Nhm 04 D08VT2

CHUYN : MNG VIN THNG

Tm hiu v IPv4 v IPv6

Gio vin hng dn Nhm SV thc hin Lp : TS. Nguyn Tin Ban : Nhm 4 : D08VT2

Danh sch thnh vin nhm 4 thc hin chuyn :

STT 1 2 3 4

H v tn Phm Th Quyn Nguyn Anh Tun Nguyn Hu Thanh Bnh Phm Vn Thng

Lp D08VT2 D08VT2 D08VT2 D08VT2

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LI M U
ng trc s pht trin mnh m ca CNTT c bit l trong lnh vc mng my tnh th ngoi vic gii quyt vn v lu lng cho mng th a ch ca cc thit b mng nh a ch ca cc my tnh, my in, mail server, web server, dch v xDSL, dch v Internet qua ng cp truyn hnh (IPTV), pht trin cc mng gio dc, game trc tuyn, thit b di ng tham gia vo mng Internet, truyn ti thoi, audio, video trn mng l mt trong nhng vn nan gii cn phi c quan tm thc s. Hin nay, a ch ca cc my tnh trn Internet ang c nh s theo th h a ch phin bn 4 (IPv4) gm 32 bits. Trn l thuyt, khng gian IPv4 bao gm hn 4 t a ch (thc t th t hn). Tuy nhin ng trc s pht trin mnh m v s lng thit b mng nh vy th xy ra nguy c thiu ht khng gian a ch IPv4 l iu s khng trnh khi; cng vi nhng hn ch trong cng ngh v nhng nhc im ca IPv4 thc y s ra i ca mt th h a ch Internet mi l IPv6. Phin bn IPv6 l mt phin bn a ch mi ca Internet. IPv6 c thit k vi hy vng khc phc nhng hn ch vn c ca a ch IPv4 nh hn ch v khng gian a ch, cu trc nh tuyn v bo mt, ng thi em li nhng c tnh mi tha mn cc nhu cu dch v ca th h mng mi nh kh nng t ng cu hnh m khng cn h tr ca my ch DHCP, cu trc nh tuyn tt hn, h tr tt hn cho multicast, h tr bo mt v cho di ng tt hn. Hin nay IPv6 c chun ha tng bc, chun b a vo ng dng thc t trong tng lai.V vy chng em chn ti ny lm ti nghin cu tt nghip. Do y l ti tng i ln, cng vi thi gian cng nh kin thc c hn nn nu c g thiu st chng em rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca thy (c) cng cc bn n ca chng em c hon chnh hn.

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CNG
Phn 1: PHN M U 1.1. 1.2. Khi nim chung v a ch IP Phn loi a ch IP

Phn 2: PHN NI DUNG 2.1. 2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.3. Cu trc a ch IPV4 Thnh phn v khun dng ca IPV4 nh a ch IP Khun dng ca gi tin IP

2.2. Cu trc a ch IPV6 2.2.1. c im Kiu nh dng tiu mi Khng gian a ch m rng C s hn tng nh tuyn v nh a ch phn cp hiu qu Cu hnh a ch Stateful v Stateless Bo mt H tr tt hn cho QoS Giao thc mi cho s tng tc Node lng ging C kh nng m rng 2.2.2. 2.2.3. 2.2.4. 2.2.5. nh a ch IPV6 Khun dng ca gi tin IPV6 So snh khun dng IPV4 vi IPV6 Cc tiu m rng ca IPV6

2.3. Trin khai mng IPV6 2.3.1. Mc ch ca vic trin khai mng IPV6 trn nn ca IPV4 2.3.2. C ch chuyn i 2.3.2.1. Lp IP song song (Dual IP Player) 2.3.2.2. ng hm IPV6 qua IPV4 2.3.2.3. 6to4 2.4. S khc bit gia IPV4 v IPV6 2.5. Tnh hnh trin khai IPV6 2.5.1. Trn th gii 2.5.2. Ti Vit Nam Phn 3: PHN KT LUN

Nhm 04 D08VT2

Phn 1: PHN M U
1.1. Khi nim chung v a ch IP

Nh chng ta bit Internet l mng my tnh ton cu, do hng nghn mng my tnh t khp ni ni li to nn. Khc vi cch t chc theo cc cp: ni ht, lin tnh, quc t ca mt mng vin thng nh mng thoi. Mng Internet t chc ch c mt cp, mng my tnh d to, hay nh khi ni vo mng Internet u bnh ng vi nhau. Do cch t chc nh vy nn trn Internet c cu trc a ch, cch nh a ch c bit, trong khi cch nh a ch i vi mng vin thng n gin hn rt nhiu. i vi mng vin thng nh mng thoi, khch hng cc vng khc nhau hon ton c th c cng s in thoi phn bit vi nhau bi m vng, m tnh hay m quc t. i vi mng internet do cch t chc ch c mt cp nn mi mt khch hng hay mt my ch (Host) hoc Router u c mt a ch Internet duy nht m khng c trng vi bt k ai. Do vy m a ch Internet thc s l mt ti nguyn. Hng chc triu my ch trn hng trm nghn mng. a ch khng c trng nhau cn phi c cu trc a ch c bit qun l thng nht v mt t chc ca Internet gi l Trung tm thng tin mng Internet Internet Network Information Centre (Inter - NIC) duy tr phn phi, NIC ch phn a ch mng (Net ID) cn a ch my ch trn mng (Host ID) do cc t chc qun l Internet ca tng quc gia t phn phi. IP l 1 trong 2 giao thc quan trng nht ca internet. IP l ch vit tt ca Internet Protocol (giao thc Internet). Mi gi tin IP s bao gm mt a ch IP ngun v mt a ch IP ch. IP xc nh nh danh cho 1 my tnh v router. a ch IP xc nh 1 giao din no , giao din ny c s dng kt ni my tnh hay router vi knh truyn vt l. 1.2. Phn loi a ch IP

a ch IP c chia lm 2 loi l: a ch IP tnh v a ch IP ng: a ch IP tnh: Thut ng IP tnh c ni n nh mt a ch IP c nh dnh ring cho mt ngi, hoc nhm ngi s dng m thit b kt ni n Internet ca h lun lun c t mt a ch IP. Thng thng IP tnh c cp cho mt my ch vi mt mc ch ring (my ch web, mail) nhiu ngi c th truy cp m khng lm gin on cc qu trnh . a ch IP ng: Tri li vi IP tnh l cc IP ng, nu khng s dng cc dch v c bit cn dng IP tnh, khch hng thng thng ch c ISP gn cho cc IP khc nhau sau mi ln kt ni hoc trong mt phin kt ni c i thnh cc IP khc. Hnh ng cp IP ng ca cc ISP nhm tit kim ngun a ch IP ang cn kit hin nay. Khi mt my tnh khng c kt ni vo mng Internet th nh cung cp s s dng IP cp cho mt ngi s dng khc. Nh vy nu nh s dng IP ng th ngi s dng khng th tr thnh ngi cung cp mt dch v trn Internet (chng hn lp mt trang web, m mt proxy cho php ngi 1

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khc t do thng qua n che du tung tch... trn chnh my tnh ca mnh) bi a ch IP ny lun b thay i. Thng th cc nh cung cp Internet ADSL hay cp s ch nh loi IP ng cho bn. Trong cc router v h iu hnh, cu hnh mc nh cho cc my khch cng l IP ng.

Phn 2: PHN NI DUNG

2.1. Cu trc a ch IPV4 2.1.1. Thnh phn v khun dng ca IPV4 a ch IP ang c s dng hin ti (IPv4) c 32 bit chia thnh 4 Octet (mi Octet c 8 bit tng ng 1 byte), cch m u t tri qua phi t bit 1 cho n bit 32. Cc Octet cch bit nhau bng mt du chm (.).

