{XdgmCOoS>rMo IJmobemó: gy`©-n¥Ïdr à`moJ H¥$Vr H$mS>}

{dZmZ\$m e¡j{UH$ H$m_mgmR>r ho nwñVH$ OgoÀ`m Vgo ^mfm§V[aV,

àH$m{eV, {dV[aV H$aÊ`mMm h¸$ H$moUmhr ì`º$s / g§ñWobm XoÊ`mV
`oV Amho. `mM àH$maÀ`m H$m°nrboâQ> gyMZogh Vo Ho$bo nm{hOo.

_yi H$m_mÀ`m Zm_mo„oImMo ñdmJV Amho.

~mH$s gd© h¸$ _yi boIH$m§H$S>o gwa{jV … S>m°. {ddoH$ _m±Q>oamo, JrVm _hmeãXo,
{à`d§Xm ~ma^mB© Am{U Zd{Z{_©Vr

boIH$ g§nH©$ … vivekmonteiro@yahoo.com

geeta_uam@yahoo.com
priyanvada@gmail.com

n{hbr Amd¥Îmr … 2008

Zd{Z{_©Vr
{S>ñH$da BQ>, {Vgam _Obm, {à`Xe©Zr AnmQ>©_|Q>g,
nÙmdVr nW, Am`. Am`. Q>r. _mH}$Q> JoQ>g_moa,
ndB©, _w§~B© - 400076
(022)25786520 Q>o{b\°$Šg - 25773215
e navnirmiti@yahoo.com

Zd{Z{_©Vr nwUo
JwUdÎmm, C_oX, 564 ~, e{Zdma noR>, a_U~mJ Mm¡H$,
A°pŠgg ~±H$ E. Q>r. E_. eoOmar, nwUo - 411030
(020)25442794, 24471040
e navnirmitipune@yahoo.com

w www.navnirmiti.org
www.sunderstanding.net
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1 OmXyB© AmaemMo à`moJ
1.1 AmaemMo H$dS>go
EH$ N>moQ>m Amagm CÝhmV Yê$Z Ë`mZo H$dS>gm
nmS>m. doJdoJù`m OmJr H$dS>go nmS>m`Mm à`ËZ
H$am.
{Xdm qH$dm Q>çw~bmB©Q>À`m àH$memV amÌr Vwåhmbm
Agm H$dS>gm nmS>Vm `oVmo H$m?

1.2 OmXyB© Amagm ~Zdm …

Mm¡H$moZr, {ÌH$moUr Am{U Jmob AmH$mam§Mo VrZ
N>moQ>o Amago ¿`m. Vw_À`mH$S>o Oa EH$M Amagm
Agob Va ? Aem AmH$mam§Mo Amago Vwåhr H$go
{_idmb ?

gmon§ Amho... Vwåhmbm nm{hOo Ë`m AmH$mamM§ ^moH$

Agbobo H$mJX Vw_À`m Amaemda bmdm.

1.3 OmXyB© AmaemMm à`moJ …

Jmob Amagm CÝhmV Yam. Vw_À`m g_moa Cä`m Agboë`m {_ÌmÀ`m qH$dm _¡{ÌUrÀ`m eQ>m©da
H$dS>gm nmS>m. H$dS>gm H$moUË`m AmH$mamMm Amho?
Mm¡H$moZr Am{U {ÌH$moUr Amagm KoD$Z hmM à`moJ nwÝhm H$am.

Mm¡H$moZr AmaemMm Mm¡H$moZr H$dS>gm {_iVmo Am{U {ÌH$moUr AmaemMm {ÌH$moUr.

 Am{U Jmob AmaemMm Jmob.

1.4 AmVm `m VrZhr Amaem§Zr bm§~ A§VamdaÀ`m q^Vrda (gmYmaU 20 _rQ>a A§Vamda)
H$dS>go nmS>m. H$m` {XgVo?
bm§~ A§Vamda nmS>boë`m H$dS>em§Mo AmH$ma H$go
AmhoV?

Amagm Mm¡H$moZr, {ÌH$moUr Aem H$moUË`mhr AmH$mamMm Agbm Var bm§~ A§Vamda nmS>bobm
H$dS>gm JmobM Amho. Ago H$m?

`m àíZmM§ CÎma H¥$Vr H$mS>© 2, 3 d 4 _Ü`o Amho.

{Za{Zamù`m AmH$mam§Mo Amago dmnê$Z ho VnmgyZ nhm.
Odi nS>Umam {ÌH$moUr H$dS>gm A§Va dmT>VmZm hiyhiy Jmob H$gm ~ZV OmVmo Ë`mMo {ZarjU
H$am.
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2 gy`©g§Xoe H$mS>©

2.1
ho H$mS>© CÝhmV O{_ZrOdi Yam.
O{_Zrda nS>boë`m gmdbrMo {ZarjU H$am.
H$mS>m©daMr {Za{Zamir {MÝho O{_Zrda
C_Q>bobr Vwåhmbm {XgVrb.

AmVm ho H$mS>© gy`m©À`m {Xeobm hiyhiy da Ý`m. {OVH§$ C§M ZoVm `oB©b {VVH§$.
Vr gJir {MÝh§ EH$gmaIr hmoVmV.
àH$memMo Jmob. Amnë`m ê§$XmdUmè`m
OmUrdm§Mo àH$meJmob. AmUIr C§M
Joë`mda Vo gJio Jmob EH$_oH$m§Zm ñne©
H$aVmV. EH$VoMm, EH$Ì `oÊ`mMm g§Xoe
XoV... _mZd åhUyZ, Y_©{Zanoj ^maVmMo
Am{U Y[aÌrMo ZmJ[aH$ åhUyZ AmnU gmao
_wimVyZ EH$ Agë`mMm g§Xoe XoV..

Ag§ H$m hmoV§?

hm M_ËH$ma Zmhr, Va hm EH$ d¡km{ZH$ Am{dîH$ma Amho. O{_Zrda {XgUmao n«H$meJmob åhUOo
gy`m©À`m à{V_m AmhoV.

åhUyZ H$mS>m©daÀ`m H${dVoV 'AZoH$ {MÝho, EH$ gy`©' Ago Amho. gy`© Jmob Amho åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m
à{V_mhr Jmob AmhoV.

`mbm {nZhmob àmoOoŠeZ qH$dm gyMr{N>Ð H°$_oè`mM§ VËd Ag§ åhUVmV.

