.prestressed concrete 11,lnst.lute .

Driving Stresses Concrete Piles

GI~ G,,, IGo bl11e
Pr,oJr,
Cg,.:JQ
5.'5!~'

'C,n~!Ii,uUHJ. O~ll0 ..

We -'Ie~n ReS'
1

01 'O~'MIIIEtiJ.{iIi\e

'~

Um -fsi 'I

iJ1ingi

~lfe~i! ~.,~~IO!nl A C3S.c ~.I'n~IO\flftiRe!5.er¥O· UQ~ m,sj !f C ~Ol:if!_,d. On 10

n~

s,

E., Li k lin s, ,Jlr

i,

ililJi'ii~~ ~,~porl, i$ Inlepi.liifll!cd ~rJ(llm_ 11M ~O'Mlijli!i)h~\~1 JOlltll ,', lL of A B' Pif~'iIf~1 C Ui _H~hIU e. ¥lot 2"1_. NOI. 1. Ji.{j:RllI'3irl'~Fe-btlll\;U'~~~ 11lS
1, _

P,rl!i;il resSield

Ohicag:o.

1C:~I1tClfe~e' 1111!li11:i~llIl(!I :00 N_ W,... kier D! ~e' t

IIhfftlll$ 100000,

JlR: 17,2:

Drivinq Stresses Concrete P"lles

GI~ G~ Gob~!e
lP'rotessm" of CiV~1l E"n-g~ !11!iUl!Ilfin:g
CaDe

aevel3nd. Ohl0

Weeltern Reserve' Un~rsily

K'I1 'Friick,e
Case W&slvmo Reserve l~fQ'r$Uy CIe¥e~W\d. O""I~
Bradu6!te Aseislool

IG~IE~ L.likiIRS, Jr.,

Fl'i$seaT(:ih A_!SSIS'~8J111 Ca,se ~lell'n Reeef'Ye' Uli!i"r,sii'~y

C4e¥E1~ali1d.Ohio.

dlmrin~ ,tb ~ d Lvii Ig of pi~ ~ :F."

i'n D' ,.,' Cnmtr!,
~ulli' ~1:Ji1t'nh;;
\V

lrt.~nl-t t~{;!
sive

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f"Jiis ~
'V

S(!ID'i,tU E50 ,q~If:-.st.i~~11S IlC~

Sllrd in , ~~e

IDgIh~ r~~i,o as ~ III irndl ,~ fiot' Sf ,e~'" ~111 ,oJ$" 'pnc d~i',~;ng hamrners i' ,~ (r ',001
.~

lid~'f of ,th.e' mfifFl~pil

{Iests; w'e re p erm'Olli'med hill M halliJ'd ~ PIor"~lda!,,00 'Uililree '~8-in, sq usrs, 60 ..n lion gl DYfillamiic
prestressedl concrete piles .. i1!I,ICI ~ __ ,__'"' E,~-:-- p,-I~ wac; dlfirve'n wi'tJh a d if~e're'nt:size OIP emill ell!ld d les~1 Ih,alrnme r, Sir· ins, I(jhj,nrimg dlriiVling wef'~ 'measu fe,d at the m~d~lengl~j~~ '~he [pi le a,ndl a~ o
U111!

h:;1liflllllTJ,J"

used, :roijJC1'tl~ ~,'caJr.S ~ reI

Dljjlrirl1ip; ill· 1)"lst

'{ 3

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;il~

6111 pill~.
.' :m~•

I ",;"fih

g 1'i3~ '1-

'llii

nnd{'r""filliY It). 11 "iJlt In

U n~""~l~n!~I:r !'!:l'li>ll)'!n.Si J,_red hy

~

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InK:

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Fit ,']t!1If~~~ iil i\!!,!oy n

lfiinm t·i;t~ :SiILI'fJQm:
flN:~l'll SC'¥l
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If

O'hi'n De.ill 'iJ~

Irtliill

Dortnll[~lii
hUi!Jl

til

_,~(l:mir.~li tratltmm,. So 11 "

m'l

been "bl:oil~C'(ffi
'd ~

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ill

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f .... pr:i'!i,';de ~~nir,.OI; w

d~, F(I~l"

~lli!' pri1lli:n'Y l'U IJIllm\:' 6~ l~ i[~ lUG ~ecl, ill'\ ,11[ Ij iililt" Ii I!:: I[,~f'(1 _. ~ m'iI:i1i~,in(,t 4'i1h~t~, I,H.,· ii:"lllP!l1 ·i~yfrmn dr"u~ n'i(' measurements made ;I: t the pi~!e 'I: J.p. 'Co:n8~'d~cr.iJtJhle~n)l)t"t:'C.."ii5 litil!!:;: h€('!'rli ,,1Iclll' ,"''ft''(l and lib res l~t:i:1 rJ( ,~pp:rom.'JhImUr'Wllil ;15 t~) , em e M'i[~m:h~,i [l 31\\' bchDg in;ple ..
h~l~ b[~~i~1 tn,

p~lle' to;p. Set IrebOlund ,;J.Jliiid r,a,m :S'~!io!~e 'were' also meaSUllied. ,$i nce oorne' C u rrelM, s[peciflcaUcns iinolude pnB'118ml eigh'~ ratles for ~:he PUf-' w IP£U!H9 0 f I iml~IU n[gl d riv'm ne s.~ln',es:ses iI'll eenereee pi les.,~ 'Uli s 'test W,3S usefil!!ll~ te hlvesU-

ga~e.'how

ttu!. cCH:le' lies~ri cti().rnS we;re, iin Iim'~tilng

V,ilili'iollS

:S Urccesff~uI

poten~iall,d,8lmsgi'n 91$"f'ess ..
es due to siize' ham-

-IH_:'\ll,h_!'<W

\\\'lth

iTI ,'--rc~l~ll_'g f_

ml1~e!!£'~I'bw

L~Ht:,desi~n

:ilild (."(11 sti"Ul

'H~ III

:uu~'ruL

~er;s. IMe.atSUIred 'ternsille' ,and COl'1lillpressirve sltresses we're

1~(HlJilip!alli'td wi Itl Ih ali1nlllier Biilie!

Summ,Dlry lof
[PreVI~O(UI, W'lork "te- : _rj. t'lll.cS'5;&1!lJ.n J!lJ" dl"-' res arch pj\1!{ " t~ OO¥ -Fin a lO6.)rt;'";]f ~ (], is h..yt!m! ~:h.c SOOipC of t~d~ p3 ',:tIr)·t · , ~[.~ .... -'Iter ~ lul 'ij,~~'I~ h 1ii~\"i'L"'iNi' d 1b.1i,rI1lJ~~n "'s tmtat lh :~I[L~li tes ~s (.1)11 he place.. d, hi
~~lnip~,

[_I~e net d'lspllaCenl 8 nts, ram sllrok;e'l ,aJll'Id hammelr ~h mftle. eoltingl te de,tenllilli ne' co nd it'i ons , h ilch ellfe IIDOS~: n~e Iy
i

1,[0 prodlu ce damrag'illfligl

ten:sille It

er

W',as, ~i~ilJnd t h a t: p,ii I iii- ,ra 1m

h:em mew ,S0.'lecmiiollfil

ClOiiIIi'ipr,es!iiive

'SI1'l8SS&S.

etlrlcxt
rnlalil g ,ll~i!l',rlll.'!l!'l~1P:rojct.>t 'ha. iii.~l(! ptiiJS 'tW:11~ :r)I~~~s:os ![iIf ,u:;m i i~y. n
'l'!