Hnh 1.1: Khun dng tiu a ch IPv4 a ch biu hin dng bit nh phn: xyxyxyxy. xyxyxyxy. xyxyxyxy. xyxyxyxy x, y = 0 hoc 1. a ch biu hin dng thp phn: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx V d: 146.123.110.224 Dng vit y ca a ch IP l 3 con s trong tng Octet. a ch IP thng thy trn thc t c th l 53.143.10.2 nhng dng y l: 053.143.010.002 Bao gm c 3 thnh phn chnh.

Bit 1..32 - Bit nhn dng lp (Class bit), phn bit a ch lp no. - a ch ca mng (Net ID). - a ch ca my ch (Host ID). Ghi ch: Tn l a ch my ch nhng thc t khng ch c my ch m tt c cc trm lm vic, cc cng truy nhp, v..v.. u cn c a ch nhn dng.

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2.1.2. nh a ch IP Mt b nh tuyn s dng a ch IP chuyn tip gi tin t mng ngun ti mng ch. Gi tin phi ch ra c a ch mng ngun v mng ch. Khi mt gi c nhn ti b nh tuyn, n s xc nh a ch mng ch v xc nh ng i ca gi tin v chuyn tip gi tin qua cng tng ng. Mi a ch Ip cng gm c 2 phn: nhn dng a ch mngch ra mng, v nhn dng a ch host - ch ra host. Mi octet u c th chia thnh nhng nhm a ch mng khc nhau, qu trnh chia a ch c th c thc hin theo m hnh phn cp.

M hnh phn cp a ch Cc a ch c thc hin theo m hnh phn cp bi n cha nhiu mc khc nhau. Mt a ch IP thc hin 2 ch s v a ch mng v a ch host trong cng mt a ch. a ch ny phi l duy nht, bi khi thc hin mt a ch trng lp s dn n nhng vn v nh tuyn. Phn u l a ch mng (hay a ch ca h thng), phn th 2 l a ch host trong mng. a ch IP c chia thnh cc lp, A, B, C, D, E. Hin ti dng ht lp A, B v gn ht lp C, cn lp D v E T chc Internet ang dnh cho mc ch khc khng phn, nn chng ta ch nghin cu 3 lp u.

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Cu trc cc lp a ch IP Qua cu trc cc lp a ch IP chng ta c nhn xt sau: - Bit nhn dng l nhng bit u tin: ca lp A l 0, ca lp B l 10, ca lp C l 110. - Lp D c 4 bit u tin nhn dng l 1110, cn lp E c 5 bit u tin nhn dng l 11110. - a ch lp A: a ch mng t v a ch my ch trn tng mng nhiu. - a ch lp B: a ch mng va phi v a ch my ch trn tng mng va phi. - a ch lp C: a ch mng nhiu v a ch my ch trn tng mng t. thc hin nhng mng vi quy m khc nhau, trc ht ta phi hiu c c ch phn lp trong mng, a ch IP c chia thnh nhng nhm c gi l nhng lp. Cc nhm ban u c gi l a ch phn lp y . Mi a ch IP bao gm 32 bit c chia 1

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thnh 4 phn, mi phn 8 bit v s th t ca cc bit s dng cho vic xc nh a ch mng v a ch host ty theo lp m n thuc v. a ch lp A Thc hin trong nhng mng ln c kh nng h tr trn 16 triu my. Ch bao gm octet u tin c s dng ch ra a ch mng, 3 octet cn li s dng xc nh a ch ca host trong mng.

Bit u tin ca lp A lun bng 0. s thp nht ca octet u tin c th th hin l 0, v gi tr ln nht l 127. Tuy nhin gi tr 0 v 127 ca octet u tin khng c s dng trong vic nh a ch mng, do tt c cc a ch mng ca lp A s thc hin gi tr t 1 ti 126 ca octet u tin. a ch lp B c thit k h tr nhng nhu cu cho nhng mng ln. a ch lp B s dng 2 trong s 4 octet u tin lm a ch mng, 2 octet cn li c s dng ch ra a ch host.

Hai bit u tin ca octet u tin ca mt a ch thuc v lp B lun l 10, 6 bit cn li ca octet u tin c th thay i l 0 hoc 1. Do gi tr nh nht ca octet u tin ca mt a ch lp B s l 10000000 = 128, gi tr ln nht s l 10111111 = 191. Bt c a ch no c gi tr ca octet u tin nm trong khong t 128 191 u l nhng a ch mng ca lp B. a ch lp C Cng c quy lut tng t c thc hin, gi tr 3 bit u tin ca mt a ch lp C lun l 110. Do gi tr nh nht ca octet u tin ca mt a ch lp C c th l 11000000 = 192, gi tr ln nht l 11011111 = 223. Nu mt a ch mng c gi tr ca octet u tin ri vo trong khong 191 223 th l mt a ch IP thuc lp C. Lp C thc hin 3 octet l a ch mng cn 1 octet cn li c s dng lm a ch host. N c kh nng h tr 254 a ch host cho mi mng thuc v lp C.

Nhm 04 D08VT2

a ch lp D c to ra to kh nng v a ch multicast. Mt a ch IP multicast l mt a ch c kh nng thc hin vic truyn thng tin ti mt nhm cc my trm vi a ch IP unicast. Do , mt my trm khi s dng a ch multicast c kh nng truyn ng thi mt gi tin ti nhiu ngi nhn. Bn bit u tin ca mt a ch IP ca lp D lun l 1110. Do octet u tin ca mt a ch mng thuc v lp C c gi tr nh nht l: 11100000 = 224 v gi tr ln nht s l 11101111 = 239. a ch lp E Thc hin trong phng th nghim phc v mc ch nghin cu. Bn bit u tin ca mt a ch ca lp E l 1111. Do khong gi tr ca octet u tin ca mt a ch lp E s l: 240 255. 2.1.3. Khun dng ca gi tin IP

Khun dng ca gi tin IPv4 Version IP-V4: Khi gi tin ti b nh tuyn, b nh tuyn s phn tch nu thy phin bn c hn th b nh tuyn s hy b gi tin v thng bo cho trm ngun bit. Header length: di ca gi tin tnh theo n v 32 bit. Type of service:

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Kiu dch v c s dng trong tiu gi tin IP ch ra quan h u tin cho vic chuyn cc gi tin, thng thng cc gi tin IP c x l theo nguyn tc FIFO, cc bit 0,1,1 trong trng kiu dch v ch ra cc thng tin v tr, thng lng v tin cy. Thng thng 2 trong s 3 thng tin s c t, nhng trng chc nng ny khng buc tt c cc b nh tuyn phi x l.

- D ( Delay): tr D=0: yu cu truyn tr bnh thng. D=1: yu cu tr thp. - T ( Throughput): thng lng T=0: thng lng bnh thng. T=1: thng lng cao. - R ( Reliability): tin cy R=0: tin cy bnh thng. R=1: tin cy cao. Total length: di ton b ca gi tin Max 216=64 KB, thng thng ngn hn. ID: s nh danh ca gi tin. Nu 1 gi tin phi phn thnh nhiu mnh truyn i th tt c cc mnh phi c cng nh danh. Flag: 1 bit d tr DF (dont Fragment) DF=1: khng c php phn gi tin thnh mnh tin. DF=0: cho php phn mnh truyn. MF (More Fragment) MF=1: cho bit cn c cc mnh tin tip theo thuc cng mt gi tin. MF=0: y l mnh tin cui cng ca gi tin hoc gi tin khng phn mnh. Offset: Cho bit v tr ca mnh tin trong gi tin, n v tnh l 8 byte. Ti tram thu, 3 trng (5), (6), (7) cho php ghp cc mnh tin thnh gi tin. VD: gi tin 3000 byte m B nh tuyn ch chuyn gi tin 1000byte mt ln th phi phn mnh tin. ID DF MF offset 400 0 1 0 400 0 1 125 400 0 0 250 Ghi ch : Trong trng hp truyn khng phn mnh th khng cn cc thng tin nhng gi tin vn phi cha thm 32 bit ny. Giao thc Internet phin bn 6 (IPv6) s khc phc iu ny.