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{ZgJm©Vbo {nZhmob àmoOoŠQ>g©

TI
PmS>mÀ`m gmdbrVbm gy`©Xe©H$
D$Z nS>bob§ AgVmZm, PmS>mÀ`m W§S> gmdbrV, O{_Zrda, Vwåhr H$mhr àH$memMo Jmob BH$S>o
{VH$S>o ngabobo nm{hbo AmhoV H$m?

ho àH$memMo Jmob åhUOo AmH$memVë`m àIa dñVyÀ`m à{V_m AmhoV.

{nZhmob H°$_oè`mÀ`m VËdmZwgma `m à{V_m V`ma hmoVmV. ho g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb à`moJ
H$am :
gmYmaUnUo nmoñQ>H$mS>m©À`m _mnmM§ EH$ H$mS>© ¿`m. Ë`mÀ`m _Ü`^mJr EH$ bhmZg§ ^moH$ nmS>m
(gmYmaU 5 {__r ì`mgmM§.) AmH¥$Vr nhm. Vw_À`m gy`© à`moJemim {H$Q>_Ü`o EH$ Ago H$mS>©
Amho. `m gmÜ`m CnH$aUmÀ`m _XVrZo Vwåhmbm S>mH©$é__Ü`o àIa dñVy§À`m à{V_m KoVm
`oVrb. (Q>rn … `m bhmZ ^moH$mbm {nZhmob åhUVmV, nU Ia§ Va Vo {nZonojm ~a§M OmS>
Amho.)

3.1 Q>çw~bmB©Q>Mr à{V_m {_idUo …

amÌr, A§Yma AgVmZm, \$º$ EH$
Q>çw~bmB©Q> Mmby R>odyZ ~mH$s gJio {Xdo
~§X H$am. Q>çw~bmB©Q>nmgyZ gdm©V Xya
Agboë`m q^VrOdi C^o ahm. {nZhmob
Agbob§ Vw_M§ H$mS© q^VrnmgyZ gw_mao
15 go_r A§Vamda Yam. H$mS>m©À`m
gmdbrV Vwåhmbm Q>çw~bmB©Q>Mr Yyga
à{V_m {_iob.
3.2
hmM à`moJ Vwåhmbm EH$m A§Ymè`m ImobrV AmUIr doJù`m àH$mao H$aVm `oB©b. `mdoir Vw_Mr
àIa dñVy Agob EH$ àH$m{eV CKS>r {IS>H$s. hr gmoSy>Z ~mH$s gd© A§Yma Agob. Vwåhmbm
{IS>H$sg_moaÀ`m q^Vrda {IS>H$sMr CbQ>r à{V_m {Xgob.

3.3
AmVm Amnë`mbm PmS>mÀ`m gmdbrV {XgUmè`m àH$memÀ`m Jmobm§Mm AW© g_Oob.
nmZm§§_Yë`m OmJm§Zr {nZhmobM§ H$m_ H$ê$Z nmS>boë`m Ë`m Jmob gy`m©À`m Jmob à{V_m AmhoV.
dmè`mZ§ nmZ§ hbbr, H$s EH$m OmJMo Jmob Zmhrgo hmoVmV Am{U ZdrZ OmJr {XgVmV.

3.4
aoëdo ñQ>oeZgma»`m C§M N>nao Agboë`m B_maVt_Ü`ohr Amnë`mbm O{_Zrda Ago
àH$memMo Jmob {XgVmV. N>VmÀ`m nÍ`m§Zm Agboë`m N>moQ>çm ^moH$m§_wio `m gy`©à{V_m V`ma
hmoVmV.

3.5
n{hbo gy`©Xe©H$ ho AgoM {nZhmob H°$_oao hmoVo, A§Ymè`m C§M B_maVtÀ`m N>Vm§À`m ^moH$m§_YyZ
gy`m©Mr à{V_m O{_Zrda KoUmao. {XëbrÀ`m O§Va_§Va_Ü`o EH$ Aer {nZhmob àmoOoŠQ>g©Mr
Imobr Amho. `wamon_Ü`o, {deofV… BQ>br_Ü`o Ago gy`©Xe©H$ MM©_Ü`o nhm`bm {_iVmV.
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M|Sy>-AmaemMm gy`©Xe©H

AmnU OmXyB© AmaemÀ`m à`moJmV nm{hb§, H$s CÝhmV gnmQ> Amagm Yê$Z bm§~ A§Vamda
nmS>bobr gy`©à{V_m Zoh_r JmobM AgVo, Amagm H$moUË`mhr AmH$mamMm Agbm Varhr.
H$maU?
H$maU Vr gy`m©Mr à{V_m Amho. gy`© Jmob åhUyZ Ë`mMr à{V_m Jmob.

Amagm hmVmV Yabm Va à{V_m {ñWa R>odU§ AdKS> OmV§.

pñWa à{V_m H$er {_idm`Mr? Ë`mgmR>r Amaembm EH$m pñWa _mD§$Q>da bmdbm nm{hOo.
Amnë`mbm hì`m Ë`m OmJr ghO à{V_m KoVm Ambr nm{hOo. ho H$g§ H$am`M§?

4.1 - ßb°pñQ>H$Mm _Ü`_ AmH$mamMm M|Sy> ¿`m.

- Ë`mbm EH$ ^moH$ nmSy>Z Ë`mV dmiy ^am.
- Ë`mda Vw_Mm N>moQ>m Amagm {MH$Q>dm.
- Ë`m M|Sy>bm EH$m [a¨Jda R>odm.
Vwåhr ñdñV, {Q>H$mdy Am{U e{º$embr gy`©Xe©H$ V`ma Ho$bmV !
M|Sy>-AmaemMm e{º$embr gy`©Xe©H$ hr gy`m©Mr à{V_m {_idÊ`mMr gdm©V gmonr Am{U
ñdñV nÕV Amho. gy`©àH$memMr Vrd«Vm Iyn Agë`mZo BVŠ`m gmÜ`m gm{hË`mVyZhr
CÎm_XOm©Mr à{V_m {_idVm `oVo.

