surface Emitting Led). - Cu trc LED pht cnh (ELED:Edgle Emitting Led).
Si quang

Ging khc hnh trn

Vt liu bao

Kim loi ha Cht nn

Cc lp giam SiO2 Kim loi ha (in cc) SiO2

Lp cu trc d th kp

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Phin ta nhit

Hnh 1.8 Cu trc ca LED pht mt

Lp dn nh sng Kim loi ha

Cht nn Kim loi ha

Ta nhit

Lp SiO2 cch ly Cc lp d th kp

Hnh 1.9 Cu trc d th kp ca LED pht cnh

nh sng ra kt hp

1.5.3 Cu trc Laser Diode (LD): 1.5.3.1 Cu to: Gm cc lp bn dn p v lp n ca min hot tnh v lp hot cht. Lp hot cht ny l mt cp phin phng - l gng phn x c t qua vo nhau phn x nh sng bc x hay cn gi l hc cng hng (Fabry-Frot).
(+)

Bn dn loi p Mt pht x nh sng (-) Lp hot cht Bn dn loi n in cc

Hnh 1.10: Cu trc LD

1.5.3.2 Hot ng: Khi c mt lp in p phn cc c t vo lp tip gip th cc electron s c bm vo, lp hot cht c kch thch, sau ti hp vi cc l trng c in tch dng ti , ng thi sinh ra nng lng di dng

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quang v nhit. Hc cng hng (Fabry-Frot) to ra s tng tc gia photon v electron din ra nhiu ln v c th to ra cng sut quang ln. C 02 loi diode laser: diode laser a mode v diode laser n mode: - Diode laser a mode thng thng s cho a ph nhng lm vic khng n nh tc cao. - diode laser n mode c rng ph hp, hot ng da theo nguyn l b phn x cch t Bragg. Chng p ng tt yu cu lm vic n nh cc h thng thng tin c tc cao v c ly truyn dn xa. 1.5.4 So snh LED v LD: - LED c chi ph thp hn LD. - LED c cu trc n gin hn LD. - LED bc x nh sng ng hng, gc m bc x ln nn kh nng ghp vo si quang thp. - LD c nh sng bc x ln, gc m bc x b (to mt ph vch). Do kh nng ghp vo si quang tt. 1.6 B thu quang: 1.6.1 Nguyn l c bn ca b thu quang: B thu quang c chc nng chnh l bin i tn hiu quang thu c thnh tn hiu in, ri khuch i v hi ph tr li thnh tn hiu cng dng u vo thit b pht quang. B bin i quang in thng l b tch sng photondiode. Trong thng tin quang b tch sng quang phi tha mn yu cu v nhy thu cao, tc nhanh, tp m thp v bc sng hot ng ph hp. Nhng b tch sng quang bn dn c s dng l v c kch thc nh, vt liu ph hp, nhy cao, thi gian p ng nhanh. C 02 loi photondiode c dng l photondiode PIN v photondiode thc APD.

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1.6.2 B tch sng photondiode PIN (Passive Intricsic Negative): Cu trc c bn ca PIN gm cc vngbn dn p, n gia l mt lp t dn i rt mng. Khi diode PIN c phn cc ngc th diode khng c dng, ch c dng ngc rt nh gi l dng ti. Khi nh sng i vo photondiode nu mt photon sinh ra ti lp p, i, n mt cp in t v l trng. Cc in t th b ht v min n v c in p dng, cn cc l trng th v pha min p c in p m nh in trng ngoi. Tt c cc phn t mang in ny sinh ra mt ngoi mt dng in v in p. Qu trnh pht ra cc cp in t v l trng cn gi l ht mang quang (hnh 1.11).

Ip
L trng

RL: in tr ti Tn hiu ra

in t

P
Vng cm

in t

n
Vng dn

n
hv Eg
L trng Vng ha tr

Vng ngho

Hnh 1.11: S vng nng lng ca photodiode PIN

Lung dng to ra trn ti gi l photon, tn s v cng dng ny ph thuc vo nh sng u vo. Tuy nhin di ca xung nh sng a vo phi ln hn thi gian tri td cn thit cc phn t mang in chy qua vng tri vi rng d (trong min i).

d t d104 105 m / s = Vs = vs

(1.9)

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1.6.3 Diode quang thc APD (Avalanche Photodiode):

Cu trc gm lp bn dn p, n v lp bn dn yu p-n+ cn gi l min thc, cng in trng trong min ny rt ln, y xy ra qu trnh nhn in t.
RL

p+

+ P n

Trng ti thiu cn thit tc ng Ion ha

Vng thc

Hnh 1.12: Cu trc ca APD v in trng vng tri

Nguyn l lm vic ca APD: nh sng i vo thit b xuyn qua vng Pt v c hp th trong vng vt l i, khi c photon b hp th n s truyn nng lng cho in t to ra cc cp in t - l trng v chng b tch di tc ng ca in trng trong vng i. Cc in t ny qua vng i n min p-n+ th chng nhn thm nng lng do in trng mnh ti y. Nng lng thm ny mnh n mc cc in t khi va chm vo cc nguyn t li to ra cc phn t mang in mi gi l Ion ha do va chm, s lng cc phn t mang in tng nhanh, dng in sinh ra c khuch i nhiu ln so vi PIN, do nhy cng tng ln. i vi photodiode Sc, ngng in trng cn thit thu nhn mc 105 V/cm.