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Time to live (TTL): Thi gian sng ca gi tin. Trng ny c 8bit ban u tnh n v l giy, vy thi gian gi tin c php tn ti trn mng l: 28=256 giy > 4 pht Trong thc t trng ny cha s bc nhy chnh l s b nh tuyn m gi tin c php i qua. C mi ln gi tin qua mt b nh tuyn th TTL s tr i 1 v khi bng 0 th gi tin s b hy v thng bo cho trm ngun. y l gii php iu khin tc nghn. Protocol: Cho bit giao thc c s dng tng trn. - Nu tng giao vn l TCP th c m l 6. - Nu tng giao vn l UDP th c m l 17. - Nu l ICMP th c m l 1. Heder checksum: Kim tra li cho u gi tin. Soure Address: a ch ngun. Destination Address: a ch ch. Cc a ch ny c dng nh ng trn mng Internet nn cn gi l IP address. a ch di 32 bit c chia thnh 4 byte, mi byte c th hin bng mt s thp phn v cch nhau bi du chm. Option: La chn. - Record Route: ghi li a ch ca tt c cc b nh tuyn m gi tin i qua. di ca trng la chn ny do trm ngun quy nh. Nu s b nh tuyn m gi tin i qua qu nhiu th a ch ca cc b nh tuyn sau s khng c ghi vo gi tin. - Time Stamp (nhn thi gian): ghi li thi gian m gi tin i qua b nh tuyn. C 3 cch ghi. . Khi gi tin i qua b nh tuyn, ghi li danh sch thi gian gi tin qua b nh tuyn. . Ghi a ch IP v thi gian tng ng khi gi tin i qua. . Trm ngun s ghi sn mt s a ch cn o thi gian v gi tin ti b nh tuyn c a ch tng ng th s c ghi thi gian vo.

2.2. Cu trc a ch IPV6 2.2.1. c im Kiu nh dng tiu mi Tiu ca IPv6 c mt kiu nh dng mi c thit k gi cho tiu bn trn mc ti thiu. iu ny t c bng cch chuyn c cc trng hp khng cn thit v cc trng la chn sang phn tiu m rng, phn m rng ny i theo sau phn tiu ca IPv6. Tiu IPv6 c t chc tt, x l hiu qu hn ti cc b nh tuyn trung gian. Cc tiu IPv4 v IPv6 l khng gn lin. IPv6 khng phi l siu tp ca chc nng m tng thch ngc vi IPv4. Mt host hoc mt b nh tuyn phi dng mt s b sung ca IPv4 v IPv6 nhn ra v x l c 2 kiu nh dng tiu . Tiu IPv6 mi ch rng gp 2 ln IPv4 mc d a ch IPv6 rng gp 4 ln IPv4. Khng gian a ch m rng 1

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IPv6 c a ch IP di 128 bit. Mc d 128 bit c th biu din hn 3.4x10 38 t hp, khng gian a ch rng ca IPv6 c thit k cho php nhiu mc subneting v chia vng i ch t a ch gc Internet n cc mng ring trong cng 1 t chc. Mc d ch mt s lng nh a ch hin ti c chia phn cho host, vn cn nhiu a ch cho tng lai. Vi mt s lng a ch ln nh vy th cc k thut tit kim a ch nh NAT l khng cn thit na. C s h tng nh tuyn v nh a ch phn cp v hiu qu Cc a ch IPv6 ton cu c dng trong phn IPv6 ca Internet c thit k to mt c s h tng nh tuyn c th tm tt, phn cp v hiu qu. C s h tng ny c da trn s trin khai chung nhiu cp ca cc nh cung cp dch v ISP. Cu hnh a ch Stateful v Stateless n gin ha cu hnh host, IPv6 h tr c hai kiu cu hnh l stateful, nh l cu hnh a ch trong s c mt ca mt DHCP server v stateless ( cu hnh a ch trong khng c mt ca mt DHCP). Vi kiu cu hnh a ch stateless th cc host trn mt lin kt s t ng cu hnh vi a ch IPv6 cho lin kt ( c gi l a ch lin kt ni b) v vi cc a ch c phn pht t Prefixes qung co bi cc b nh tuyn ni b. Ngay c khi khng c cc b nh tuyn th cc host trn cng mt lin kt vn c th t ng cu hnh vi cc i ch lin kt ni b v lin lc vi nhau m khng cn cu hnh nhn cng. Bo mt Trong hot ng Internet, bo mt ti tng IP c thc hin ph bin bng cng ngh IPSec. IPSec thc hin chc nng xc nh ni gi v m ha ng kt ni, do vy m bo c kt ni bo mt. Cng ngh IPSec h tr c a ch IPv4 v IPv6. Tuy nhin trong IPv6, IPSec c nh ngha nh l mt c tnh bt buc ca a ch IPv6 khi cc th tc bo mt ca IPSec c a vo thnh hai c tnh l hai tiu m rng ca a ch IPv6. l tiu Xc thc, v tiu M ha. H tr tt hn cho QoS Cc trng mi trong tiu ca IPv6 nh ngha cch thc m lu lng qun l v nhn dng. S nhn dng lu lng dng mt trng nhn lu lng trong tiu IPv6 cho php cc b nh tuyn nhn dng v cung cp vic qun l c bit cho cc gi thuc cng mt lung, mt seri cc gi gia ngun v ch. Bi v lu lng c nhn dng trong tiu IPv6, vic h tr QoS c th t c ngay c khi trng ti ca gi c m ha thng qua IPSec. Giao thc mi cho s tng tc Node lng ging Giao thc tm kim lng ging cho IPv6 l mt seri ca ICMP cho cc bn tin ca IPv6, chng qun l vic tng tc gia cc node lng ging. Tm kim lng ging thay th cho cc bn tin giao thc ARP da vo vic broadcast, cc bn tin ICMPv4 b nh tuyn tm kim v multicast hiu qu. C kh nng m rng IPv6 c th d dng c m rng cho cc tnh nng mi bng cch thm vo cc tiu m rng vo sau tiu ca IPv6. Khng ging nh cc la chn ca tiu IPv4 ch c

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th h tr 40 byte option, kch thc ca tiu m rng ca IPv6 khng ch bi kch thc ca gi IPv6.