4.2
EH$m Imobrg_moa CÝhmV R>odboë`m ñQw>bmda Vw_Mm gy`©Xe©H$ R>odm. Vmo Aem nÕVrZo {\$adm
H$s ImobrVë`m nm§T>è`m q^Vrda Vwåhmbm gy`m©Mr à{V_m {_iob. Amagm `m q^VrnmgyZ gw_mao
30-40 _rQ>a A§Vamda Agmdm. `m A§Vamda Vwåhmbm gy`m©Mr gmYmaU 35 go_r ì`mgmMr
gw§Xa aoIrd à{V_m {_iob.
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H$moR>ohr ZoVm `oÊ`mgmaIr A§Ymar Imobr ~Zdm
Vw_À`m M|Sy> AmaemÀ`m gy`©Xe©H$mZo Oa Vwåhmbm gy`m©Mr OmñVrV OmñV ñnï> Am{U aoIrd
à{V_m {_idm`Mr Agob, Va Vr OmñVrV OmñV A§Ymè`m ImobrV ¿`m`bm hdr.

H$moR>ohr ghO ZoVm `oÊ`mgmaIr "nmoQ>}~b S>mH©$ê$_" Aer ~ZdVm `oB©b …

5.1 EH$ _moR>§ ImoH§$ ¿`m. OdiOdi Q>r. ìhr. À`m ImoŠ`mBVH§ .
5.2 Ë`mÀ`m AmVyZ EH$m ~mOybm nm§T>am H$mJX {MH$Q>dm. hm à{V_m KoÊ`mMm nS>Xm.
5.3 `m nS>ÚmÀ`m g_moarb ~mOybm _Ü`^mJr gmYmaU 30-40 go_r ì`mgmMo Jmob
^moH$ nmS>m. àH$me{H$aU `m ~mOyZo AmV {eê$Z nS>Úmda nS>Vrb.
5.4 ImoŠ`mÀ`m BVa gd© ~mOy Q>on bmdyZ grb~§X H$am. åhUOo `m JmobmIoarb
H$moUË`mhr ~mOyZo àH$me AmV OmUma Zmhr.
5.5 AmVm Vw_Mr nmoQ>}~b S>mH©$ê$_ V`ma Pmbr. `m KZmÀ`m EH$m ~mOybm nS>Xm Amho.
Ë`mÀ`m g_moarb ~mOybm àH$me AmV `oÊ`mMo ^moH$ Amho. ImoŠ`mÀ`m BVa Mma
~mOy§n¡H$s EH$m ~mOybm H$Q>aZo EH$ CKS>~§X H$aVm `oÊ`mgmaIr N>moQ>r PS>n H$mnm.
`mVyZ Vwåhmbm à{V_m nmhVm `oB©b.
5.6 Vw_Mr nmoQ>}~b S>mH©$ê$_ AmVm dmnaÊ`mgmR>r V`ma Pmbr. Vwåhr Vr H$moR>ohr
ñQw>bmda R>ody eH$mb Am{U _¡XmZmdaÀ`m qH$dm H$moUË`mhr _moH$ù`m OmJoVë`m
bmoH$m§gmR>r Iwë`m H$m`©H«$_mgmR>r dmnê$ eH$mb.

5.7
AmUIr JS>X A§Yma H$aUo … `m S>mH©$ê$__Ybm A§Yma Oa JS>X H$am`Mm Agob Va
Ë`mgmR>r nwT>rb nÕV dmnaVm `oB©b. gmYmaUnUo Ë`mM AmH$mamM§ AmUIr EH$ ImoH§$ ¿`m.
Vw_À`m nmoQ>}~b S>mH©$ê$_bm Á`m _mnmM§ ^moH$ Amho, Ë`mM _mnmMr XmoZ ^moHo$ `m ImoŠ`mÀ`m
g_moamg_moaÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy§Zm nmS>m. ho XmoZ ^moH$m§M§ ImoH§$ Vw_À`m S>mH©$ê$_À`m ImoŠ`mÀ`m
~amo~a g_moa, Ë`mbm {MH$Q>dyZ R>odb§ H$s VrZhr ^moH§$ EH$m gai aofoV `oVrb. `m_wio
~mhoê$Z AmV `oUmam àH$me AmUIr AS>dbm OmB©b Am{U nS>ÚmOdiMm A§Yma AmUIr
dmT>ob.
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XyaXeu A§Va_mnH$ … V`ma H$am Am{U dmnam.

6.1 XyaXeu A§Va_mnH$ V`ma H$aUo …

1) _mD§$Q>~moS>©Mo XmoZ VwH$S>o dmnê$Z EH$mV EH$ ghO gaH$Vrb Aem {ÌH$moUr AmH$mamÀ`m XmoZ
Zù`m V`ma H$am. Zù`m ghOnUo nwT>o-_mJo gaH$ë`m nm{hOoV, \$ma g¡b ZH$moV qH$dm \$ma KÅ>
ZH$moV. AmVbr Zir g¡b ~gV Agob Va {VÀ`m H$S>m§da {MH$Q>nÅ>r bmdm. {ÌH$moUm§Mr ~mOy 10 Vo
11 go_r Agob.

2) \«w$Q>r Á`ygMo qH$dm Ymam VobmMo ImoHo$ ¿`m. Vo nyU© CbJS>m Am{U ñdÀN> YwdyZ ¿`m. \$moQ>moV
XmIdë`mà_mUo Ë`mMo EH$ {ÌH$moUr PmH$U ~ZdyZ Vo XyaXe©H$mÀ`m {ÌH$moUr Zirbm ~gdm. a~a~±S>Zo
Vo KÅ> ~gdVm `oB©b.
3) `m PmH$UmÀ`m _Ü`^mJr EH$ 55 {__r ì`mgmMo JmobmH$ma ^moH$ nmS>m. AmVm `m PmH$UmV
Vwåhr {Za{Zamir q^Jo, {Za{Zamir A°nM©g© bmdy eH$mb. ho àË`oH$ q^J {H$§dm A°nM©a {ÌH$moUr
AmH$mamÀ`m PmH$UmÀ`m hmoëS>a_Ü`o ~gdmdo bmJob.

4) `m PmH$UmV ~amo~a ~gVrb Ago 4 {ÌH$moU \«w$Q>r n°H$nmgyZ H$mnyZ ¿`m. OmñV g¡b ZH$mo,
OmñV KÅ> ZH$mo.

5) EH$m {ÌH$moUmÀ`m _Ü`^mJr 10 {__r ì`mgmMo Jmob ^moH$ nmS>m Am{U Vmo {ÌH$moU PmH$UmV
~gdyZ PmH$U Zirda bmdm. (\$moQ>moV XmIdë`mà_mUo). BVa 3 {ÌH$moUm§_Ü`o 20 {__r, 5
{__r Am{U 3 {__r ì`mgmMr ^moHo$ nmS>m. AmVm Vw_À`mH$S>o 4 {Za{Zamù`m _mnm§Mr A°nM©g© V`ma
Pmbr, 10 {__r, 20 {__r, 5 {__r Am{U 3 {__r.