-11.'-

we~g[ht r'a~jIQ' ,all'l lunsa~isfae .. ill tory par~met.e.r 'foli eOlilllt f1011i1iilQ

IlPllfSm: [pli1liiil5e' 11u:: A ... ,,~ilml-11 e t lhilill;)!lI:1!Umt' ~l~' \,,\,(ur.k ~las: 'bc~'irI 1111wIde'!!ro'lo)I:H' 'lit'
~tnl!ff~ .!']!~,::-_tLll), ~O~,1911:"1 1

'IJ,J, iU

he
i1:.~,
"•

~'Olll" lop~n end ,d"ese~l i am men;", I~ f,act, the' use of thiis r81~~io cen [~ea;dl

to le'x,c.ess~lYel pi lei s,tr'e'ssils.,

If'ina -lly! all/tar ate iPlrIOlce(!h.llreS ":or se~ec~:i,n,gl ,dtJ"VnlQI eQomp'" me ·'I~' af'e erese nte~I.,

p; d) Ilrclmnic m
top

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j'lill1:,

~ll ~,ill" e

du

l~nM:thl~\I'.

Sf nee 'ulfosl' nf llite m.erus:uJ!c~rn es"ut

Second [Ph

1111

IlIifl?il~

Illl'iil

Ind;aft'

···.1

~i.!:JiA:
I

T OIP IF 01 C:E

l 2:lS

].

~E1

:2~

~(~,

~D_LEN61~FORCE

~jJfiJl;:~~
1.35

1
;

1'~

A 'OOlllr.ptlltur P;1j1('jigmlrn. k[l~'WfI as ,c,,_dcub.tu t]u~ CAf',VAP, perfanns ott wll'l;c"C cqu3:Uon, . ~lT rgy dC')ivc",oo to 'lire pitc .:lTId. di'lplay ~tr.{!'rl~ ~ V.j.].,1M gf [-orne, vek,d,ty, iiOO ty[il- :I).11Ifd').I'5.is. ,o.n tbe: pdile-ud~'.g: the mea,!t'iiJeleraUcm gcrrternt-cd d.iili'lJrlg ~iIi11!p3ct.. ,.urroo aeceloraU~n as :illput. The n:'S~:s~ aro IldjuShxl it.era!li:hrdy 'nllThas, 1:he S,ystCl!ll1l 001,11(1 be nsed i;u tho fal1ce fo~ from U1C lfte]d h'~ muclirF)r the driving sYirem l:.a.scd 'Ill the 'Pile top fOJ'C'C o(I!l),"ffl,p1lJted on me:l.SlU'&llm:lb: of' ~tettud]y ,gc:rumUetl i'tl[).llt aceeleration mm;te.ll~-Sthe measered lume. AD ~pp~i~:ltion of this, ~J~~re~C5. gtt'J11I1 i$ " "'cribed, ilii! I.hili: l):;LPI!!'r, This cq1!lipn1:CDlt has Eroen, ,Rcqu.ire.d P
0 ..

101'll11l tEll'S task

hU.l ilJ56.

'liy ::d)~l;edepflrtme:nbi

-of'

tntn~9tj(in..

th.

Federal

Higl~i"";~YAdn~illistr,:;dicrn

Fifth pbase

The :9Hh l)hl~c' o:f the IX."'S ·a.rcliIJ K·thIU)1' has ~Kl'CfII 1:1'ir@ in n:ly of l.amrllC'1' ~dotlinn· eentrol, ]f~a~!Ce'l.f.lll'actc!Ii.i:liUcs:. This ~lasp3:rliCI!I,~ l:.rl)1 imrvo.l.vedi dreseJ. h~mflI6~ mxl -on, FOl!lrth plll'IS8' i'HlIlChdllluJy is pfe5'e'I1:!c(l ]!cre, ·i[,ili!·sl o:f the m~~dl ,acthity hits, The {mlrrth phase' of t}u~'piling m~]j,ch been ~'Q"II~U~ ~)}'. the Ohio, l!)qim~~~ ~"rogg~,an1l '1~1!1 ~1~Q.':s~ Idy 'iJf dyu.]'mic has rnent of Tml1L~rt~._:tijm). In ordor itluu' :p'ilc ~}lI'Ia[y5:is. Ar:!J amal.:ysis lPfto.ctdUJi''C ]~ been d.ever.o'ped wlilii.ch lJS8,.'j: tihe :rnae.a-- ~liili!o 1lv.u.'i~}.ble mcas;lllr,enitC:ntlS be- broadsured Foret; uml ,iC'{~~'etilitim- as iupil't med beyond ,~Ie' ~nd roil '~~$. a'vailmn,d, dctcllm,~n~ rtl~(!" oil rii:i;S,'~.I)tulce, F~~ s aJlbi]!"!: ~iIl~ Ohi~ tMtis w,crc s11unsorcd hy other higbw,ay departmei ~I.S. As part ,O'J il~'!d1 their di:,;tri~uHol1i.

u;nd pri'va;te £mJIl1ida,l~iMI CO'iISIIliU'.IlVits f®[' rnl·ilft0 use 11'1 pile< de.;;;ign and construe-

dUd f.4l!Sl'alrch ;~~~~ ,Ii"u tllifOO ~l!t''"'' ;;,~ ~t."liU'tlukil EM I-("k!tl~i!" by I~'h;(~ F~tori,~ll1'DJlp;1 11 n'MI'\iI~a$ iI'~limf'!_!!;1t tlc~n':',':' iU, ;J,b.:lUI Utiiii' U:FiK1' ,fir Itlae '~I:S :;Ii ~{h,n I~ u"' ~oodc, i III ~~ , ,t'I'riVliilf\R
IIJ()JT wlu it'l_ ''Ii!!.'.~n~tiI'I1M," ~ IrJrQ.! ~I~~t '111e' ,pi~~II~mn! u-,':;dn ml'h~ IIH' iRil)t'1led "ill:>
j~

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clrl\l[u,g;

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pU.'li~, ~ml ,~l ~~n' ~in~ ..

~l;K~,~·rm. IU~Wrujl,.. ~m!e ~n'd~ illRlll

~~ne

if.ban~," 11'w,.· ,,- \("I!l~ :£1:~f~~ 'f:'f"KII-"nll., :Si1,t~ III~J oo,! i.JdifJi" mn ,111;[" n;;J:aill "ClI. 111 JI,:f ~~~ ~imc,,,', tl!1 umil11!:p:; ,(bp:-~II1'3~'wr
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ad': ':'_ II

t _mnp"11
b1<

p"lm;im;}t,~I:y foul. , -Ii", 11'~1k'li0:£ 1~l!li~a~~i'

~X,I:m1l!u:11 111iiLl' ~~I~

!n~')!/!i 'i~"Jn'iji!fli~~ni.'

is 'CI!i'ffUIl'!ilf~ ,In I,' i~' d'ri:'~'i~ s:~·Uka'i im:ns. lC Th~!'rt'! IUI~R'nwut i~Illm~d!'(1 m~I It~H;f,~ld
th~d in I,hc' :dulIl'I!l.t. I!~!lji;,lJO.~1 l .. II'm~ I 11 ,~' ut !iilt"'liiilkir Ind 111"" h,~ljfJttlll of ibe ~mhJL.,;:(11 sJn'~ 'l,1!l~I'litt· ~ ili..I,{·nli~fna~1 b~'" t~i~ ~rlh~.