2.2.2. nh a ch IPV6 2.2.2.1. Khng gian a ch IPv6. Kch thc a ch IPv6 l 128 bit, rng gp 4 ln a ch ca IPv4. Khng gian a ch 32 bit cho php 232 hay 4.294.967.296 a ch. Khng gian a ch 128 bit cho php 2128 a ch hay 340.282.366.920.938.463.463.374.607.431.768.211.456 (3.4x1038) a ch. Vo nhng nm cui thp nin 70 ca th k trc khi m khng gian a ch IPv4 c thit k th ngi ta cha tng tng c rng n s cn kit trong tng lai. Tuy nhin do c nhiu s thay i trong k thut v thc t phn vng khng thy trc c s bng n ca cc host trn Internet v khng gian a ch IPv4 c phn pht ht vo nm 1992, do cn 1 khng gian a ch mi thay th. Vi IPv6 tht kh c th tng tng c rng n s c phn pht ht bi v theo c tnh khng gian a ch IPv6 s cung cp cho mi m2 b mt tri t l 655.570.793.348.866.943.898.599 ( 6.5x1023) a ch. Kch thc tng i ln ca a ch IPv6 c thit k chia nh thnh cc min nh tuyn phn cp phn nh topo ca Internet hin nay. Vic s dng 128 bit cho php nhiu mc phn cp v tnh linh ng trong vic thit k nh tuyn v nh a ch phn cp. 2.2.2.2. C php a ch IPv6. a ch IPv6 128 bit c chia thnh 8 khi mi khi 16 bit, mi khi ny c chuyn sang dng s hexa 4 bit v c phn bit vi nhau bng du hai chm. V d: cho 1 a ch IPv6 di dng nh phn nh sau: 0010000111011010000000001101001100000000000000000010111100111011000000101 0101010000000001111111111111110001010001001110001011010 a ch ny c chia ra thnh cc khi 16bit nh sau: 0010000111011010 0000000011010011 0000000000000000 0010111100111011 0000001010101010 0000000011111111 1111111000101000 1001110001011010. Mi khi ny c chuyn sang ch s hexa v chia cch nhau bng du hai chm, kt qu l: 21DA:00D3:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A Vic vit a ch IPv6 c th n gin ha bng cch xa b 0 ng u trong mi khi 16 bit. Tuy nhin mi khi phi c t nht mt s n. Trong v d trn, a ch trn c n gin ha thnh: 21DA:D3:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A Nn cc ch s 0 Mt s loi a ch cha cc chui di cc s 0. n gin ha trong cch vit, mt chui lin tip cc khi 16 bit c gi tr 0 trong kiu nh dng theo s hexa phn cch nhau bng du : c nn thnh :: v c gi l du hai chm kp. V d: a ch link-local FE80:0:0:0:2AA:FF:FE9A:4CA2 c nn thnh FE80::2AA:FF:FE9A:4CA2, v a ch multicast FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 nn thnh FF02::2.

Nhm 04 D08VT2

Vic nn 0 ch c th c dng nn mt chui cc khi 16 bit lin tip n m thi. Ta khng th nn 0 vi cc s 0 l mt phn ca khi 16 bit. V d nh ta khng th nn a ch FF02:30:0:0:0:0:0:5 thnh FF02:3::5, m ta ch c th nn thnh FF02:30::5. xc nh c bao nhiu con s 0 ng gia :: th ta c cng thc sau: N= (8-n)*16 trong n l s khi bit 16 bit a ch cn li c biu din dng s hexa. Vic nn 0 ch c dng 1 ln i vi 1 a ch cho trc, nu khng th ta s khng th xc nh c con s khng c gin lc. 2.2.2.3. Prefix ca IPv6. Prefix l mt phn ca a ch IPv6, n ch ra cc bit c gi tr c nh hoc l cc bit ng vai tr l ID ca mng. Cc prefix cho nh danh mng con ca IPv6, cc tuyn, cc vng a ch c biu din nh trong k hiu CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) cho IPv4. V d 21DA::/48 cho mt a ch Prefix tuyn v 21DA:D3:0:2F3B::/64 cho 1 prefix mng con. Trong IPv6 ch dng prefix ch khng dng mt n mng con nh IPv4. 2.2.2.4. Cc dng a ch IPv6. a ch unicast Mt a ch unicast xc nh mt giao din n trong phm vi ca loi a ch unicast. Vi mt topology nh tuyn unicast thch hp, cc gi c nh a ch unicast c chuyn n mt giao din n. a ch multicast Mt a ch multicast xc nh nhiu giao din. Vi topo nh tuyn thch hp th cc gi c nh a ch multicast s c chuyn ti tt c cc giao din m c xc nh bi a ch ny. Mt a ch multicast c dng trong truyn thng mt-nhiu, c chuyn n nhiu giao din. a ch anycast Mt a ch Anycast xc nh nhiu giao din. Vi topology nh tuyn thch hp th cc gi c nh a ch anycast c chuyn n mt giao din n gn nht c xc nh bi a ch anycast ny. Khi nim giao din gn nht c xc nh gn nht trong gii hn khong cch nh tuyn. a ch anycast c dng trong truyn thng 1-1 trong nhiu. 2.2.2.5. S tng thch a ch Nhm chuyn i t IPv4 sang IPv6 v s tn ti ca c 2 loi host, cc a ch sau c nh ngha: a ch tng thch IPv4 a ch IPv6, a ch 0:0:0:0:0:0:w.x.y.z hoc ::w.x.y.z c dng bi cc node IPv6/IPv4 m truyn thng dng IPv6. Cc node IPv6/IPv4 l cc node dng c 2 giao thc IPv4 v IPv6. Khi a ch tng thch IPv4 c dng nh 1 ch n IPv6 th lu lng IPv6 s t ng ng gi vi 1 tiu ca IPv4 v gi n ch dng c s h tng IPv4.

Nhm 04 D08VT2

a ch c nh x sang IPv4 a ch c nh x sang IPv4 0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:w.x.y.z hoc ::FFFF:w.x.y.z c dng din t 1 node ch dng IPv4 sang 1 node IPv6. N ch c dng cho din t ni b. a ch c nh x sang IPv4 khng c dng nh l mt a ch ngun hoc ch ca 1 gi IPv6. a ch 6 sang 4 a ch 6 sang 4 c dng cho truyn thng gia 2 node chy c IPv4 v IPv6 trn 1 c s h tng nh tuyn IPv6. a ch 6 sang 4 c hnh thnh bng cch kt hp prefix 2002::/16 vi 32 bit ca 1 a ch IPv4 public ca node v hnh thnh nn 1 prefix 48 bit. a ch IPv6 cho 1 Host Mt host IPv4 vi mt b thch ng mng n thng c mt a ch IP n c cp cho b thch ng . Tuy nhin, 1 host IPv6 thng c nhiu a ch IPv6, ngay c vi giao din n. Mt host IPv6 c cp cho cc a ch unicast sau y: - Mt a ch lin kt ni b cho mi giao din. - a ch unicast cho mi giao din ( c th l 1 a ch site ni b v 1 hoc nhiu a ch unicast ton cu ) - a ch loopback ( ::1) cho giao din loopback. Cc host IPv6 thng thng l logically multihomed bi v chng c t nht 2 a ch m chng c th nhn cc gi, 1 a ch lin kt ni b cho lu lng lin kt ni b v 1 a ch ton cu hoc site ni b c th nh tuyn c. Thm vo , mi host lng nghe lu lng trn cc a ch multicast sau: - a ch multicast tt c cc node phm vi giao din ni b ( FF01::1) - a ch multicast tt c cc node phm vi lin kt ni b ( FF02::1) - a ch soliticated cho mi a ch unicast trn mi giao din. - Cc a ch multicast ca cc nhm c tham gia trn mi giao din. a ch IPv6 cho 1 B nh tuyn Mt b nh tuyn IPv6 c cp cc a ch unicast sau y: - Mt a ch lin kt ni b cho mi giao din. - Cc a ch unicast cho mi giao din ( c th l 1 a ch site ni b v 1 hoc nhiu a ch unicast ton cu) - 1 a ch anycast subnet b nh tuyn. - Cc a ch anycast thm vo ( option). - a ch loopback ( ::1) cho giao din loopback. 2.2.2.6. a ch IPv4 v s tng ng IPv6 IPv4 Address Cc lp a ch Internet a ch multicast IPv4 (224.0.0.0/4) Cc a ch broadcast IPv6 Address Khng tng xng trong IPv6 a ch multicast IPv6 (FF00::/8) Khng tng xng trong IPv6

Nhm 04 D08VT2

a ch khng r rng 0.0.0.0 a ch loopback 127.0.0.1 Public IP address

a ch khng r rng :: a ch loopback ::1 Global unicast address

a ch IP ring ( 10.0.0.0/8, a ch site cc b ( FEC0::/10) 172.16.0.0/12 and 192.168.0.0/16) a ch t ng (169.254.0.0/16) c cu hnh a ch lin kt cc b ( FF80::/64)