6>) `mVbo EH$ A°nM©a Vw_À`m A§Va_mnH$mÀ`m

{ÌH$moUr PmH$UmV ~gdm.

Vw_Mm XyaXeu A§Va_mnH$ V`ma Pmbm. $

 XyaXeu A§Va_mnH$ dmnaUo …
1. EH$ ßb°pñQ>H$Mm M|Sy> ¿`m. Ë`mMm ì`mg _moOm. g_Om Vmo 6 go_r Amho. hm M|Sy> ImobrÀ`m
EH$m Q>moH$mbm ñQw>bmda R>odm.

2. ImobrÀ`m Xwgè`m Q>moH$mbm gmYmaU Ë`mM C§MrÀ`m ñQw>bmda Vw_Mm A§Va_mnH$ R>odm. {ÌH$moUr
PmH$UmV 10 {__rMo A°nM©a bmdm. A§Va_mnH$mÀ`m Xwgè`m _moH$ù`m ~mOyZo nhm. A§Va_mnH$mÀ`m
Zù`m AmV~mhoa gaH$dyZ Ë`mMr bm§~r Aer H$am, H$s Ë`m ^moH$mV Vwåhmbm M|Sy> ~amo~a ~gbobm
{Xgob. Vw_À`m S>moù`mnmgyZ A°nM©an`ªVMo A§Va _moOm. g_Om Vo d Amho.

3. AmVm `mdê$Z Vw_À`m S>moù`mnmgyZ M|Sy>Mo ( l ) A§Va nwT>rbà_mUo H$mT>m …

M|Sy>Mm ì`mg / M|Sy>Mo A§Va = A°nM©aMm ì`mg / A°nM©aMo A§Va

60 {__r / l = 10 {__r / d
l = d x (60/10)

AmnU d _moObobm Amho. Ë`m_wio Amnë`mbm l H$mT>Vm `oB©b. AmVm Q>onZo l ho A§Va àË`j _moOm
Am{U Vw_Mo {heo~mZo H$mT>bobo A§Va {H$Vr {~ZMyH$ Ambo Vo nhm.

Q>rn … n«`moJmZo Ambobo A§Va Am{U àË`j _moOyZ H$mT>bobo A§Va \$º$ Odinmg Agob, AJXr
gmaIo Zgob.
6.3 _¡XmZmMr bm§~r _moOUo …

Vw_À`m EH$m {_ÌmMr / _¡{ÌUrMr C§Mr _moOm. Vwåhr Vw_Mm A§Va_mnH$ KoD$Z _¡XmZmÀ`m EH$m
~mOybm C^o ahm Am{U {_Ìmbm _¡XmZmÀ`m XyaÀ`m Q>moH$mbm OmD$Z C^o ahm`bm gm§Jm. Vw_À`m
A§Va_mnH$mVyZ Ë`mbm / {Vbm nhm. A°nM©g© ~XbyZ Am{U Zù`m AmV~mhoa H$ê$Z Aem VèhoZo
_m§S>Ur H$am H$s Ë`m A°nM©a_Ü`o Vw_Mm {_Ì ~amo~a _mdbobm {Xgbm nm{hOo. A°nM©aMo A§Va
_moOm. Ë`mdê$Z Am{U {_ÌmÀ`m C§Mrdê$Z Vmo {H$Vr A§Vamda C^m Amho Vo darb gyÌmZo H$mT>Vm
`oB©b. Ë`mZ§Va _¡XmZmMr bm§~r _moOyZ Vw_Mo CÎma nS>VmiyZ nhm.
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A§Va_mnH$ dmnê$Z gy`m©M§ Amnë`mnmgyZM§ A§Va Am{U gy`m©Mm ì`mg `m§M§ JwUmoÎma H$mT>Uo.

7.1 A°nM©ada gy`©Mî_m bmdyZ qH$dm S>moù`m§da gy`©Mî_m bmdyZ `m A§Va_mnH$mMm dmna
gy`m©H$S>o nmhÊ`mgmR>rhr H$aVm `oB©b. {ZXm}f gy`©Mî_m bmdë`m{edm` H$Yrhr gy`m©H$S>o WoQ> nmhÿ
ZH$m. (gy`m}X` Am{U gy`m©ñVmMr doi dJiVm) 5 {__rMo A°nM©a dmnam. gy`© Ooìhm `m ^moH$mV
~amo~a ~gob Voìhm A§Va_mnH$mMr bm§~r gw_mao 55 go_r Agob.

na§Vw gy`© hm Ho$di EH$ XyañW M|Sy> Amho.

7.2
AmVm AmnU gy`m©M§ Amnë`mnmgyZM§ A§Va Am{U Ë`mMm ì`mg `mM§ JwUmoÎma H$mTy> eHy$. (H¥$Vr 6.2
nhm).
gy`m©Mm ì`mg / gy`m©M§ A§Va
= A°nM©aMm ì`mg / A°nM©aM§ S>moù`mnmgyZM§ A§Va
= A°nM©aMm ì`mg / A§Va_mnH$mMr bm§~r
= (0.5)/55 = 1 / 110
`mdê$Z Amnë`mbm g_OV§ H$s, gy`m©Mm ì`mg {OVH$m Amho Ë`mÀ`m 110 nQ> Ë`mM§ A§Va
Amho.

7.3
5 {__r ì`mgmM§ ^moH$ nmS>boë`m H$mS>m©bm gy`©Mî_m bmdyZ hmVmV Yê$Zhr hm à`moJ H$aVm
`oB©b. H$mS>© Am{U S>moù`mVb§ A§Va ~XbV gy`© ^moH$mV ~amo~a ~gob Aem OmJr H$mS>© Yam.
^moH$mM§ S>moù`mnmgyZM§ A§Va _moOm.
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{Za{Zamù`m àH$mao 110
8.1
_Ü`^mJr ^moH$ Agbob§ H$mi§ H$mS>© {nZhmob àmoOoŠQ>agmaI§ dmnam Am{U O{_Zrda
gy`m©Mr à{V_m {_idm.

à{V_oM§ {nZhmobnmgyZM§ A§Va 'r' _moOm. à{V_oMm ì`mg 'd' _moOm. (AmH¥$Vr nhm).
'r' bm 'd' Zo ^mJm. r/d {H$Vr Amb§?