illif Illhe li~"5ts: tfl! dwt .]'~' !~1 :m11

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"nlli~~' lIl)(l~L:i\'~JIi!G; mmmn ~ '!j,-'!;.\!'I ... I'll I~I. ,titli:61na1 rolm'u 111 ~D 11'lliS iP,~~ ' 1l~'1I:II: th.-. D.!'~U! ~lli~ n·u. ~nu ~IL[I' 'Ill.. I l~. I I 'Il~"IIw '!~I'!!J' u.w 'h~,vy. 1i!':t'!1fi~'t. 'W1~m-. ~ n _,_ L: II'IL-" _ ~~d ili!illj.! ihfl~, d_~~, '\Jif\lC!5 :QI:) '1:'113;1' ~2;, -=-1K~ ~!Ii~ 11I!l;u;dlJi:ne5 ~~\"" !ill IJldJ~e-,F.Jm 'V~Jtlltt rnhRi: ~II'iOOII 2',,91 ~!fl' ~n~~11 ~jJ i!l.~~ ::'i.!]1I'~im~'I~~, j, I,M., 1D.:d.. IJ ~ ~ ~r ~. '1~!umni!.:FS, ~~i"i" ;W'\ !jill tl 'Fh,i~ ~ml"!iu;M,-nr.. W,1Il8 S uPllli1!~~II ~~ystu{~it's 'tumll ~eil:iL'(l cU 'Tt'''JJ· A and ~\m Uilli~ ~t.l 'oM!. 1 m~dt~m pU~s jilL Ta~o ,~, ·tl1I!!."t IIilELMA,C 1lfUlnir.'iN!:1i$ , re' dl"'~l"foCni!liy 1~~'1!~::t1l .."';Jllirt" l;,'1'I,U1II1:h;liil ~IIJI>ulti r.1~~ 'LiJR"l~!<ll!lt! el ~S-,d'S!iii:III~I: ~. tltt· 'rono t.~, sillflUihd:io-u o~r 11i(' Ii',ilu ,(lriWllig S'f:itcil~. i fii'('Il~ IliIl< I 1iI'l 'II nle '(;'Y\U~)"cr ,lifltl: thll" '1IiM~ ('IIIQ!lIM!h'r !'mgro1iI~. 1lq'1Orl...... in \'lIJ1}' t!l~-.din,g '(liml ~'" tln!!,r~ m'~.~ iiliiiim 1~1[i!.!_ 1!;ill'mil. r f'"tl~ 'I~~!,'~,-('j ~tlf!ld~~, iill~ ('OniUI i~~'ij] ,iii iI~.1. IIT~~J' t~L!C! D..30, n'l i ,'I1!;(.' r~'ur~!ld iHC~_·~'~~il iI~l~ h~ ~fh: clllih!lril~. ,,M, III m-tt[k, ,~tli~,~ I~fJ\'I;.\ \'\I·.r~ d:. p-r'Q,~IU J'{!\"E!ru.,

a1jfI~1~IK''t'~mll"' 'SilfC~iWl~i

iIllr ti_ t • iIl.i't_qiIC~e~

iM:'IC~il'i i'{'i•• 11'L""!!:OC11j,

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~~t\1 ,11 _ llefJi ~Ildl I lit!, id'~I'i~1

pile' ttrmini
ri6ll
f!~~

'11,.Stro'hw ;]~' ~b{~ IPU-. tl]I~ ,",":~,

!!iii ~ HI:ls;'Juc'Ue

i!lfl:£,11
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R'AII"d't!d til
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'~!k t:ilpe.

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~~~-

il'ailJle 1. Miami lIIammer ~l1hJnmatjQ'n.

2~ 75[)'
8·110

4.a~O

:22'.500 39,700 4:2~6Q

ffl!ifCI~ IPile, H~If:'i~t-Mt::T. !IIi, o.i5!l!,. WB'9 21650 ~II·. I'l0l0 Cil.liEOt!loo, W!'M

U,@il

:23.570·54,200 3~..oo1

6,,61l0 1.600

A;2~O

2f.

w!II'! i!I~ 1'e'![II, .111~~.Tg!n.; ,n$jlCI!iib~ ill liIelmB'l: .!:!i:>~iElmiljl{.

lIi1.'{'~jil~l:t'd tmUI Ihid ~')~~\iild: t1~c pille ~:i(ll [li i.1:!ls.t: ('1hd~:n,.v die giJ'(]~.m(l sl.~rj'MC' · cquir... il'l.~: 'he ·t'('li!fUJ~"U'~ o;f tlm t .riIIl ~du'l~l'.li.. ·1. Set-rebound 'WIlIS :1il1I.cmnne<] a t. the
:grO'u~l;.t~~surfuee
I[U~I

':'1 [jI1I:'(l!.\i Cl£ l)~~ft::'''l:'' nt'j].

After rutllJrJ'!ing b} !''he ]~~Lx~r.lb1.ry :;j.. 'Case '\V:e~l1i, ne~l['ve UI1i'i'l,1e:rsi.t.y~ aU

~~ll:)C iIT·!:'~.Jrd!:d ]imlfllml3if b]il)w dua "'~ t'OI1I\~l1'tt>d: to d~;gD:'I::d r.r~r:Ii1n. anc] sl:o:r.:~ Oll

I ~1.t~l'.~;.I;I ~\f,~ tlUi! ..

aC'r~l£"

~."ileb~r tfrnlwin.g

peneil

cdgo iilUil)PJi1:iI".tl ~~1L1be t ~f4 um~l. This ~",e a .good! mcasm'C fA helh d~l'i'I&inic i;lniil[>bIC ·ni{~nt 'i.tnd 'final set fHII' iI:'liu:!h hlow, Atl f!.~..iJl.Vill(p!e of s;~i.cha mNI!."i!l.Ii''t ~l1bc~d :i~ i!:·hO'i.,IH jn Fig. 3" 5. U~~lnstroke 'was m.casn-rcd .r [if. c.,:.lc·h hi.!~m 11it~r~)lm~r vi:i:lnIIiJUy' ()b.'iorvh:!t!i; t.l1e by ~'tl.ni top ~~g."l ~u:'Ot' a IU.IDil~ lJI.'.ing rod rut,~
!.';I!l~hil.ndo Ilmc ~HHl!lmer cylinder t i[:()rdiJrng t"'<lc'l:iJ stroke (Ull !iIlll!d

il ~~ rai~ht

lupg. h .... It~iil;i'!! ]prn;siMe' b) '·:11;5 assoelete Itlbc s:h";i)1"n and :1it'{~c!m.'.~~~ou reeonls fur ;,'II~u", on. blgw' \,'~.dLfhe Jr1lea$ltrecl

nmgucti(::

the :1iiel~[(~bMli'H'3! ree~:lftjll.The mx,'C~:el:~I'itJniroc'Q'oo was il1it~

gr.ill.lc-d
['Ci'

h..o.miflfiCfSiI:.r~"4j)and

obtahi vd~'~~.~,' i.'nlc~l.'iilileiH: and

~!.~'Ci;]~!II] I i~·n~ tu

~..r;

r;bud
~Ci

:ril.':~

p]!a{,clmu~nt
l)·rillrm;~ witb

di~l'litcC'ntl·nl ,. Th Ill!: j:li~:.. value eou k] I:hen be 00.1111·

1:1i.0OIU~' j)b"t.:tin('d. flf'jYJ:fil. '~:bf!'

eassetto
1110"\'111:'1:

11't'()Ui"(](!1f' •

."OC' t-J!,~~'I I~.n d R": OCi I'(I., )Ii)

1'111 ~~s Qf .250()i Immrncr "ve~.:· recorded, ~

eonverted to fOI"{'~ us:iih.,g, lj~c ~l:iililc area iilind Oi:ilite.r.i(IJl,d~~n~m[k!:

SI:I'3:~~:gwere

Te~a ·d.a~
11Jl{fi ;;IJmie ·teat IDakt east E. ~'Si e, It lPer' see
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·iii

1-·jI1-·7'3· 7-3·73
4,4.~, 1111 ,,619:5.