Cch th hin: k hiu du chm thp Cch th hin: dng du hai chm c gin phn phn cch lc cc s 0 v nn cc s 0 lin tip Th hin cc bit mng: dng Mt n mng Th hin cc bit mng: ch dng chiu di con hoc chiu di prefix prefix Chuyn i tn DSN: bng ghi ti nguyn Chuyn i tn DSN: bng ghi ti nguyn a ch host IPv4 a ch host IPv6 Chuyn i ngc DNS Chuyn i ngc DNS

a ch IPv4 v s tng ng IPv6 2.2.3. Khun dng ca gi tin IPV6

Khun dng ca gi tin IPv6 Phin bn : 6. 1

Nhm 04 D08VT2

Lp vn chuyn : tng t cc kiu dch v ( Type of service) trong IPv4. Nhn lung: dng nh du tt c cc gi tin cng thuc mt lung d liu. VD: cng ting ni, cng video. Trm ngun mun cc B nh tuyn trung gian x l cc thng tin cng lung ging nhau. - Cc gi tin cng lung phi c a ch ngun , a ch ch v s nhn lung ging nhau. - S nhn lung c pht sinh ngu nhin nhng khng c dng li khi thi gian sng ca lung vn cn tn ti trn mng. - Nhn lung phc v cho truyn thng a phng tin. di ti: Cha thng tin hu ch trong gi tin. Tiu tip theo: - Tiu thm vo ph thuc ty chn b sung. N c t gia tiu ca IPv6 vi tiu ca tng trn. - Tiu ny ch c a vo khi cn thit, trnh vic truyn nhng thng tin d tha. - Mt s la chn : + Routing: yu cu gi tin phi i qua ng no. + Flagment: Trong trng hp cn phn mnh. + Yu cu c x l trn ng truyn: hop by hop. + Yu cu x l gi tin khi n ch. + Thng tin xc thc trm thu nhn bit thng tin ch thc ca my ngun khng b gi danh, khng b thay i. + M ha ni dung ca gi tin. Gii hn bc nhy : s B nh tuyn m gi tin c php i qua. a ch ngun. a ch ch. a ch ngun v a ch ch c 128bit. 2.2.4. So snh khun dng IPv4 vi IPv6

Nhm 04 D08VT2

Khun dng ca IPV4 v IPV6 So snh IPV4 Version Tiu Length IPV6 Cng trng nhng vi cc s phin bn khc nhau. c loi b trong IPv6. IPv6 khng cha trng Tiu Length bi v tiu ca IPv6 lun lun c nh l 40 byte. Mi tiu m rng c kch thc c nh hoc c a ch ca ring n. c thay th bng trng Traffic Class c thay th bng trng Payload Length ch kch thc ca trng ti. Fragmentation, c loi b trong IPv6. Thng tin phn mnh khng c trong tiu ca IPv6. N c cha trong tiu m rng phn mnh. c thay th bng trng Hop Limit. c thay th bng trng Next Header. c loi b trong IPv6. Trong IPv6 vic pht hin li cp bit cho c gi IPv6 c thc hin bi lp lin kt.

Type of Service Total Length Identification, Fragment Offset Time to live Protocol Tiu Checksum

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Source Address

Trng ny ging nhau ch khc l a ch IPv6 c 128 bit. Trng ny ging nhau ch khc l a ch IPv6 c 128 bit. c loi b trong IPv6. IPv4 options c thay th bi IPv6 extension header.

Destination Address

Options

2.2.5. Cc tiu m rng ca IPV6 Tiu ca IPv4 bao gm tt c cc option. V th, mi b nh tuyn trung gian phi kim tra s tn ca chng v x l chng khi chng hin din. iu ny lm gim hiu sut vn chuyn trong vic vn chuyn cc gi IPv4. Vi IPv6, cc option phn pht v c chuyn sang cc tiu m rng. Tiu m rng duy nht phi c x l ti mi b nh tuyn trung gian l tiu m rng Hop-by-Hop Option. iu ny s tng tc x l tiu v tng kh nng x l chuyn tip. RFC 2460 nh ngha cc tiu m rng IPv6 sau y phi c h tr bi tt c cc node IPv6: - Hop-by-Hop Option tiu . - Destination Options tiu . - Routing tiu . - Fragment tiu . - Authentication tiu . - Encapsulation Security Trng ti tiu . Trong 1 gi IPv6 thng thng th khng c mt tiu m rng no. Nu vic iu khin c bit c yu cu bi cc b nh tuyn trung gian hoc ch th 1 hoc nhiu tiu m rng c thm vo bi host gi. Mi tiu m rng c phm vi 64 bit. Cc tiu m rng c kch thc thay i cha 1 trng tiu Extension Length v phi dng m khi cn chc chn rng kch thc ca chng l 1 bi s ca 8. 2.3. Trin khai mng IPV6 2.3.1. Mc ch ca vic trin khai mng IPV6 trn nn ca IPV4 Thch thc m IPv6 phi i mt l kh nng chuyn i trn vn cc gi tin IPv6 t nh dng theo giao thc IPv6 sang IPv4 t c th vn chuyn trn nn h tng l mng IPv4; v hu ht cc thit b kt ni mng Internet hin nay u c thit k cho IPv4. thc hin yu cu ny, qu trnh trin khai IPv6 phi m bo tnh linh ng mt cch ti a, nhng iu ny li mu thun vi quy m rng ln ca mng Internet. Do vy, y cng c th coi l mt im chnh trong qu trnh thit k IPv6, m bo s thnh cng ca mng IPv6. Khng m bo c yu cu trn s khng c s thnh cng ca mng IPv6.

Nhm 04 D08VT2

VD: Trc y c mt vi giao thc c thit k th thay th TCP/IP, nh XTP nhng khng th thnh cng l do khng c kh nng chy song song (dual stack), hay khng c tnh tng thch ln nhau gia cc h giao thc c vo mi. Nhng tnh nng mi ca cc giao thc ny, nu mt mnh n s khng thuyt phc ngi s dng chuyn sang s dng. IPv6 cng vy, nu vi cc c tnh u vit ca n so vi IPv4 cng cha thuyt phc ngi dng b mng IPv4 hin nay xy dng mng IPv6, do vy cn phi m bo tnh tng thch trn c s cc chc nng ca IPv4 trong qu trnh chuyn i sang IPv6. trin khai mng IPv6 c cc phng thc din ra ng thi l xy dng mng IPv6 trn nn h tng l mng IPv4 hin nay, sau thay th dn mng IPv4 hin nay. Mc ch ca cc c ch chuyn i l m bo mt s chc nng chnh nh sau: m bo thc hin cc c tnh u vit ca mng IPv6 so vi mng IPv4 Tn dng h tng sn c ca mng IPv4 trong giai on chuyn tip sang mt mng thun IPv6 Tng cng kh nng nng cp v trin khai. Vic chuyn i i vi cc host/b nh tuyn khng b ph thuc vo nhau. Ti thiu ho s ph thuc trong cc qu trnh nng cp. Mt trong nhng iu kin bt buc nng cp host vi IPv6 l h thng DNS server phi c nng cp u tin bi DNS l dch v h tr vic tm kim a ch phc v cho cc ng dng khc. Cch thc ci t v cu hnh DNS server IPv6 s c trnh by trong phn th nghim. Cc iu kin i vi cc b nh tuyn nh h tr cc giao thc nh tuyn BGP4+, h tr IPv6 cha phi l bt buc. Gn v cp pht cc loi a ch thun tin. Khi cc h thng IPv4 c ci t c gn cc a ch IPv4; mt khc a ch IPv4 l mt tp con ca ca a ch IPv6, do vy c th tip tc s dng vi cc a ch IPv4 sn c. Ch gn cc a ch IPv6 tht s cn thit cho cc kt ni ti 6Bone v tun theo cc k hoch phn b a ch ca t chc . Gi thnh khi im thp. V khng cn chun b cn thit nng cp cc h thng t IPv4 sang IPv6 khi trin khai mt h thng IPv6 mi. C ch ny c thc hin hon ton trn nn IPv4 c. C ch chuyn i ca IPv6 l c th kt hp cc trm IPv6 cng lm vic vi cc trm IPv4 bt k ni no trn Internet cho n khi a ch IPv4 khng cn tn ti, v cho php cc trm IPv6 v IPv4 trong mt khng gian gii hn cng lm vic sau . Cc c ch ny m bo khon u t to ln ca ngi dng trong vic xy dng h thng mng IPv4 ng thi trin khai c mng IPv6. 2.3.2. C ch chuyn i Hin nay s lng cc mng IPv4 l rt ln; hu ht cc dch v v cc giao dch trn mng u da trn h tng mng IPv4; do vy xut hin nhiu c ch chuyn i cho php kt ni cc host IPv6 qua mng IPv4.