Sun
S
gy`©
r Pinhole/lens
d {nZhmob/q^J

Sun’s image screen

gy`m©Mr à{V_m
8.2
{nZhmob O{_ZrnmgyZ Xya Yê$Z r ho A§Va dmT>dm. à{V_oMm AmH$ma dmT>ob. nwÝhm d _moOm.
r/d Mr qH$_V H$mT>m.

{Za{Zamio r KoD$Z hm à`moJ nwÝhmnwÝhm H$am. Xadoir r Am{U d _moOm Am{U r/d H$mT>m.
`mM§ CÎma Zoh_rM 100 À`m Odinmg `oB©b.

8.3
~{hd©H«$ q^JmZo gy`m©Mr à{V_m ¿`m. à{V_m aoIrd `oB©b Aem OmJr q^J Yam.
r Am{U d _moOm. (`mdoir r = q^JmMo Zm^r` A§Va )
r/d Mr qH$_V H$mT>m. nwÝhm Vwåhmbm 100 À`m Odinmg CÎma {_iob.
8.4
M|Sy> AmaemMm gy`©Xe©H$ dmnê$Z gy`m©Mr à{V_m {_idm. AmaemnmgyZ à{V_oMo A§Va ( r )
_moOm Am{U à{V_oMm ì`mg (d) _moOm. r/d Mr qH$_V H$mT>m. {Za{Zamù`m A§Vam§gmR>r hm
à`moJ H$am Am{U r/d H$mT>m. ho CÎma Xadoir 100 À`m Amgnmg `oB©b. Vwåhr AJXr
{~ZMyH$ _moO_mn Ho$b§V Va ho CÎma Zoh_r 110 `oB©b.

{nZhmob àmoOoŠQ>a, ~{hd©H«$ q^J qH$dm M|Sy> AmaemMm gy`©Xe©H$. CÎma Zoh_r 110 M H$m
`oV§?

H$maU gy`m©À`m ì`mgmÀ`m 110 nQ> BVH§$ Ë`mM§ Amnë`mnmgyZM§ A§Va Amho.
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_moR>çm Zm^r` A§VamM§ ~{hd©H«$ q^J

~{hd©H«$ q^J gy`m©Mm àH$me EH$Ì Jmoim H$aV§ Agm gd©gmYmaU g_O AgVmo. q^JmM§
Zm^r` A§Va bhmZ Agob VaM ho Ia§ Amho. q^JmM§ Zm^r` A§Va OgOg§ dmT>V§ VgVgm
gy`m©À`m à{V_oMm AmH$ma dmT>V OmVmo. Ë`mM§ gyÌ {nZhmob àmoOoŠQ>agmaI§M `oV§.

gy`m©À`m à{V_oMm ì`mg = q^JmM§ Zm^r` A§Va / 110

Iyn _moR>çm Zm^r` A§VamÀ`m q^JmVyZ

Amnë`mbm gy`m©Mr _moR>r à{V_m {_iy
eH$Vo, q^JmÀ`m ì`mgmnojmhr _moR>r.

Zd{Z{_©VrZo 4 _rQ>a Am{U 10 _rQ>a

Zm^r` A§VamMr q^Jo {dH${gV Ho$br AmhoV.
`mVrb Xwgè`m q^JmZo 9 go_r nojm
_moR>r gy`m©Mr à{V_m {_iVo.
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M|Sy>-AmaemÀ`m gy`©Xe©H$m~amo~a _moR>çm Zm^r` A§VamM§ ~{hd©H«$ q^J

_moR>çm Zm^r` A§VamÀ`m q^JmZo Amnë`mbm gy`m©Mr _moR>r à{V_m {_idVm `oVo ho AmnU H$mS>©
H«$. 9 _Ü`o nm{hbo. ñnï> Am{U aoIrd à{V_m {_idm`Mr Va {^§J Am{U nS>Xm `mVb§ A§Va
Ë`mÀ`m Zm^r` A§VamBVH§$ Agm`bm hd§.

10 _rQ>a Zm^r` A§VamÀ`m q^JmVyZ aoIrd à{V_m {_idm`Mr Va Amnë`mbm 3 _Obr

B_maVrÀ`m Jƒrda OmD$Z q^J Yamdo bmJob Am{U O{_Zrda à{V_m ¿`mdr bmJob. ho Xadoir
eŠ` Am{U gmo`rM§ AgobM Ag§ Zmhr. gy`© ~amo~a S>moŠ`mda AgVmZm Or Jƒr `mo½` C§Mrda
Agob Vr gH$mir 9 dmOVm qH$dm Xwnmar 3 dmOVm gmo`rMr Zgob.

M|Sy>da _mD§$Q> Ho$bobm Amagm (H$mS>© H«$. 4) Amnë`mbm H$moUË`mhr doir H$moUË`mhr OmJr
_moR>çm Zm^r` A§VamÀ`m ~{hd©H«$ q^JmZo gy`m©Mr à{V_m ¿`m`bm _XV H$aVmo. gy`© AmH$memV
H$moR>ohr Agbm Varhr Vmo Amnë`mbm "O{_Zrer g_m§Va" gy`© XoVmo.

10.1
M|Sy> AmaemÀ`m gy`©Xe©H$mZo gy`m©Mr à{V_m {_idm. Ë`m Amaemg_moa _moR>çm Zm^r` A§VamMo
q^J Aem VèhoZo Yam H$s AmaemVyZ namd{V©V Pmbobo {H$aU q^JmVyZ Amanma OmVrb. gy`m©Mr
ñnï> Am{U aoIrd à{V_m {_iob Aer VèhoZo Vw_Mm nS>Xm _mJonwT>o H$am.
-
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H$moZ … dVw©iH§$gmMr bm§~r Am{U {ÌÁ`oÀ`m JwUmoÎmamÀ`m énmV
11.1
ABC hm 30o Mm H$moZ H$mT>m. AmH¥$Vr nhm. BA Am{U BC ho aofmI§S> Vw_À`m H$mJXmda
eŠ` {VVHo$ nwT>o dmT>dm. A 3

A2

A1
S3
A S2
S1

30o
B C C1 C2 C3

B hm H|$Ð Yê$Z H$§nmgÀ`m ghmæ`mZo 3 H§$g H$mT>m … S , S , Am{U S . 1 2 3

11.2
S hm H§$g BA `m aofmI§S>mbm OoWo N>oXVmo Ë`m q~Xybm A ho Zmd Úm Am{U Vmo BC bm OoWo
1 1

N>oXVmo Ë`mbm C ho Zmd Úm.