7~12-73 4473
NA. ~1,740

'"/'. '1'2--,'73· 1~~~73 ·4SB.6, 1]1 "gO]'

~= "",,,~. =- ~!l'!Ij!~

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o~o!:f!.!!,He!.r;
In
1;1;[I~~~b!J.

'IIUMl'luhJlJl: as

(lc.:ter~ni!R}d

~mm

field

-~-~

Illu~ '\V~l'VIC ~'Ct1. A~ t~Ull! lL::n~'~1iIl :pro,Pd~lI1i)j]iKI~ i~y iliICh'~~i~

IIilICilJlmre~tlli.~ill~f o

T:est Resullts
-

---~

----

f~~:!fit"C: ~~m'Jl 'V(.(I!O('il~'~r ~;m '!III~~U if't.~,;} I~r., t U

l['i1u:,~~~edI;]!!!I'O-

1d~ 1,:;"1}j, i!~'t!'riu' i~t::n t :nl~lDi1a~'~C',~n)· i ,,1~1~1~~ lIH~I d!g;i~i~d' ill! ~ d~1 [li~HUCili'. mJl~'c to the t: irtl~ imlnlV(,_-d jlt was Ino!~ f'i!}:l:ibI11 to p'lot '(;i,_ch reeord :;.1!idI f! !!::lIl'r(",ffu'l visual 'l~~~mfl'ba,'1 ~:d ,;;!in 2;1)'00 iOl'fI '1:1;'10'\' ';.':1: wCMilm,jl lI:a.'\'~c' been ~!f~pr,f~t;a leal, W Inll<H'lllltl~ pamrn '~er,;; \,~uoo d;{tilcr'~JU,il dI ani!l1 [OO'iJn~N! tor '~·'!!.cl~haoUfiil;Dr e him",,·," 11kir.,Y ~lIdu:tru;.(! 11Iil:.l~. Jlliiiltm ' ~N;;:~1~.... ., ~il~ ~j]l'., Illii;:JI hlll!lmm ~"Cl~:, "lr~ IIln;,-;:inmm dlis· ~~:bN!'UII(iilll:" mal!rl:iiilIUlIlfli'i ';I~:Y d~i.i;NFOOI 10 I~mm{" lll,ilE (lEJ'i\ ',tm!'V) " "h:~~'1 R!F'g'y 1 ,~~ 1,!tIld ,I>!lIiX'I:[OI u of m!he t:"i K!'fm- d '"lilf.cn.."il ~fJ' ll~'U.~11i1e ""'\'chich doc§;: net ~_iJ; ~1'3d ~)J:~ ~b • th'i'!iI'il:l~ SYS..tC;fll as OC~~mrl!lli~'). 11IlI~nd1llU 1111'11 measured oo:mpre~illl~ ~[!!:, m~lin1il, :5l!_ lI!ilk'"~ulfHl IliCllliSiiiMl,'ljjl~, ,;-IIRi ill!!!! c,,~ ~Ir~lhod ,fir smat'lc 1Ciil;P<teity" ~'l~~cll illfuiJfn
11!,tI;
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l·~·~ iPj~~·~.~. ~ \V"'~ IMI h, ~lnl1lg'. ~~l~ : "',lIS dlri"",il)!U! 'iil.vjt~f! 'hilli! I !.o.3m) '11 ~nIUi!!1 r, 1l)1Ifi~ul~: .t!uniifi! b.~~I,i''iil~: I'cd :J h,c)" 'II~ pil~e 'h\l!idl S~i•. l:HIlU,iTl ~~l hll ~ ~,'ij{",rnril hxl 'I~~k: :~t~:.alil't h i deep,
.A lolil! u·J .9012 'han~mi.'f bl~}\v.~ "Ij,'(~ !lctlfli~cl.~~1 and iIl1udYOt'.cd. 'These tlOlla wero f(;I;~rd(.:'\(I. ~ill!l!1i:!.;: sets ilill 0Ji(1CIf to dli~ 'Vi:d'(l ~11e- d;)~C1, ~n'h:J bloch t,@ ,5 hmpli f~1

liKl1tK~i~~~.
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'011 ~ID~
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fIXlffil
~t1!~~U'ili il'Il.'ill!

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d~~iJl

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I)~iallil
'F.lm

H:r dL~~'ill' 'flil!l ,oorm'pille ~Q;P 5'i'.' ~1 e' ~~: -1.';:bl~W5 '!I!i.'"{!';t\c ~5t. UO\V!&i.'rer .. I,he
:rcs!i III~~

~"'U'U F{,' ~t

:s'1,mke ::.tl~('~ ~t-rcbm_1il1ld data wlt're' i1,vai~~~b'I(· (J!:II'I'i 'lIiIIilf. set. ,A, 'S.tG1i'n 1:r;]lIl~" ,dhrmer W&~ lot\a'I,'l~dall 11~ pile mi:'I;'ID-'h'I~,I(t~i

dJ~riniJ( '!n:~ fID~t three sels (233 'M{J'I,~). "tiL· p di ('·al~dli~litJiJ.1Sro\i<OO ~r~'I M); hiC}',a'1 p

~];!un ~w~ d'~Ii'IDl(llita:4O':lI]y a-: dllc' ~d~e ,~p:p-rufi1'n:['ly h~ Itllv([j!ll~b a ~i~1Tli!Ii:- ,_-: Ib;~~~,]1~he~~tml~C'" SQm.ewhiilt: and

sh IW 'tl~,c d rNiI~g rn.i:~:st:moo 'buiil't,

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~if.1c' pilu
~iIJ~lSlfI!i ~

top, ~ 1U:l l!'Jiu~i'n'liljJ~ml :'Iit~s !i1it ;~1w'¢~c iFrt.ild~

'1cn~ll

nm al~o £lhO'wu '1,.lmJbl.~11 ."IiJ~

tU~'!jr ~lu!unlJ;-r linl ~;i:g~ M~"'i'~Ffgii1ll!Ji1 ~-·ml~ 5\0 cllri;'~'ih~g '~r.d-;. til uli iCa~c MNlilod ;{'_'\lIf'lIc, :SWUI 'flt!l;'Ctn'TC(l ,m :IjIlbuli~: m~h~'iiii,lM. 'Tilllil['l; i~ ~~IW'iii').Iili l:illoU "t!~"!Jilil JiJJlow nr~l~n- ~O'jllll (n 'c11(: d:ri,\fing rccm:dl i' m:mt" MS!l)y