Nhm 04 D08VT2

Vic xy dng li giao thc ca tng Internet trong m hnh TCP/IP dn n nhiu thay i. Trong vn thay i ln nht ca IPv6 vi IPv4 l vic thay i cu trc a ch. S thay i ny nh hng n cc vn sau: nh hng ti hot ng ca cc giao thc tng trn (Tng giao vn v tng ng dng) nh hng ti cc phng thc nh tuyn. Mt khc, mt yu cu quan trng trong vic trin khai IPv6 l phi thc hin c mc tiu ban u ra khi thit k giao thc IPv6 l: IPv6 phi lm vic c trong mi trng s dng giao thc IPv4. S c hin tng ch c nhng host dng duy nht IPv6 v ng thi cng tn ti nhng host ch duy nht IPv4. ng thi nhng host thun IPv6 phi giao tip c vi nhng host IPv4 trong khi vn m bo a ch IPv4 l c tnh thng nht ton cu. Do vy, m bo thc hin cc s tng thch gia IPv4 v IPv6, cc nh thit k IPv6 xy dng mt s c ch chuyn i khc nhau. Cc c ch chuyn i ny c nhng c im chung nh sau: m bo cc host/b nh tuyn ci t IPv6 c th lm vic c vi nhau trn nn IPv4. H tr cc kh nng trin khai cc host v b nh tuyn hot ng trn nn IPv6 vi mc tiu thay th dn cc host ang hot ng IPv4. C mt phng thc chuyn i d dng, thc hin c cc cp khc nhau t pha ngi dng cui ti ngi qun tr h thng, cc nh qun l mng v cung cp dch v. Cc c ch ny l mt tp cc giao thc thc hin i vi cc host v cc b nh tuyn, km theo l cc phng thc nh gn a ch v trin khai, thit k lm qu trnh chuyn i Internet sang IPv6 lm vic vi t ri ro nht c th c. Hin nay cc nh thit k IPv6 a ra 3 c ch chuyn i chnh cho php kt ni IPv6 trn nn IPv4 nh sau: Dual Ip layer: c ch ny m bo mt host/b nh tuyn c ci t c IPv4 v IPv6 tng Internet Layer trong kin trc TCP/IP ca n. IPv6 tunnel qua IPv4: C ch ny thc hin ng gi mt gi tin IPv6 theo chun giao thc IPv4 c th mang gi tin trn nn kin trc IPv4. C 2 loi tunneling l ci t sn (Configured) v t ng (Automantic). 6to4: C ch ny hot ng da trn cc host IPv4 sn c cc a ch IPv4 t xy dng mt a ch IPv6 c cu trc c bit; cc host s dng c ch ny khng cn phi thng qua mt ISP c h tr IPv6.

2.3.2.1. Lp IP song song (Dual IP Player) C ch ny m bo mt host/b nh tuyn c ci t c 2 giao thc IPv4 v IPv6. Vi c ch song song ny, hot ng ca cc host/b nh tuyn hon ton tng thch vi 1

Nhm 04 D08VT2

IPv4 v IPv6. Theo c ch ny, IPv6 s cng tn ti vi IPv4 v n s dng c s h tng ca IPv4. S la chn s dng ngn xp (la chn giao thc no trong lp TCP/IP) s da vo thng tin c cung cp bi dch v qua DNS server.

Minh ha c ch Dual IP layer 2.3.2.2. ng hm IPV6 qua IPV4 C s h tng mng Internet hot ng trn nn IPv4 hot ng kh n nh v c quy m rng ln. Tn dng kh nng ny, cc nh thit k IPv6 a ra gii php l thc hin c ch tunneling (ng hm) trn nn IPv4.

Minh ha c ch ng hm C hai loi c ch Tunneling nh sau: l Automatic v Configured Tunneling. C hai c ch ny khc nhau c bn l vic quyt nh a ch cui ca qu trnh ng hm, cn li v c bn hot ng ca hai c ch ny l ging nhau. im khi to ng hm (im ng gi tin) to mt tiu IPv4 ng gi v truyn gi tin c ng gi. Node kt thc ca qu trnh ng hm (im m gi) nhn c gi tin ng gi, xa b phn tiu IPv4, sa i mt s trng ca tiu IPv6, v x l phn d liu ny nh mt gi tin IPv6. Node ng gi cn duy tr cc thng tin v trng thi ca mi qu trnh trong ng hm. V d cc tham s MTU x l cc gi tin IPv6 bt u thc hin ng hm. V s lng cc tin trnh trong ng hm c th tng ln mt s lng kh ln, trong khi cc thng tin ny thng lp li v do c th s dng k thut m v c loi b khi cn thit.

Nhm 04 D08VT2

C ch ng gi thc hin ng hm

C ch m gi khi thc hin ng hm Automatic Tunneling: Vi phng thc ny tunneling ny, a ch ch trong gi tin ng gi IPv4 c xc nh l a ch ch ca gi tin IPv6. Do vy, a ch ch ca gi tin IPv6 c ng gi phi c dng a ch IPv4 tng thch vi IPv6 (IPv4 compability IPv6). i vi nhng gi tin IPv6 m a ch ch l dng a ch khng c dng IPv4-compabile th s khng th thc hin automatic tunneling. C ch Automatic Tunneling thng c s dng khi cn thc hin nhng kt ni vi cc host hoc vi cc mng IPv6 trong mt thi gian ngn, hoc trong nhng tnh hung ngu nhin. Cc thng s lin quan n Automatic Tunneling - Kh nng ng dng: i vi cc host. - Yu cu giao thc IPv4: Yu cu c cc kt ni IPv4 gia cc site. 1