1

VgoM S hm H§$g BA Am{U BC `m aofmI§S>m§Zm OoWo N>oXVmo Ë`m q~Xy§Zm A Am{U C Aer Zmdo
2 2 2

Úm. Ë`mMà_mUo Amnë`mbm A Am{U C ho q~Xy {_iVmV.

3 3

11.3
Xmoè`mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo A Am{U C _Yrb H§$gmMr bm§~r _moOm. {Vbm x åhUy.
1 1 1

nÅ>rZo {ÌÁ`m r _moOm. ( BA Mr bm§~r)

1 1

Ë`mMà_mUo A Am{U C _Yrb H§$gmMr bm§~r x _moOm. BA Mr bm§~r r _moOm.

2 2 2 2 2

x Am{U r _moOm.
3 3

11.4
H°$bŠ`wboQ>a dmnê$Z x bm r Zo ^mJm.
1 1

x bm r Zo ^mJm.
2 2

x bm r Zo ^mJm.
3 3

Vwåhmbm H$m` {XgV§? ( hr VrZhr CÎma§ Odinmg gmaIrM AgVrb.)

`m JwUmoÎmambm "JwUmoÎma(30)" Ag§ Zmd XoD$.
11.5
AmVm 60 A§emMm H$moZ H$mT>m Am{U 11.1 Vo 11.4 `m H¥$Vr Ë`m H$moZm~amo~a naV H$am.
åhUOo
- VrZ H§$g H$mT>m.
- H§$gm§Mr bm§~r _moOm.
- VrZ {ÌÁ`m _moOm.
- àË`oH$ H§$gmÀ`m bm§~rbm Ë`mÀ`m {ÌÁ`oZo ^mJyZ VrZ JwUmoÎmao {_idm.
H$m` {XgV§? `m VrZhr JwUmoÎmam§Mr {H$§_V Odinmg gmaIrM {Xgob.
`m JwUmoÎmambm "JwUmoÎma(60)" Ag§ Zmd Úm.

11.6
darbà_mUoM 90 A§emMm H$moZ H$mT>m Am{U "JwUmoÎma(90)" Mr {H$§_V H$mT>m.

11.7
JwUmoÎma(30), JwUmoÎma(60), Am{U JwUmoÎma(90) `m§Mr VwbZm H$am.
Vwåhr Oa darb gd© H¥$Vr {~ZMyH$ Ho$ë`m AgVrb Va Vwåhmbm nwT>rb qH$_Vr {_iVrb.

JwUmoÎma(30) = 0.52
JwUmoÎma(60) = 1.05
JwUmoÎma(90) = 1.57

Ooìhm Vwåhr H$moZmMo _mn 30 A§emdê$Z 60 A§e Ho$bo, åhUOoM H$moZ XwßnQ> Ho$bm Voìhm Vw_Mo
JwUmoÎma 0.52 dê$Z 1.05 åhUOo XwßnQ> Pmbo. Ooìhm H$moZ {VßnQ> Ho$bm Voìhm JwUmoÎma {VßnQ>
Pmbo.

11.8
360 A§emÀ`m H$moZmMo ho JwUmoÎma {H$Vr `oB©b?
r `m {ÌÁ`oÀ`m H§$gmMo _mn 2 x π x r BVHo$, åhUOo 2πr Agob.
Ë`m_wio H§$gmMo _mn Am{U {ÌÁ`m `m§Mo JwUmoÎma 2 x π åhUOo 6.28 `oB©b.
11.9
AmYrÀ`m H¥$Vtdê$Z Amnë`m bjmV `oV§ H$s,
- Ooìhm H$moZ dmT>Vmo Voìhm Ë`mM à_mUmV ho JwUmoÎma dmT>V§.
- H$moUË`mhr EH$m H$moZmgmR>r ho JwUmoÎma pñWa AgV§.
- Oa EH$ JwUmoÎma {Xb§ Agob, Va Vo EH$mM {d{eï> H$moZmM§ JwUmoÎma AgV§. g_mZ
H$moZm§M§ JwUmoÎma g_mZ AgV§.

Ë`m_wio "H§$gmMr bm§~r ^m{Jbo {ÌÁ`m" ho JwUmoÎma H$moZmMo n[a_mU åhUyZ dmnaVm `oV§.
H$moZ _moOÊ`mÀ`m `m nÕVrbm H$moZmMo "ao{S>`Z" _mn åhUVmV.

360 A§emÀ`m H$moZmMo ao{S>`Z _mn {H$Vr?

180 A§emÀ`m H$moZmMo ao{S>`Z _mn {H$Vr?
90 A§emÀ`m H$moZmMo ao{S>`Z _mn {H$Vr?
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$ Amoi§ã`mMm H$moZ_mnH qH$dm XJS>-XmoarMm H$moZ_mnH$.
Y«wdVmè`mZo {jVrOmÀ`m nmVirer Ho$bobm H$moZ Vwåhmbm _moOVm `oVmo H$m? ewH«$, qH$dm BVa
H$moUVmhr J«h O{_ZrnmgyZ {H$Vr H$moZmda Amho Vo _moOVm `oV§ H$m? AmH$memVë`m qH$dm
C§MmdaÀ`m dñVy§Mo H$moZ _moOÊ`mM§ EH$ gmYZ Vw_M§ Vwåhr ~Zdy eH$mb … Amoi§ã`mMm
H$moZ_mnH$ qH$dm XJS>-XmoarMm H$moZ_mnH$.
Jd§S>r qH$dm gwVma dmnaVmV Vmo Amoi§~m Vwåhr nm{hbm Agob. Amnë`m `m H$moZ_mnH$mbm EH$
Amoi§ã`mgmaIm O{_ZrH$S>o gai bm|~Umam XJS> ~m§Ybobm Xmoam AgVmo. åhUyZ `mbm
Amoi§ã`mMm H$moZ_mnH$ åhUVmV.
A _ ~

12.1
hm H$moZ_mnH$ ~ZdU§ Ia§M \$ma gmon§ Amho.
Vwåhmbm EH$ H$S>H$ nwÇ>m qH$dm ßbm`dwS> bmJob, EH$ Xmoar, Am{U XmoZ bhmZ XJS>,
Oo XmoarÀ`m XmoZ Q>moH$m§Zm bQ>H$Vrb Am{U {Vbm Amoi§ã`mgmaI§ O{_ZrH$S>o gai R>odVrb.
- gmYmaUnUo EH$ _rQ>a bm§~rMr Xmoar ¿`m.
- {VÀ`m XmoÝhr Q>moH$m§Zm XJS> ~m§Ym.
- EH$ Am`VmH$ma nwÇ>m ¿`m.
- `m nwR²>R>çmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOybm _ `m q~Xynmer EH$ N>moQ>rer ImM H$ê$Z Ë`mV XJS>
~m§Ybobr Xmoar bQ>H$dm. åhUOo XJS> nwR²>R>çmÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOy§Zm bQ>H$Vrb.
- Ooìhm A~ O{_Zrer g_m§Va Agob Voìhm Xmoar "_Z" `m aofoV gai bQ>Ho$b.