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1.6.3.1 Hiu sut lng t v h s chuyn i: Cc tham s ny ph thuc di cm ca vt liu, bc sng lm vic v dy ca cc vng P,I v N ca thit b. + Hiu sut lng t : l t s gia cc ht mang in - l trng c pht ra trn photon c nng lng hv ti.
S cc cp in t-l trng pht ra Ip/q

=
S photon pht ra P0/hv

Vi Ip l dng photon trung bnh do cng sut quang trung bnh i ti b tch sng quang. + H s chuyn i R: l t l gia dng photodiode thu c v cng sut quang:

R=
Trong :

Ip P0

q hv

(1.10)

+ R: h s chuyn i. + Ip: dng photon. + : hiu sut lng t. + h: hng s Plank (h=6,625.10-34Js). 1.6.3.2 nhy thu quang: nhy thu quang cho bit kh nng bin i cng sut quang thnh dng in. Nu ti mt bc sng c s photon n l N0 v nng lng mi photon E= hc/ th cng sut quang thu c:

PQ = h.

c.d .N 0 .d t

(1.11)

Lng in tch sinh ra q0=.N0.e (e=1,6.10-19C). T c th tnh c dng in sinh ra t cc photon:

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ip =

dq 0 dN = .e. 0 dt dt

(1.12)

Quan h ip v PQ:

ip =

.. PQ = S E .PQ h.e

(1.13)

Vi SE= ./h.e, gi l nhy quang. Dng in ca diode APD c h s khuch i M l:

ip = M .

..
h.e

(1.14)

1.6.3.3 Tp m trong b tch sng: Ti u thu th t l tn hiu tp m: Trong b thu quang, tp m xut hin l do qu trnh bin i photon thnh cc in t v tp m nhit t cc mch khuch i tn hiu. 1.6.3.4 Thi gian p ng: Thi gian p ng ca photodiode vi mch u vo ch yu ph thuc cc yu t sau: - Thi gian chuyn dch cc ht mang photon trong vng tri. - Thi gian khuch tn cc ht mang photon ra bn ngoi vng tri. - Hng s thi gian RC ca photodiode v cc mch in lin quan ca n. Tc p ng ca photodiode c bn b gii hn do thi gian to ra cc ht mang pht photon di chuyn qua vng tri. Thi gian dch chuyn td ph thuc vo vn tc tri ht mang Vd v rng vng tri td = W/Vd.

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1.6.3.5 So snh PIN v APD: Hai loi diode quang PIN v APD u c phn cc ngc, khi khng c nh sng th ch c dng tri rt nh. Khi c nh sng vo, dng ny tng tuyn tnh vi dng nh sng v cng sut bc x. Dng ny gy trn ti mt in p a vo khuch i cho ra mt tn hiu nguyn thy. Diode PIN c tp m ni nh, song khng c kh nng khuch i dng in nn khng nng cao nhy my thu c. Ngc li diode APD c tp m ni ln nhng c kh nng khuch i dng in nn nng cao nhy, song diode Ge-APD li c tp m ni ln, nn hn ch cng sut thu ti thiu cho php. Cc diode PIN ch hot ng vi tc bit khng ln n vi ba trm Mbit/s, cn APD c th hot ng vi tc bit ti hng Gbit/s. Diode PIN cn in p cung cp nh, ngc li APD cn in p cung cp ln hng trm volt, c tnh lm vic ca APD ph thuc vo nhit nhiu do cn s dng ngun p iu chnh nhit , nn chi ph tng. 1.7 Kt lun chng: T u khuyt im ca si dn quang, ng dng ca n vo truyn dn rt a dng. Tuy nhin ty khong cch gia my pht v my thu, dung lng, tc truyn dn m chn loi si cho ph hp vi tuyn. i vi thit b pht quang, nu c ly truyn dn ngn, tc thp v trung bnh th s dng LED pht x cnh v gi thnh thp, tin cy cao, cng sut pht t 5mW n 10mW, rng ph ln. Vi tuyn truyn dn c ly di, tc cao th phi s dng diode laser n mode v n c ph hp, cng sut ghp vo si ln, c bit DFR c n nh nhit cao, s dng iu bin trc tip. Trong h thng truyn dn dung lng ln v tc cao, p ng nhu cu, hin nay ngi ta thng s dng k thut ghp knh quang phn chia theo thi gian OTDM v ghp knh quang phn chia theo bc sng DWDM. Trong k thut ghp knh quang phn chia theo bc sng DWDM vi nhng u im

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hn hn so vi k thut OTDM. Chng tip theo n ny s trnh by phn nghin cu v k thut ghp knh quang phn chia theo bc sng. ____________________________________