Nhm 04 D08VT2

- Yu cu a ch IPv4: ti thiu c mt a ch IPv4 - Yu cu giao thc IPv6: khng cn thit. - Yu cu a ch IPv6: i ch dng IPv4 compabile. - Yu cu i vi host: ci t dual satck IPv4/IPv6. - Yu cu i vi route: none. Configured Tunneling Vi phng thc ny tunneling ny, a ch m gi c quyt nh bi cc thng tin c cu hnh node ng gi. i vi mi tunnel dng ny, cc node ny phi lu a ch ca cc trm cui (cc trm m gi end-point ). Khi cc gi IPv6 c chuyn qua tunnel ny, a ch ca cc endpoint c cu hnh sao cho ging vi a ch ch trong phn tiu ca gi tin IPv4 ng gi. Cc thng s yu cu i vi c ch Configured Tunneling nh sau: - Kh nng ng dng :site. - Yu cu giao thc IPv4: kt ni gia cc site s dng IPv4. - a ch IPv4: ti thiu c mt a ch IPv4 trong mt site. - Yu cu giao thc IPv6: khng cn thit. - Yu cu v a ch IPv6: khng cn thit . - Yu cu host: IPv6 stack hoc IPv4/IPv6 stack. - Yu cu i vi b nh tuyn: IPv4/IPv6 b nh tuyn. 2.3.2.3. 6to4 Hin nay, trin khai mng IPv6 t chc IGTRANs (Ipng Transition Working Group mt nhm thuc IETF) a ra mt gii php th ba trin khai mng IPv6 trn nn IPv4 l c ch 6to4. Mt trong nhng hn ch ln nht ca hai c ch trn (c ch dual stack v c ch tunneling) l vi mi khch hng cui (end- user site) kt ni vi mng IPv6 u cn phi la chn mt ISP c h tr dch v IPv6 gii quyt cc vn lin quan n cp pht a ch v tunneling. Mt khc phng php ny cng hn ch c nhng kh khn ca c ch tunneling nh cc hot ng to, qun l, duy tr cc cu hnh tunneling ca phng php tunneling. Yu cu: Mt host phi c a ch IPv4. m bo hot ng chnh xc ca 6to4 trong mt topo mng phc tp, tt c cc host IPv6 phi m bo thut ton sau y l c gi tr: l thut ton lin quan n la chn a ch khi thc hin gi gi tin IPv6. V ta bit rng mt node c th gn nhiu dng a ch IPv6 khc nhau. Do vy, trong dch v tn min DNS c th khai trin nhiu bn ghi tng ng vi cc a ch IPv6 khc nhau ca host . Thut ton la chn a ch m bo trong mt tp cc a ch IPv6 tr v khi host thc hin query DNS server s la chn mt a ch c dng tin t 2002::/16 trong tp cc a ch tr v gi cc gi tin IPv6 trong cc kt ni ca host .

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2.4. S khc bit gia IPV4 v IPV6

IPV4 Dng a ch 32 bit IPSec l ty chn Khng c xc nhn lung gi cho vic qun l QoS bi cc b nh tuyn trong phn tiu Phn mnh c thc hin bi host v b nh tuyn Tiu bao gm c phn checksum Tiu c phn ty chn

IPV6 Dng a ch 128 bit IPSec l bt buc Vic xc nhn lung gi cho qun l QoS bi cc b nh tuyn c dng trong trng nhn lung. Phn mnh ch thc hin bi host gi

Tiu khng bao gm phn checksum Tt c d liu ty chn c chuyn sang phn tiu m rng. ARP dng broadcast ARP Request frames ARP Request frames thay th bng cc chuyn mt a ch IPv4 sang a ch bn tin Neighbor Solicitation multicast MAC IGMP c dng qun l cc local IGMP c thay th bi cc bn tin subnet group membership. Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD). ICMP b nh tuyn tm kim c dng ICMP b nh tuyn tm kim c thay xc nh ia ch IPv4 default gateway tt bng cc bn tin ICMPv6 b nh tuyn nht v y l mt ty chn Solicitation v b nh tuyn qung co v y l 1 yu cu. Phi c cu hnh nhn cng hoc thng Khng yu cu cu hnh nhn cng hoc qua DHCP thng qua DHCP Dng cc bng ghi ti nguyn trong min Dng cc bng ghi ti nguyn con tr DNS nh x a ch IPv4 sang tn host trong min DNS nh x a ch IPv6 sang tn host Phi h tr mt kch thc gi l 576 byte Phi h tr mt kch thc gi l 128 (c th c phn mnh) byte (khng phn mnh) Dng cc bng ghi ti nguyn a ch host Dng cc bng ghi ti nguyn a ch trong DNS nh x tn host sang IPv4 host trong DNS nh x tn host sang IPv6 a ch broadcast c dng gi thng Khng c a ch broadcast. Thay vo tin ti tt c cc node trn cng mt subnet l a ch link-local scope all-node multicast 2.5. Tnh hnh trin khai IPV6 2.5.1. Trn th gii ng trc tnh hnh cn kit a ch IPv4, nhiu quc gia, t chc quc t c ng thi tch cc trin khai ng dng a ch IPv6 - gii php duy nht cho php tip ni khng gin on s pht trin ca Internet ton cu. Nhu cu v ngun ti nguyn IPv6 ca th gii bt u tng mnh t nm 2008. Thng 6/2009, Din n IPv6 ton cu (IPv6 Forum) ban hnh tiu chun ISP sn sng vi IPv6. u nm 2010, t chc ny cng b danh 1

Nhm 04 D08VT2

sch 38 ISP t tiu chun ny trong Malaysia ng u vi 9 ISP, H Lan c 6, M v Trung Quc mi nc c 4 ISP c cng nhn. Thng 4/2010, Din n hp tc v pht trin kinh t (OECD), c tr s chnh Php, hon thnh bn bo co nh gi trin khai IPv6 trn th gii. Tnh n thi im bo co, trn bng nh tuyn ton cu xut hin 2500 khi IPv6 c qung b (chim 60% tng s khi a ch c phn b). Tuy vy, lu lng Internet IPv6 vn ch chim mt l l rt khim tn so vi IPv4: 2500 tuyn IPv6 so vi 313000 tuyn IPv4 (chim khong 0.8 %). Theo T chc pht trin phn mm trin khai IPv6 v cung cp dch v Tunnel Broker SixXS ti H Lan, tnh n thng 6/2010, trn ton th gii c 154 Quc gia / vng lnh th c tip cn vi IPv6 vi tng s hn 4100 khi a ch IPv6 c phn b. Hin ti, hu ht cc nc ban hnh l trnh trin khai IPv6 quc gia. Mt s nc t mc thi gian hon thnh sm (Nht Bn, Hn Quc), mt s nc chm hn nhng u chia ba giai on v khong thi gian trin khai trung bnh thng l: Giai on 1 (chun b) 2008-2009; Giai on 2 (chuyn i) 2010-2011; Giai on 3 (thun thc) 2012-2013. 2.5.2. Ti Vit Nam Chnh sch ca nh nc i vi vic chuyn i ipv4 sang ipv6 Khng ngoi xu th chung ca th gii, Vit Nam v ang c nhiu hnh ng tch cc thc y pht trin a ch IPv6. Ngy 6/5/2008, B trng B thng tin v Truyn thng ban hnh ch th s 03/2008/CT-BTTTT v vic thc y s dng a ch Internet th h mi IPv6, nh du mt mc quan trng trong qu trnh trin khai IPv6 Vit Nam. n ngy 06/01/2009, B trng B Thng tin v Truyn thng ban hnh Quyt nh s 05/Q-BTTTT thnh lp Ban Cng tc thc y pht trin IPv6 quc gia (IPv6 Task Force) do Th trng thng trc L Nam Thng lm Trng ban v cc thnh vin l lnh o cc n v thuc B Thng tin v Truyn thng, cc b ngnh lin quan v cc ISP ch cht ca Vit Nam. Ngay sau khi thnh lp, Ban Cng tc thc y pht trin IPv6 quc gia t chc phin hp ln th nht nhm ra phng hng, k hoch hot ng ca Ban v c bit l khi ng chng trnh xy dng K hoch hnh ng quc gia v IPv6. n nay c tng cng 28 khi a ch IPv6 c cp pht cho cc doanh nghip, t chc Vit Nam K hoach hanh ng quc gia v IPv6 cho mang Internet Vit Nam c chia lam 3 giai oan: Giai oan 1 t nm 2009 n 2011 l giai oan hinh thanh mang th nghim IPv6 quc gia. Vit Nam thc hin va hoan thin th nghim v IPv6, trang bi kin thc, kinh nghim va anh gia thc trang mang li sn sang cho vic chuyn i IPv6. Giai oan 2 t nm 2012 n 2014, y la giai oan Vit Nam tin hanh chuyn i mang li t IPv4 h tr song song IPv6. Xy dng va hinh thanh mang c s ha tng IPv6 quc gia. Cung cp dich vu IPv6 th nghim ti ngi s dung. Giai oan 3 t nm 2015, y la giai oan Internet Vit Nam thc hin chuyn i vi vai tro chu ao cua cac ISP hoan thin mang li va dich vu IPv6. Muc tiu va kt qua cui cung cua giai oan la Internet Vit Nam hoan thanh tng thich vi 1