_ hm H|$Ð Am{U A~ hm ì`mg Yê$Z EH$ _moR>o AY©dVw©i Vw_À`m nwR²>R>çmda H$mT>m.
A_Z Am{U ~_Z ho XmoÝhr H$moZ 90 A§emMo AmhoV. H$moZ_mnH$mMm dmna H$ê$Z AZ `m H$§gmMo
àË`oH$s 1 A§emMo 90 g_mZ ^mJ H$am. ~Z `m H§$gmMohr àË`oH$s 1 A§emMo 90 ^mJ H$am.
- Vw_Mm Amoi§ã`mMm H$moZ_mnH$ dmnaÊ`mgmR>r V`ma Pmbm.
12.2
C§MmdaÀ`m EImÚm dñVyMm H$moZ _moOUo, CXm. g_moaÀ`m C§M PmS>mMm e|S>m.
1. AmH¥$VrV XmIdë`mà_mUo ~ nmer S>moim R>odm.
2. Amoi§ã`mMm H$moZ_mnH$ Aem VèhoZo nH$S>m, H$s A~ `m gai aofoV
PmS>mMm e|S>m (j) `oB©b.
3. bQ>H$Umar Xmoar ~Z `m H§$gmbm H$moR>o N>oXVoo Vo ZrQ> nhm.
4. H$moZ Z_Q> _moOm.
5. hm PmS>mÀ`m e|S>çmMm {jVrOnmVirer Agbobm H$moZ Amho.
j

A
_
~

Z Q>

AmVm Vw_Mm H$moZ_mnH$ KoD$Z ~mhoa {\$am Am{U Y«wdVmam, ewH«$,

Q>oH$S>rdaM§ XoD$i, _Zmoam Aem Jmoï>tMo H$moZ _moOm.
12.3
{~ZMyH$ _mn `md§ åhUyZ Amoi§ã`mÀ`m H$moZ_mnH$mbm EH$ pñWa _mD§$Q> Úmdm bmJob.
- EH$ _Ü`_ AmH$mamMm _Q>H$m ¿`m.
- Ë`mV dmiy ^am.
- Vw_À`m H$moZ_mnH$mbm EH$ C^r nÅ>r ñH«y$Zo OmoS>m.
- hr nÅ>r dmiy ^aboë`m _Q>Š`mV KÅ> ImoMyZ R>odm. _Q>Š`mV nÅ>r hbVm H$m_m Z`o.
- _Q>H$m EH$m [a¨Jda R>odm.
- AmVm dñVy Am{U aofm A~ gai aofoV bmdÊ`mgmR>r Vwåhr _Q>H$m hbdy eH$mb.
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n¥Ïdr Jmob Amho.

AmnU emioV {eH$Vmo H$s n¥Ïdr Jmob Amho. AdH$memV

H$moUË`mhr AmYmam{edm` Va§JV - bQ>H$V Agbobm Vmo EH$
_moR>m Jmoim Amho. (Ogm \w$Jm AmH$memV Va§JVmo Vgm)

`mMr H$ënZm AmnU H$er H$ê$ eH$Vmo? M§ÐmH$S>o nhm.

Amnë`mbm {XgV§, ({deofV… Xw{~©UrVyZ qH$dm Q>o{bñH$mon_YyZ
nm{hë`mda), H$s Vmo AdH$memV bQ>H$Umam EH$ _moR>m M|Sy>
Amho. AmnU Oa M§Ðmda OmD$ eH$bmo Am{U {VWyZ n¥ÏdrH$S>o
nm{hb§ Va Amnë`mbm n¥Ïdr Aer {Xgob...

Iyn nydu bmoH$m§Zm dmQ>m`M§ H$s n¥Ïdr gnmQ> Amho. Vr gnmQ>M {XgVo. Ë`m§Zm Ag§hr dmQ>m`M§
H$s H$moUr Oa gai gai MmbV {jVrOmn`ªV Job§ Va Ë`mÀ`m Q>moH$mdê$Z Vo Imbr nS>Uma.
n¥Ïdr gnmQ> ZgyZ Jmob Amho ho n{hë`m§Xm H$moUr emoYb§ Vo H$moUmbmM _mhrV Zmhr.

n¥ÏdrÀ`m Jmobì`mMm AZw^d Amnë`mbm H$mhr à`moJm§Zr KoVm `oVmo.

13.1
1) Vw_À`m {_Ìm~amo~a gy`m}X`mÀ`m ~a§M AmYr ^maVmÀ`m nyd}À`m g_wÐ{H$Zmè`mda Om. Vwåhm
XmoKm§H$S>o KS>çmi Agm`bm hd§. Vw_À`m KS>çmimVë`m doim AJXr EH$gma»`m OwidyZ
¿`m.
2) EH$mZ§ nmÊ`mÀ`m {H$Zmarer Wm§~yZ nyd}À`m {jVrOmH$S>o nhm Am{U Xwgè`mZ§ OdiÀ`m
B_maVrÀ`m Jƒrdê$Z nyd}À`m {jVrOmH$S>o nhm.
3) àË`oH$mZo gy`© {XgVmjUr doioMr AJXr ~amo~a Zm|X ¿`m`Mr.
4) Vw_À`m Ag§ bjmV `oB©b H$s C§Mmda Cä`m Agboë`m _wbmbm gy`m}X` AmYr {XgVmo
Am{U Imbr Cä`m Agboë`m _wbmbm Vmo Z§Va {XgVmo.
5) Vw_À`m Ag§hr bjmV `oB©b H$s Vwåhmbm gy`m}X` {XgÊ`mÀ`m ~a§M AmYr AmH$memVbo T>J
Jwbm~r hmoVmV. Ag§ H$m hmoV§? H$maU T>J AmH$memV ~aoM C§Mmda AgVmV Am{U Ë`m_wio
Ë`m§Zm Vw_À`m AmYr gy`© {XgVmo.
13.2
n¥Ïdr Oa gnmQ> AgVr Va T>J, JƒrdaMm {_Ì Am{U g_wÐ{H$Zmè`mdaMm {_Ì {VKm§Zmhr gy`© AJXr
EH$mM doir {Xgbm AgVm. nU n¥Ïdr Jmob Agë`m_wio doJdoJù`m C§MrdaÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm gy`m}X`
doJdoJù`m doir {XgVmo.