1. ycr l~c: 5 l h vil"~''ac.~1 I~~ ,(!iil~niil:lt Si ,fl,. l~~e In,J~iml!Jilil!l WII, !I1Cr. bT.m",f. 'ffit, i~ 'ifn!,lOfi~:an~, li:o iII1Oitwto"C :SOO"iS was 2J 6 bill, 1~'lmt ~!~ the ::-Jm'f!-. ~inu~ t~ " ,~lrnlo~ A lJ~i'!~~bll~ e~.l)I;j]rmltlolJ.n £01.' it'he dropped ({-om 60S t~. 5,,0 n. A8.th~' ~h,. cllfl:I),c)~";';: ~nl stress, l)iJ'jtfc~iI!l~ y I:el~\tlf'on r! 1~3M'C'3g~n jDcf~!A!'icd~ ~:'he :sh1oke :;j,lSt'~ .stres;s~ 'w'h""1II dlll',j'VIDn,g '~I;jJ~ h~~ 'nupI:ilNBI.. b: l~u('rt"".:~T;'(l. ~:IrmIt ~~H:' 'res~t. I~~'"C ,d~tlli'i~~li'L1;U ,dn ltn:bW,ml :'ur Tes~ mffi-· :~~~t., til~mj\::Iih;." ,t'i:l,. as: pBf.'C' '-'!o,~__ tt'r '[~fe&~UI]j\ ,~J~U~!:m. ~ d~ III"!'!. '" "', "~~ I~JI • 1),11~C' -III ![);l{.,'"n:y 'l]il'lOamr~in~ b"!i' Ilrnu.'i" ,C;~ lii.-, tl~md lU!",n'\'nl~ ,~ s l "rm'J!l~'~1 iMrI u us !clif!l'bc'~ mpidly h:t;~ pe,i:tllkV.l1L'ln~ O'f :i''i!i.!~'''' W1~~I~1 ;it ,~t'ia,h~~~;d I~ uI (~llUJil~,~' 31: :!'i.,W I y 800 ~;iL)S ;d .;.djg~!,t;l~!l\I:}wNo. J (HJ turn;] 1~]U!! b~i>'" Thiij ,dllam~:e 'Ij.\f"l~ pl'(~l)ilbly , b~' Umu, decreased ~tlCL>ldn~f tbool ~g]m~_lt'l'h~ wlil~t fC! I(:!¢rf~d~l~t~, s -lOii1f1 tm! ~hJc~ I e 1~:lu.::' lilli1t ~]\tIJ~':im set, ~m:i.!!g~.r iI1d ~lu·' dFh.-!liIl~4i!l, t~m, ;1 f1'n3~1 ""f _Jl!!n! mi's. i~41ioo. i...,ihn~flig HI (100 'l!illS", N'1lIi Wtl.. iblr, Sij\~:rll I_~f 1~'~i~LSHJ(!i!j~~~:h l~, ~p~
lfook ~,II'.~lhnru'!J'-! iilll ,C'I _;,.,l~1 ,dj will.'

Eosy dnv!~ilg 'i,¥!U cx,pc:rill~'H_"l:"Ii:l f:!l'JI ~'hc Ib~Jtt~I b'101l¥8'. At the ,l\l!oiut \\1101: iI'1w I)j~~~; ,~P;-P@'~!~~ly 'bI\1Jm ~'I~ro:in;gJl i~jiiC' Uml~

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from 'T~~ P,~I~· 1. DrivIng and No.

;lbti~nl 4 In". <J.:p"pruclli'ly alter hft\,~ h~p:,

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Nole' t'h ~, at the same ll:ime ~f:l!l" ra,m slnflkt! (1nJt~'11 rnuii <itS tu' ·un, ,.rbi, f.'he re~l!tm~{}C 3g;Iin ,iilC'rei.lood: (i.£i.~ i!!Cl

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r- 'J~C n]M~ n~i1lfL"'"1 ~fj;lillIi'i"'~

'~MirililfC~imrM

drillor-tl hfllc ~'I)II")'ln.1~, fl j'k"(!p. ,;:\ till. "~I ~;d ru,330, ~1!AJmilliil'W b'1~1'!.'I,"'~'!K!f(~. " 1I't"t',o~h:·d .;;I:IIU~ ~un:lI,,"'Jl~~t1 '"IIM: ,dal a ''!."'"~~n!' 'hlitli1'k¢,~1 i'~!l\g, 12, [iIln:ll'~3 ~-iI!:oo~ Ji, --~'ro[lfi trm~:.. 'w!n~'W __ IS 'I'~~"~!i:d;;d midlC"u~~~ Fillif ~k-, rii1it rrhu.'! ,d!.d... ~~~::ii fllll}-'$Ol blow'). Nnt~!in Fig. :8 I~h:..t m~ tht!, pile brokt'l' ~lii=f'ii~]1 ~!1ml"(1 'l:,iJf'I!~"]" (!'\r~I:I'IIU~ 'BlL9'w No. ,3ll[}). _lie set ilil(,'ro~oo ~~M!y ii.mtt] ii' ~.;lt"h-(~ ~ !~~t'b. illJilu 1111 '",,~~h o:F' OJ(j: iu, pt"!' .... ~t· ~11~'i{'· ~hallt'~ltm~!' 35~1 Set' 2;" ;ilIJ~ 'Nn. 'inl
u

~un

;!IJ;li!l]i;'

'i'~c l:llile ~i.itd~"('Inl

I:M;:... ~~'t:Ilirl ,m 'l!TiC'"

Wil<.";:

gmdiu{d]y

'l.'-<!1!';i841lrlr~jllll

11~i:!; ~fImt'\ I~~IC' :!i!lr-®ke ,(Ie<5.0 £t' to ~1j;lJIjI 4.'9: ,::nl1d th~·~. \vcnt' lmck 111) to :!M} :rlt illil 'I:hc row ~~s~m]~· ~1.I('\f'C."ilsed.
:!J1It:til1~[

At

Not·

I,'hat t'~

Crute ~M~llloo ~p9.en~1'

b!~!il,moc: of ttbc ,ground Imr.li:ll£oe. are !('Omidcr~b]f 'lowCJ ~'Imn 1iIilf"i:l:i~1~1 ~lrnl "filJ:!ill PUc 'N:o. I, Te.si: Pile No. 3, 'Ii/I,~ 001 fit: ~U!II 3m(] 'ij,\;';:]l!:i: ,~ri);,t'('I1!i b.}" ,~~ OI~:rn ..l;liA!L:, l).\;; 12: ~~m'Cu(!r ~~t I~c&. ~II U ~11I :i!J(Miti@i1I~ru U lil!:~
TCllllSDon stro~(~

th~nl1!~I~ bout BI~v N,o. SOO' 811d dWliJ slowly in ~..}scd. to !i8 :Ft ~t ~J:tC ,md o:F
d!!''i'win,;!. , ~liS:;R ,s1i!~iil'J'[~ i"dr,H. :8 ;}hll(lf'~ ",,·nb illi!e' J:f.i t1liivh1l~ I~~, ,~ndl c~ '~,'[d'h{K]1

l)~l~ti'9i1ii

,~O.

y,fiSllLiS 'it"l!lll!fml~"i '~~"!ll! 'liiilOl\'!,;" nu 1lII,.

12

iflESI IPIIi.E:N'Q,3 DEl MA'l'; D~l '2 H A MMI R:

2;J)
'I!i'Ii

:5,~l' '1

,4

"I

, :::.::

""
~
!WIll

1.,5-

!!!Ii:
!Vi

[j..

0.,,5

.
' ~.