Nhm 04 D08VT2

ia chi IPv6. Cac t chc, doanh nghip chinh thc s dung va cung cp dich vu IPv6. Thi ca cc doanh nghip i vi vic chuyn i ipv4 sang ipv6 Cc Nh cung cp dch v ISP cha thc s mun nng cp mng truy nhp bi khng c nhng dch v mi v li ch kinh t no gip hon tr kinh ph nng cp. Hu ht cc b nh tuyn gi r t tai cc vng dn c ( CPE - thit b t ti nh khch hng ) c Nh cung cp dch v ISP cung cp u cha h tr IPv6. Nh cung cp dch v ISP s ch thay th nhng CPE khi c nhng l do xc ng nh l CPE thay th cung cp cc dch v mi hoc c li cho s dng bng thng hn. Ni v cc nh cung cp ni dung cng tng t. Hin ti khng c s khuyn khch nng cp ln IPv6. Khng thy c li nhun mi no, t nht cho n khi c nhng ng dng mi tn dng c li th ca IPv6. Mt khc, i vi cc chng trnh dng chung trn Internet (duyt web, gi email, dch v v ng dng kt ni ng cp) th khng c li th v s dng IPv6 bi chng vn lm vic tt d di mt vi cp ca NAT. Nhng kh khn ca cc doanh nghip VN trong vic trin khai " ISP ( nh cung cp dch v Interrnet) no trin khai trc th s c hng li th v cc dch v cung cp v sau ny, v n s nh hng trc tip n vic hot ng ca cc ISP " thc c iu ny, lng ng k s dng IPv6 Vit Nam rt nhiu, ng th 26 trn ton cu, tuy nhin, cho n nay ch c tp on VDC/VNPT v Cng ty Mng li Viettel l sn sng cung cp dch v Internet trn nn IPv6 cho khch hng, cn cc doanh nghip khc mi ch dng li bc th nghim trong ni b do phi i mt vi cc kh khn sau: Vit Nam vn cha lm ch cc cng ngh sn xut thit b, ng dng trn mng do vic trin khai c vng mc ln nht l phn on cui cng ti ngi dng. VDC/VNPT cng nh tt c cc ISP khc ti Vit Nam u hon ton c th trin khai trong mng li ca mnh ti phn bin ca mng. Tuy nhin phn on cui cng ti ngi dng cui hin nay l cc thit b kt ni bng rng ADSL hay FTTx c rt t thit b h tr tnh nng IPv6. Trong khi , tt c cc my tnh, my ch vi cc h iu hnh hin ti nh Windows XP, Linux, Windows Vista, Sun... u c tch hp sn cc tnh nng IPv6. Vic trin khai IPv6 lin quan rt nhiu vo thit b u cui, c bit l cc thu bao di ng v ngi s dng my tnh s dng h iu hnh c khng h tr IPv6. Trong , kh khn nht l phn bit c ngi dng ang s dng a ch IPv4 hay IPv6 cp chnh xc a ch IP cho modem.Cc nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) cho bit h chun b sn sng cung cp dch v trn nn cng ngh IPv6 nhng cha trin khai v thit b u cui ca khch hng cha h tr. Ngy cng nhiu thit b u cui chuyn sang s dng IPv6, s cng tng kh nng nhiu ngi s dng cc loi thit b khc nhau, thm ch ngay trong cng mt mng ca ISP. iu ny ngha l s phi t thm mt trm chuyn i cng ngh 1

Nhm 04 D08VT2

(r le) ngay trn ng kt ni IPv6, thm ch gia hai thit b u cui kt ni cng mt mng. H qu tt yu l chy chm hn v mt thm bng thng. V th nhiu ISP bt u xem xt lp t thm cc trm R le ny vo mng, k c khi h cha hon thnh vic trin khai IPv6 hoc cha c mng thun IPv6 no nhm gim thiu chi ph cng nh trnh ngi s dng nhn thy cht lng dch v suy gim Vic trin khai IPv6 s to ra nhng l hng mi cho cc nh khai thc mng. V d, Internet s c nhiu thit b chuyn dch a ch hn khin d b tn cng DDoS (tn cng t chi dch v phn tn). Ngoi ra, cc nh khai thc mng s kh khn hn trong vic theo di lu lng truyn trn Internet, v vy h s kh pht hin ra cc mi e da nh kiu cc mng my tnh ma (botnet). Cc nh khai thc mng phi chy c hai giao thc do IPv6 khng tng thch ngc. t k s mng c hiu bit v tri nghim m bo an ton cho cc mng IPv6.

Phn 3: PHN KT LUN

T tt c nhng iu c gii thiu trong ti liu ny, r rng s la chn thng minh cho gii php di hn i vi cn kit ti nguyn ca IPv4 l IPv6. Quyt nh ng ti thi im mu cht ny s gip chng ta xa dn khong cch s. Cn c rt nhiu vn cn phi ni n nh mc i mi m IPv6 em li cho internet khi trin khai n. iu ny c bit ng cc khu vc ang pht trin khi vn tip tc s dng IPv4, s cn tr cho pht trin tng lai. IPv6 l c hi i mi mang li gi tr m IPv4 khng th lm c. Chnh ph, b my qun l v t chc phi li nhun khc gp phn quan trng trong vic hng dn s la chn ny. Chng ta khng ch trng p t th trng, m thay vo to iu kin thun li cho cng ng la chn tt nht, cho mi thnh phn tham gia internet nhn thc y c tc ng ca n, cho x hi chnh thc yu cu IPv6, trnh tnh trng ti nguyn cng cng b tiu ph khi IPv6 tr nn cn thit. Bn cnh , ta cng phi xem xt l s cng bng trong phn phi a ch IPv4. L l ny thng c s dng xng nhng chnh sch ton cu hay nhng khu vc mi, nhng n hon ton khng thc tin. Internet v s tin trin ca n lun thay i. S phn b a ch da vo nhng nhn t nh dn c, mc trin khai, dch v, ng dng hoc mt vi yu t khc, tt c nhng th ny u c th thay i. Chnh sch da trn nhng yu t khng vng chc, khng th nh gi l cng bng c, bi cc chnh sch tng t rt c th tr nn khng cng bng nh cc nhn t khi ngun xy dng n hoc bt k nhn t no l mt phn ca cng thc, ca s thay i.

Nhm 04 D08VT2

MC LC
LI M U........................................................................................................................2 CNG...........................................................................................................................3 Phn 1: PHN M U......................................................................................................4 Phn 2: PHN NI DUNG...................................................................................................5 2.1. Cu trc a ch IPV4.................................................................................................5 2.1.1. Thnh phn v khun dng ca IPV4..................................................................5 2.1.2. nh a ch IP.....................................................................................................6 2.1.3. Khun dng ca gi tin IP...................................................................................9 2.2. Cu trc a ch IPV6................................................................................................11 2.2.1. c im............................................................................................................11 2.2.2. nh a ch IPV6..............................................................................................13 2.2.3. Khun dng ca gi tin IPV6.............................................................................16 2.2.4. So snh khun dng IPv4 vi IPv6...................................................................17 2.2.5. Cc tiu m rng ca IPV6...........................................................................19 2.3. Trin khai mng IPV6...............................................................................................19 2.3.1. Mc ch ca vic trin khai mng IPV6 trn nn ca IPV4.............................19 2.3.2. C ch chuyn i .............................................................................................20 2.4. S khc bit gia IPV4 v IPV6...............................................................................25 2.5. Tnh hnh trin khai IPV6.........................................................................................25 2.5.1. Trn th gii......................................................................................................25 2.5.2. Ti Vit Nam......................................................................................................26 Phn 3: PHN KT LUN.................................................................................................28 MC LC............................................................................................................................29