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Presented by : Anand Prabhakar Sarode En. No.: V/05/0149 Course No.: VPP 691 Course teacher: Dr. V. P. Pathak.
Outline
Introduction Distribution History
Symptoms
Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment
Etiology
Prevention
Pathogenesis
Conclusions
Introduction
Wildlife: The term wildlife refers to all the plants and animals on the planet that are not domesticated by humans. Emerging disease: Infections that newly appear in a population, or have existed but are increasing in incidence or geographic range.
Mule deer,
white-tailed deer
elk
Geographical distribution
CWD Other emerging diseases
History
First case -1990:
Etiology
Prion: Infectious protein particle without a nucleic
acid genome.
PrPC
PrPSc
Transmission
Direct (animal-to-animal contact) Indirect (soil or other surface to animal) Prions are likely shed through the saliva and feaces, and urine of deer. Prions can remain infective in the soil for several years.
In 2011 researchers had discovered prions spreading through airborne transmission on aerosol particles.
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features:
Adults: 17 months to15 years Most 3-5 years Sex: males, females No strict seasonality Clinical duration: months to year Incubation period: min: 17 months, max: unknown
Symptoms of CWD
Nervous symptoms Drooping of head and ears Rough dull coat Excessive salivation Severe emaciation & dehydration
Gross Lesion
Dehydration
Total loss of body fat, Muscular atrophy in terminal cases.
Aspiration pneumonia.
HISTOPATHOLOGY
Diencephalon, Olfactory cortex
Lesions are basically bilaterally symmetrical and characteristically affect some areas of the brain to a greater extent than other areas.
Lesions are detectable first in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMNV).
Typically there are changes of spongiform encephalopathy, characterized by microcavitation of grey matter and/or white matter.
lymph nodes
pituitary
Adrenal medulla
The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
Diagnosis
Research is being conducted to develop live-animal diagnostic tests for CWD. Postmortem examination Testing.
Obex
Multifocal granular immunoreactivity with antiprion MAb in cells of the germinal center.
Use to detection of PrPSc even when initially present at only one part in a hundred thousand million (1011) in
brain tissue.
Differential diagnosis
Hemorrhagic disease (epizootic hemorrhagic disease and bluetongue) Meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) Locoweed intoxication in elk,
Treatment
No treatment is available. Affected animals that develop pneumonia may respond temporarily to antibiotic treatment.
Conclusions
CWD is an emerging disease in wild life which is causing heavy mortality in cervidae family. It is spreading over a wide geographical range since from emergence. Indian wildlife is likely to suffer from this infection. There is urgent need of improving diagnostic and screening facilities in wildlife territory.
References
Anderson CA, P Bosque, CM Filley, DB Arciniegas, B K KleinschmidtDemasters, W J Pape,and KL Tyler.(2007). Colorado surveillance program for chronic wasting disease transmission to humans: lessons from 2 highly suspicious but negative cases. Arch Neurol.;64:439-41. Angers RC, SR Browning, TS Seward, CJ Sigurdson, MW Miller, EA Hoover, and GC Telling.(2006) Prions in skeletal muscles of deer with chronic wasting disease. Science.;311:1117. Baeten LA, BE Powers, JE Jewell, TR Spraker, and MW Miller.(2007) A natural case of chronic wasting disease in a freeranging moose (Alces alces shirasi). J Wildl Dis.;43:309-14. Glenn Millhauser http://www1.ucsc.edu/currents/01-02/06- 03/prion.html A. Aguzzi, M Heikenwalder, and G. Miele (2004) Progress and problems in the biology, diagnostics, and therapeutics of prion diseases. Clin Invest.;114:153-160. Hueston W and Bryant CM. (2005). Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. J Food Science; 70 (5):R77-R87.
Contd
McKenzie D., C J Johnson, J A Pedersen, R J Chappell, and J M Aiken (2007). Oral Transmissibility of Prion Disease Is Enhanced by Binding to Soil Particles. PLoS Pathog. 3 (7): e93. Pradhan H. K. (2004). Meeting of experts of the state parties to the convention on the prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of bacteriological (Biological) and toxin weapons and on their distribution. Genava Williams ES, M.W. Williams and ET Thorne. (2002). 67th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference.