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.1
2 1 2 z −1
Y (z ) = − + −
1 − 2 z −1 1 − z −1 (1 − z −1 )2
y[n ] = (− 2 ⋅ 2 n + 1 − 2n )δ −1 [n ]
. המערכת אינה יציבה כיון ששורשיה על מעגל היחידה ומחוץ לו.z1 = -1 , z2 = -2 :מכאן ששורשי המערכת
. א.2
2 7 1 1
−1
− y[− 1] − + z −1 − y[− 2]
1− z 12 12 12
Y (z ) =
7 1 −2
1 − z −1 + z
12 12
2 4 4 2
Y u (z ) = = −1
− +
(1 − z −1 )1 − 13 z −1 1 − 14 z −1 1 − z 1 − 13 z −1 1 − 14 z −1
2 1 −1 5
1 − z n n
3 8 1 1 1 1
Yi (z ) = = 3 − ⇒ for n ≥ 0 y[n ] = 4 + − 2
1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 4 3 3
1 − z 1 − z 1 − z 1− z
3 4 3 4
.ב
-2-
n −2
1 1 1
y[n ] + y[n − 1] − y[n − 2] = δ −1 [n − 2]
4 8 4
z −2 1 1 1
− y[− 1] − z −1 − − y[− 2]
1 4 8 8
1 − z −1
Y (z ) = 4
1 1
1 + z −1 − z −2
4 8
1 −1 1 1
z
1 1 1
n n
Yi (z ) = 8 = 6 − 6 ⇒ yi [n ] = − −
1 −1 1 −1 1 − 1 z −1 1 + 1 z −1 6 4 2
1 − z 1 + z
4 2 4 2
16 16
z −2 A
Yu (z ) = 2
= 9 + 3
2
+
1 −1 1 −1 1 + 1 z −1 1 −1 1 − 1 z −1
1 − z 1 + z 1 − z
4 2 2 4 4
2
1 1 16 1 16 1
A1 + z −1 1 − z −1 + 1 + z −1 + 1 − z −1 = z −2
2 4 3 2 9 4
we only need one equation ! ⇒ go for the free element :
The reason for computing the constants this way :
Calculating the first two constants using the residue theorem is easy and
does not require derivation.Calculating the third one does require derivation, so finding it
this way is easier and faster (it does not even require finding all the elements
of the polynomial multiplication).
16 16 1
A + + = 0 ⇒ A = −7
3 9 9
16
The only part that' s not a known transform is 3 .
2
1 −1
1 − z
4
n
It' s very similar to the transform of na
But multiplied by 4z.
Multiplying by z is equivalent to a time shift : y(n) - > y(n + 1).
Using this fact, and the fact that
1
(-1 + 1)( ) −1+1 = 0
4
We get :
16 1 n 16 1 n 7 1
n
y u [n ] = δ −1 [n ] − + n − 1
9 2 3 4 9 4
.ג
-3-
2
1 1 8
n = 2 ⇒ 2 − y [1] + ⋅ 0 = ⇒ y[1] = 1
4 3 9
8 1 1 2
n = 1 ⇒ 1 − 0 + y [− 1] = ⇒ y [− 1] = −6
9 4 3 9
2 1 8
n = 0 ⇒ 0 + 6 + y [− 2] = 1 ⇒ y[− 2] = −20
9 4 9
1 1 1
− y [− 1] − 1 + z −1 − y[− 2] 8 14
1 −1 4 4 1 z −1 1 − z −1 1
1− z 5
9 51
Y (z ) = 3 = = 9 +
−1 1 −2 1 1
2
1
2
1− z + z −1
1 − z 1 − z
−1
1 − z
−1
4 3 2 2
4 A
+ + ⇒
1 −1 1 −1
1 − z 1 − z
3 2
2
1 1 1 1 1 8 14
5 1 − z −1 + 41 − z −1 + A1 − z −1 1 − z −1 = 1 z −1 1 − z −1 ⇒
9 3 2 2 3 9 51
1 1
5 + 4 + A = 0 ⇒ A = −9 Using the same facts as in the previous question :
9 9
n n n
1 1 1 1
⇒ for n ≥ 0 y[n ] = 5 n + 4 − 4
9 2 3 2
.3
1 + 6 1− 6
z + z +
H (z ) =
5 + 2z − z −1 −2
=5
5 5
= −4 +
( )
9 + 2 1 − 2 z −1
π π
2 −1 1 −2 1 j 4 1 −j4 2 −1 1 −2
1− z + z z − e z − e 1− z + z
2 4 2 2 2 4
1
U (z ) =
1
1 − z −1
2
(
9 + 2 1 − 2 z −1
⋅
)
1
=
46 + 28 2
+
A + Bz −1
2 −1 1 − 2 1 − 1 z −1 1 −
1 −1
z 2 −1 1 − 2
1− z + z 1− z + z
2 4 2 2 2 4
( )
9 + 2 1 − 2 z −1 = 46 + 28 2 ⋅ 1 −( 2
)
2 −1 1 − 2
z + z + (A + Bz −1 )⋅ 1 − z −1
4
1
2
9 = 46 + 28 2 + A ⇒ A = −37 − 28 2
( 1 1
)
0 = 46 + 28 2 − B ⇒ B = 23 + 14 2
4 2
-4-
(− 37 − 28 2 )1 − 2 −1
( 2 −1
z + 19 + 18 2 z )
(
− 37 − 28 2 + 23 + 14 2 z −1
=
) 4 4
2 −1 1 − 2 2 −1 1 − 2
1− z + z 1− z + z
2 4 2 4
π
( ) ( ) ( )
n n n
1 1 π 1
⇒ y [n ] = δ −1 [n ]⋅ 42 + 28 2 ⋅ − 37 + 28 2 ⋅ cos n + 19 + 18 2 ⋅ sin n
2 2 4 2 4
1 1 1
Y ( z) = 2 −1
− −1
=
1− z 1 − 0.5 z (1 − z )(1 − 0.5 z −1 )
−1
u (n) = δ −1 (n)
1
U ( z) =
1 − z −1
Y (Z ) 1 − z −1 1
H ( z) = = =
U ( z ) (1 − z )(1 − 0.5 z ) 1 − 0.5 z −1
−1 −1
1
z>
:וכיוון שהמערכת סיבתית תחום ההתכנסות הוא
2
( )רואים שהתקבלה מערכת סיבתיתh(n) = 0.5 n δ −1 (n) : רואים מהטבלה כי.ב
.ג
Y ( z) 1
=
U ( z ) 1 − 0.5 z −1
⇒ Y ( z ) − 0.5 z −1Y ( z ) = U ( z )
⇒ y (n) − 0.5 y (n − 1) = u (n)
-5-
.6
n n
A
(1 − az −1 )2
↔ A ∑
m =0
a m n −m
a = Aa n
∑
m =0
1 = Aa n ( n + 1)δ −1 ( n )
n n
A 1
−1 3
(1 − az )
↔ A ∑
m =0
a m
( m + 1)a n −m
= Aa n
∑
m =0
m + 1 = A a n ( n 2 + 3n + 2)δ −1 ( n )
2
:כאשר המונה הוא
Aaz −1 (1 + az −1 ) = A(az −1 + a 2 z −2 )
Aaz −1 (1 + az −2 )
−1 3
↔ Aa n n 2δ −1 (n)
(1 − az )
-6-