10~~OrREI~::r
_,_J

I:
10,0
4,010'

~~~' MID· U:NG,liH .'TIE.:NS,I'O'N ... 5111,$_$ 600

1~
INUMBIR

s·miS

(U

MIl) ~A,,'I Y E

her'. NCi1:r the end o~ :s:C'~, l~, tho ~fuw 'ClmiLnt ,~:li~1IIib[·d b) 400 'WoW5 p=r ft' lip

,srl'ifd]~

~lId

~~\eU!

£~J11oo,~ ro 267 b'IOW8' per

ten:ili.CiI'll :IltreSo£ are
wns;i(lI~
SnliOWn

:sots: the strom ~~"iellea8!i;"!l "",iii! ;iOO!llt n n ['Of Ute D~22 and :8 h (IYi" tlm
)).3{D~

dl!!lrirni S~1 ] 2.

M:~iil1n1m loa!, OO'm~re&rl-on stress ml'd:

iflilfllel,'8,tlriJ

fl."!: 11

fmx~tl:01l IJf iCUiiIlIiil.ilatIt\l'(.\

\l~~:o'\\'I'

~mt

lilll

Ii'mg. 9. Thill! ]~'i!'~t. with ,~:'lu."1' l~mg,e5t S!rn~'UH tlln'lll those

9!1;'ll:i1;"iI.red ~~~ the 'W)'·30 test if' ,dnvillll~ ~:;\{J !1A=rt ~. ;:.;toPIKld d!!llc~o the r~,iI~ ~flr:i' ]ml'UJ'llge. Tile' D·l2 ]liiUliflm.mr (
hu,\1\f." ]}!I,_.~II

sun

gffl:lLl:tt ~t~~!I,_~i'ii

'II""(Hlld ])iroooMy

,"iit!'iIi."S 1X)(."'ir1~

Sl:,t!Il~

bt!t; ~t i~ much
''!.vitll 1:11C:

n-30~

measured

:li'b,owt-1(l the be~jninhlg om t"tilC same I,limil but' dne l'O rull.'> smtllJl~! $lfl:!'iC nn'ly ]'~dl!er iSmilU ~::tii1 WCre' .Il(;'hi~vot:'(l Jrl11pnr~..:.l:nt: :W dml t~UJ ;s:~ro:~e,acl~ic'l/"Ii"X'1

by

t~u:~'~1m0l1le:r ~rumrmenl
rr

Analysis, of IResults
To ~'
=l ,gmil()'fa:]

A:IW,areni:lyj. the s;,'Elort

dueed ,did uU'~: tlli'.Jin~m:!I
'I:nu;:'fj:: 00' dU;l' ram
ftil:

The d:da 'wcre P~Dlj-!:ed a:nd fimiOUl them ~1tcbands SbOliMrl were obta:il1lcd :;18 were d~~' li~'~"S. For 'bJitll the [Ji-,22 and, tlW-' D..::lO thofll ,!'i'{JJffii;: C!~i:ii'f~(:r.,i~~ic is

v,i~'W' g( tlile; I::_u:~ vo'lhll-.t'i.ge.- !liruo&'i: 'Yr.Il~ ;I~n~i~~~(!d \-Vit'll I~'llc IjJ:UIC ,uf da'hl nhl::;'lrinoo, S:~1'.;l1 ,i!;mil)Orhu~;~' ]i~,lTlJ\i'it:i" rfm i. p;;~;rmru:!tcrn 'W'fN"C (!\N,rlmil1led to' (lIb'loain '[n· ~f~ig. 1 I;he mmolOum 1 top COfill!'" trends. In l'~i'~.10 tbe stroke l-Of c:te~ 'G:tf l)n;<'~i~)JJ'S~[, sss i's slltJ.\-'VII~ as a, WlIJlruJHfifi oj , Ute 'hmfl:llllM tests is :;:1OWn ilii: ~ ~iLli]C:" ~',i1rr1istroke, S:il1l!llc it ii!ii !;;iiilO'\\'I'Ii t'hlilt stress I ,i!fllll of pile, sGt, I~ '1r~ol)Or.Honnl tOo ,ifTrrp@(:t vcl:ocilty', dMli
1~1'lnH],uf

"''NlI'',,{!' 'iu,.., ·11olllm:l c~le~y ,cUL"{!t~Ncly ,;J;S dilID ,:he

s;'.~~
WlI.S

:il iii il

11er,

~v~*

S!1uWlQl.

values

grr~_h!!r I.'h:a~c, ~~'umt JIh

11...: ,stllt([lk-u '~$

die datu is 3S expool~l, Wt ~l1mjld 1)C, h~il1ecl tlmt the D-31) ~ data, :3.'ii'() s'hmv,ilI as ~'-\1'0JMf-~!il'slllllOO '!o'E!ry rew Mows OC<lt:lrired W,U:'IilI:!lhl:~~ 'be..
l'!.~

t{m~lar!!t'

irnr ~~

iJ~. F.'m'

lS'I/.: Ill1ld 7~

dnll~ h'Ol'id ~k'i: ,!L"fJ(fl~j~en~'wMi,

:no

n~~'gv(tr" fhe

the odw:r 1,3

'2
5,EiI' ·IIIINrCH E,S

I;il. UJt., ea -UII' -,d 1l',lm • iIlroke ¥' ,flUS, ,Jille perlm, -nelllt "1 '.I1;O.1nl I'nc,rt,~, ,rn Ilroke, , 'I dll'll.lng IrnLt miCe
~MfH:-' \.

fmtlllma·rs.

A~
IImL.gnunn
t. "tc ...

I~~,.

:sc't

hi I'~ig. £2 lllie :prc~i:cm 8~l"(l'S..~ rOO"

sho,wflI as
,Eli !rl~I'

h11" '''f).~'i-'

tilllJ01l'l

~~'

dee (.':1 . d from ~ in..• dlo p\':ll:i iIUH11i. ,

jl

I.

'IIIi)

-11 lla'llrum r hltn:v :tis ~fla!l_)e

'Th •

:lil ress 'nt,lU:1iin(.odi :l.Pll!ilfJil)Nir~lla~4!~Y ~I

~UfUlio..f pUc' 8C'~. 'Siif.~e d;i' :-;:1 rei;">8 and dn~ stlJ:\o.~eare cl~ 'I"y' rehllh:~£m 1~lu!~~curves c ~iI3:\I!C, the snrm

!tl lilt ,1111 th·~ nUii'i'c ,til- rn:rn ~tm'kc: \,\ta~ ~lbr_mt
Ollm:pr("~ifJ~f'!

coniiiil'lIn.t ~iiltfucil!lK a eomd al'i~ fJlUUdUUJltl

slltffis. :':jiu,ce U·. 're

,;; 'oon

Wf~S v ~r-)I

,~S tile

:stID~ ver5'IL~ set feSllIilf' ~'

UIU . rill

resist.alllOO'

3.11111 l9}j;-"'mUm U

1).·30 dal~ s'11II)W n ~til'.r ilfteOOl..~ ill :-olre", ~ wi~,h drer"\18~l'ig S-·~',. 'II l;ig. 13 111(! m f:\im ~Im tellsion ::iii~rc'.SS js shm-\lll .IS n fUnct£CJI1l i[~f set, Dlc Iw ravlor is: l\oQ (,"UHilpl~ 'h, W. 11K! I!)m 12 1fiC5ljll'lh,~ show au IilIlcreas.e. im, l ' sion "jill ~ '" ..... lL II - '\"lo~hlllli ,liIlC1fe SUfi!:. 5.. ~ nue only. Qve'F t]l Vt!liy sl~ t .[}WII~ii'b ~';III~'O of .~. lThe D~2.2 ['C.'::ults ;Ir-e ccm:st.;1,l1i't HV,CI" a '!,V,ilI :r.J'Il1ge,of sc ls wi!mh :m illd:i" Ji.tmn of
Ii-

HI , '.iCIIl: 'I,cn.s:iol} stro.ss wo:: ~re.As: til . set

d ~,I"cn:tiicd he,few'
r-~:

h!lr.siulII ""~

aim :p~IiM'e(]~ b)f El

re-

,in". t'Le S'ti:rok

be-

,~m 1:0 i~'I!Cf.CaOO :!ilt1bst~'IllI~iElil1y p['o~iI:' JC ci:II1'

llu~ Iik cimu:rm 'tensioo ~mss too 'lleooLfiC' of ,::Ii. n is. ijjd(,ftunale ;ml• .Jlcli'. \ll'C·ro '100 in (fx;'ictly trip;; regh:u:I\, JoE. 'hnuld be J1!flt~'(l Ib:'lJt >c:h:mg>cs hi ~ •• "'-1rll'!< lD..3cO I'<d~nll'ls pil1hnhly jBlre the si:d;I'~fi(jC d[i'Sl~rill~lti~)t1I1Iil a If !h-lv.o H ::;;1]1,. ulnsl: ~~Il;~rul an,l "lin he (!~.l)~',illuet O~ ·t,anmi~d nect (}ri rho ma:f!.nnlJ~l . u( Ihe
~I!~re;;Uie ;i)J1:

f l~
l

::'i!iril]llICSlt

il'Y.aLI~b1~ "ailllle5 nrgtt s,ouilC' iJa13

:lfUlIdl ,gtro'aJl.er 'oo-m:p,rression :sltJllawe\''el~ illJ.O t01i1si'on S~N)s:.~ i'u~ ~t n I~~f; rnte. boeanse ~:lle tip rests.· t:UllC ' h,r'· ~]S(l ~ncw..'\cSctl ,~lLaw'uS Jess I~,em,k~nlil 0 be rGAt!CI~d. As, file Up rwbi .. 0 I':mcc f'l1{."jf, 3~o.s fll ..dlet jt ;Glla~ ca!Ust.~ 1)1'
I

I~O~i,,.",~: I

[ndlllu;"i:j Ilt'.t.'dm

~liN~s:li

~s~

'14

Aj, IiOfjI Iiifi

i£iI!: i-

IIiI'jI

z
iv,I!

0 -

.....
Y\ii

ii2 ~

2:

2:
,

'*- ,

!io-'

'm

'2

:]

-4

s
1

6,

:a

9'

10

SrlR: 0 11<:E= P;E E,lI

Ag, 1'1, Measured relatiomdlffp

top, ,co:mpl!',ea'S'iolil stre!~: al1ld[ram I,'mkll!l~

~"I

malllm~ml

Ii!I'l

:i:i::
o!Ot"Ii'
It;,g

J,., 4II:II:i
it.= EIin

Z :3,

Q :iin
!!:n

[liLlI'
iK Ib,

:!:

2:

o u

,the

p(le pefmil!nem set.. Sin:C:;Ei' 1tiJ 91~ke ~

R.g, 12',. ,M:enc.iml:im m"Mlred

pile top stress

~m decreases,

the· lmul'mwn
CNa,A1

kip !$tress· .:10 ~n-

h'i~N'fIM.

ve:r-Sl!Is
81,

~il:.o.-

1 E:n Pi LIE IH'O.l

,-..'...... ( .. L ~WlI[U\:~ED
- 2'.0[R-_

,~

ME' IUIE[I

'ill.... 'if'HletHI '~-:-fllR m_~tUI1.a mldLml'lh :II~!I ' ;;'.fliUiI' 'tim.' C~" ... • -idm, ml '~:_friIIM ' t ii, M*.INhill' '_, _ _ fmt':.·--.:_i «'rem] 1»1'1me- 'UreMeIl; 1I,'ing 'e:, ·~"W:.P~

~_~l

• 1

16

ClOmpU'taliQ1n of: MalJimu 1111 T'en:si,oa Siress

,H liS
'In ut a~\I\!'".1y:\l

,It eueh

,~)(ff

six (~iHero-nlt' t:hniU]~,~~:tiJIlWi.

!,IlC~U~,

'T~Il'!' re's!~Jt.hlG: I
of ram ~boko',
,SloU

mooslI!.Il'IJl0d ''I,In~ues
~;~,

"!Hi!II:;:;iiill'lilllllfi

loomJ~prn~,.
s~f.!own WIMI lo ~uO'vii@
j''H.~ U

pl1)~~iIbJI),"j er

(..'I:~1~-

;!o;It:u."Ss! mIlil

pi~ set aru

I~~ ~nl

njcll'~: to
lmtiu-;nl li!'i:hlg

ITIllC'Ul!llOO

~~~ns;io.'iIl 8lir.c.~'i;(-l'..:ij; teusion

~ktjiig

~;'Ig~ ~1,3.'TI:t'C lhMU.1e

a 0O-l:"1vel~licIlfll means

the pile' ~,mnlg~b.Iihm'ClIlore,~ [he ddc.r.Tflii'

0'£ oolnlm:rollillu:g

,~~fm11l:,dlm!JUJI :
~:ht~ CA~~AP

,~~:re.'i~es

,tmnoo~~,sl[\I!,mS(;~!, l:m:t it docs

[um0Ihy
01111

t~'u~ with

:pro~r:1m 'cx~nb,incd

[)rodl;lctif",~\uty.

wi!t:l~ 1Ji'11ll!""!i'I;luernrnmts at the pile 'l.~ was 1~:tc";!!lt'Cd. T'briiii: too.ll:a~,iq'tle' uses die '!it'u~asured 'iU.'(le~!er~'Ilti'on at'

~he

:pi'h."(!'h'"IU r,s: fll!

Conc:llllI:sions
I., I~' I~,:r~sib]c
and I)rncl.i.c;"~ t.o rr~::).~c

in.l)lI~':~ 3'l1d adj~i~2'i: the ~I!)'JI :fi.,~i'~t~lI1lrt-!:S; :so i~'hial ~he ca'kn'la:l~d f~Jrcc' ;d- the pil,e ~!["~p'
Im:dtrbC1;; nle

the rilll~!U;'!lIrod forte.

tt.."tt::.-iQIIL

~(Yil1lil~!!i'Y

ftJI'

(l~eloI)i~ng,

tll~':s;CLiLPllb:il'ity w~~ tv d~t('!rl;ulju~ t.he s'lJdJl (~i5t::ln'me ~1I'Id.rut..;;: di':\lh'1ib'u,i:{OII from measurements (.~

routine li~c.!l.~'bU'Ci:n.C'n:~;S! a(,'(,'t'!l~nlJtiol) (~f =)'n~d Ioeee Ul1tcl\er the ~!ilmI1lflcr d:lI!!ring pile dri"i~:"ig_ i[O"ulI.'ther.motc'" :hn·,gc V(i~,Uiil~~S: of this d.lt:a <..'u,n'be e~mnil~(td! llSiii'ig;: C~i"'"
re iIlt'ly a,v:lii'l~b]e ,rtr.d 'a:iIIOO dfllt~, prm;~~,.
:il1lg S,yste:l1IlS.

du~'p~lc t:o:p. ~'1IlI tb IS: ~»."'V~ c~m ,~~I~oe It b used ~:otiblain i!), eomplete stress (l~.r-illbutiull ill the- ,p"il'~ dt:!fi(lg ,~I5~rng~:ehLillI!l:lmIlLer

force

ol.ld

.;,1.C(,'(:']li1taitjo.ru, ~t

~. 't"'u~' CAP\VAP
used,
stlrrC&~ to C'\I',;-ilunte' from

'bIO'\\1',.

p.mgl"~un can he' i~fI"'h,l.cc(l b~It!<l;ion

lIIIiIiU:isu:rt."1IlIlCrrut".s: made

~:t

After dct~"rl'lrin~"u,g ire~i~taJiO~ n!Lug= 'the. nitude :;;III1() dbitribl'lU'om fmm d~e 'i'nef .... sured 't!llP, il(:(:etuG_dfOlr~ ,au:(l (Ui'(.."C. th~ (,~.lcuJ;d.e('l! riOltoo,iIj; at ,lm:~lmglrnl oo'llITd h@ C'Ol1IIlpru'c(l wU~~ tlu.:l! :m~U!red 'vahm, A :S;lmp'le ,resl:li;II~is tdlown lin l'i',ig~ 14,. PI'{lb!lbly ftln'lhfflll rct.1~[1IfiCnl ~E tffile 'oompu;~cr 'llP'fOpriB!ili wiU produce sl:i1~ lu~tl~~r C<!Ir.rel3!tti'Q"no. 'Jrh4.}:l:it ju.ijuilt~ however, illiicUca:ret'h~t trnU!' CJ\PVil A.ll pXfiio gt.fl!rJI em'l he ,:;]I l.1s;cfu'i~ tOQ] ln -e'l,(~d:tmt.il1i,g ,c1r. iv ii~!~::ldress c,.<.;:,

fh!II: pile top,

3" The u~c (·,f pi]c-riiLIIlfI 'I,'V(!']gh~: kl'$. rat in (,'o:J:!~'rolli~llg, t'C'"lif'i!~mll re~~~ 'in I)Ues, 8t dlllrr,il~g dr-ili.".u~g i£ q,iIL! ~te I;m~~~i!i:£::.totory when :Sillip]i.ed 't\U. ,!:Ue,~em hammers. '\!\n1i1C, ~'h,c;se OOil!iCltis~on<s are bUSCld 0" 'leSit~ at ,o:n1y one site. '~:t :is, jl;l~~tlllc'
~1llI!il ¢an~l~l:ioniS~Cllllt' t]Ut ]i~liIrit'~I~g I:Kne~'I1l1i'lil1
5U1l).I)~)S(:(1

at ~~lis :site w1!.ich

'\'IiI~gb!tt ratlo is tn (,_'()l'iit[l~~!.In (:lct,) 't'h:~ 1!:1~1'(!'s."

Reduced Throlth!J; THts

,After oC(HYillructicn

,O'f 'tI-1G dr.iving: of' Test

t11C: [[) ..,L 2.

measured ~(ll:si'Qn :s.treiS~e.swere g:encr~l" oed ru", t'llC" '~oo.vi~~ ~lm. "111:0 n~5'Qi'll for ithis tp(J1"fcl!r.mm'lll3c ills d.cs~r,i~d. ,i~the' Pal'per. n m.lMrmIit piIDc.'F..l.fD!l ,"!,·eiigbt ,mHos ;~1i!\C used [fcjJif ,scl:cct hig;: {h~~'L1'il1l\G: eq,llIip~ '1!;,~i~I':, ('LlIm~g¢ p:JJ\~b]~ms \!;,Iil1 be more
f[l\OCjIlCHl'

:s.iil1g~~ $~t~can h::lrdily be used '1:0 jlJS'tify Ithe D-30 hammer was n~ed to, d:'r.lVC the: :rep,1~~l]loiF.it ltUm])tillltJ£oru~!, they dQ POOVC' ~,il('Iurthee us:h·wg ;) l!"~nli.ety' of 'tlirottillt: 'OCl\ll![.~t~'j,iv<dy tM iH~~,d:eJ:Wtlauy of d\~ pil& sCU,ing:S. rum wt'!iJgfiru ra t Ito. '!Pile .No. 3. to :refnlSld with

andJ se¥coo.

Wilde tes-.i.s ,~Ii:

3J

111i;.~ '1i1ll~elll!Ue i8 ,equipped with a tbroulc lu:udng ].0 disct'(':~o' ,settill;gs~ eseh ,[[if' which ,gives. ,~, met~d ,q,lUtn~jty ~f £m.:'~.Ahfi'lll:t 30 bluws were ~"Otdcd

,4. 'I'ihrol:llc OOll!it I"(d~ '0:01 d1ie.'iel ~ulm,~

ean provhle: jJ. ('"Qrn'!llrC~Jlient means ~d: L~):nt:roU[l1ig iLiduced. :s_s~'.J. but (mly "'-?lutl.. 11 l)Cllolt::y all pro (1ue t1iivit y .
ii11iP1S

11

0.,3
I~

i!Oi'Ii'

3,

~: .,
llii!lil 'I!!!IJ

t~lLlE~'IOip' :51 RIE'5,5,

'W! :::I:

lliIiIl

i'"" IOiIi

•
.

10 ,.'2,
1

,~
,~

Ii-'

'2

- 'IPIIILIEi

S,EiI'

,!i:fII.,

U'lI

o ....
..... '
!IOii

0.• 1

iii:

._

~I

2;

:J

4,

'1'

'9;

to

Il'ILAilM,MIEIR '~f,!IIR'OI'flllE :5,liT [III N !Ii

n,JiI!!"o!!iAji;ji!ij ii!iiiI [n~~¥!!!-!!!I! ,1!1l!). g,~~i __

nn·.... il!!;!!,1il S" !§III'lia -

~I~t~ .'ii' Ifl1e mt~ '1"11 -. ~~t

~hClknl
In 'uts,
I.

tl~~IU{"·
lini~'

:[:!Il!oar '~LI i!~m,'i?I

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gml!ll1 . -: Q;ll

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iIli~e-..:ral!n ''IiJo"t';i~II~' lm~~h-i l!nf@iU 9dQry -,

d~ I

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M;

,a f'mrti","'1_I~~llli mJ;;Dillili1!j.i:t.:ii'! If"udJl

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:rnDderuiilll.g

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n'Vdi~\ab]Cp 0t]uip:m.ent se:~.oc~~iil)TI beeomes

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'cll~hi(f.f~1

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less thiA!!1!! 2.0.,

2: run. of :l!o.fl,wood ,Cl]sbiQJ~I.

'that'

i'nl a 11 t.'ilse8. The lJj\e(.'Ommen!l;l~t'ir..(!iIs prnooll!t.ed below are based on prc'VG'"a~'~ pil(~ dmm~ hf~g rlge 'wbi~ ~int3~I1I:i[IJg t'~c higl~~: ptlS--

,a sinrlglt!

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(b) Far. hammer >Ci~,{tr.gy~~,pne ,:Vieig'ht :mt los weilirt,cr (han ,2..o~ U5e ,at Ieast 2: i:n" 'of sMtwood ooshian OJ:lIa reduce the throulc sn tn~t: the h~Iii'l1~ mer ,en,e:f',gy-pD.e ''Io'Veigbt ra;tio oJ !t,O Is IIIlO~ eNceed.ed ~or
bEmv'
ct_l1II1J~'S

~lb].e drivin,g :s,)';sJte1lll1i cl'rlCiciificy'. 'lUihe~ !I1l1I~y be ,®tilu.'J1r CQIi\.'iide:r.d'i.o:am~: w'hidl, w.ill
also ,~()\lwn ,~-;·,qlilJi!Eiulil;mit; ..tkll'". ~t~I.'Il:.c·~_~

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mi;!il~

blows per £1'. the thiroUle '~!lJ be opened hl! "lcl~iie,ve: '11Iilrn'~ P!i)'\'?'cr.

30 'f'o:r Iliglif3' blow

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he

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millrl~'rmrIlnfl t'Mclt:lt;..:'*"

or 2, 'in.

ci'~:'her mlu(."(l' the' ~:hroule 'ox jllcrease' dlo' ,eu.shiiOft t:Mcl:~ '11i~!t l11e hammer energyljllie
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the

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pjh~ '1:(liPl, ~~f8tcn-~1 !l]Jg:nmenll: 5'1l'<~lIi.dd ~ij' c'h~-"' 'ked, :'.11'1£1 i_f d:.mage ~Hnj (PC, 'CBr.5: ,~'be eu~ffir~~l t:bjcknc~s: ~!Fl~ hl IU
1)1,_'! :ili(1',e3~t

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UuJcl'11:eSs. c~f sfiEhvollb(] Clii:.dlit1ln 'used" The llIIlOlnt1f:!lC-i;,;: de-

hl:r{li"s ruJt:edl energy cre,iJt5C'(~:by' 10 percent

rdb!~l 'YnillulC

n.

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m!lllU.

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th :m::mru F.,ctllimer's m~ed ~11'I~iFgV t':"ll~ould, be dca~~ by 1.0 [lC'1!'OOI)it r;r lJ.u::~~:"Ih::(l v,f~h~e ,e,ach 1: tilil. nr' sofl'-' fot ~ \\I\'~ocl cns'hiio:m (:dE. ,1t00Ii1;;se,~ d~ It,etlnei:!l timl s'hmlllld ~e ~l'pUed00' trr.c 2 in. rnhil~mmnl'l ,("n~:'M~'.!!l~h;o).

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