13.3
AgmM à`moJ Vwåhr npíM_ {H$Zmè`mdahr H$ê$ eH$Vm. Vwåhmbm H$m` {Xgob? g_wÐmV ~wS>Umè`m
gy`m©Mm eodQ>Mm {R>nH$m gdm©V eodQ>r H$moUmbm {Xgob? H$mR>mdaÀ`mbm, H$s C§MmdaÀ`mbm?

13.4
AmUIr EH$ _Zmoa§OH$ à`moJ Vwåhmbm H$aVm `oB©b. Ë`mgmR>r Vwåhmbm ^maVmÀ`m nyd© ^mJmVbm EH$
{_Ì qH$dm _¡ÌrU bmJob Am{U Vwåhr npíM_oH$S>o H$moR>oVar _w§~B©V qH$dm H$moH$UmV Agy eH$Vm.
Vw_À`m KS>çmimVë`m doim V§VmoV§V OwidyZ ¿`m. Amnmnë`m OmJr nhmQ>o Am{U g§Ü`mH$mir C^§
amhÿZ gy`m}X`mMr Am{U gy`m©ñVmMr doi Zm|Xdm. Vw_À`m Ag§ bjmV `oB©b H$s nyd}H$S>o gy`© bdH$a
CJdVmo Am{U bdH$a _mdiVmo.

Ag§ H$m?
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n¥ÏdrM§ n[adbZ
gy`© amoO CJdVmo Am{U _mdiVmo. M§Ð Am{U BVa J«h-Vmaohr CJdVmV Am{U _mdiVmV. gy`©
M§Ð Am{U J«h-Vmè`m§gh gJi§ AmH$meM Amnë`m^modVr {\$aV AgV§.
AZoH$ eVH$m§nydu Amnë`m nyd©Om§Zr Agm emoY bmdbm H$s n¥Ïdr Jmob Amho Am{U AmnU EH$m
_moR>çm M|Sy>À`m n¥ð>^mJmda amhVmo. (H$mS>© H«$. 13)

hm _moR>m M|Sy> Oa pñWa Zgob, ñdV…^modVr {\$aV Agob, Va M|Sy>daÀ`m _mUgm§Zm AmH$me
Ë`m§À`m^modVr {\$aVmZm {Xgob. (n¥Ïdr Oar JmobmH$ma ZgVr, R>moH$ù`mgmaIr qH$dm BVa
H$moUË`mhr AmH$mamMr AgVr, Varhr {VÀ`m ñdV…^modVr {\$aÊ`m_wio AmH$me Amnë`m^modVr
{\$aV§` Ag§M dmQ>b§ AgV§.)

`mMm AZw^d AmnU Imbrb à`moJ H$ê$Z KoD$ eH$Vmo.

O{_Zrda EH$ _moR>m Jmob AmIm, gmYmaUnUo 2 _rQ>a {ÌÁ`oMm. Vwåhr _Ü`^mJr C^o ahm Am{U
Vw_À`m {_Ìmbm/_¡{ÌUrbm Jmobmda C^§ H$am.
Vwåhr pñWa ahm. Vw_À`m {_ÌmZo Jmobmda MmbV ahm`Mo. Vmo Vw_À`m^modVr {\$aVmo Amho,
n[a^«_U H$aVmo Amho Ago {Xgob. g_Om, Vw_Mr S>mdr ~mOy åhUOo nyd© Amho Am{U Vw_Mr
COdr ~mOy åhUOo npíM_ Amho. Vw_À`m {_Ìmbm Jmobmda Vw_À`m S>mdrH$Sy>Z Vw_À`m COì`m
{Xeobm Mmbm`bm gm§Jm. Vmo Ooìhm Vw_À`m g_moa Agob Voìhm Vmo Vwåhmbm {Xgob. Ooìhm Vmo
Vw_À`m _mJo Agob Voìhm Vmo Vwåhmbm {XgUma Zmhr. AmVm H$ënZm H$am, Vr Vw_Mm {_Ì åhUOo
gy`© Amho. Vw_À`m "g_moa" åhUOo "AmH$memV da" Am{U Am{U "_mJo" åhUOo Imbr. Vw_Mm {_Ì
åhUOo gy`©, nyd}bm CJdob Am{U npíM_obm _mdiob. AYm© doi Vmo Vwåhmbm {Xgob, Voìhm {Xdg
Agob. Am{U AYm© doi amÌ.

14.2
AmVm Vw_À`m {_Ìmbm Jmobmda EH$m OmJr pñWa C^§ ahm`bm gm§Jm. Vwåhr OmJÀ`mOmJr
ñdV…^modVr Jmob {\$am. Vwåhr Ooìhm COdrH$Sy>Z S>mdrH$S>o {\$amb Voìhm Vw_Mm {_Ì nyd}bm
(Vw_À`m S>mdrH$S>o) CJdob Am{U npíM_obm _mdiob. AYm© doi {Xdg Agob Am{U AYm© doi
amÌ.
AmH$me Amnë`m^modVr {\$aV§` H$m? H$m AmH$me pñWa Amho Am{U AmnU EH$m {JaH$s KoUmè`m
M|Sy>da Agë`m_wio AmH$me {\$aV Agë`mgmaI§ dmQ>V§`?
14.3
BgdrgZ nyd© 350 À`m gw_mambm hoamŠbrS>rg, h¡goQ>mg Am{U EŠ\$m§Q>g `m VrZ J«rH$
IJmobemókm§Zr Ag§ _m§S>b§ H$s n¥Ïdr ñdV…^modVr {\$aVo Am{U åhUyZ AmH$me Amnë`m^modVr
{\$aV Agë`mgmaI§ dmQ>V§. na§Vw Ë`mH$miÀ`m àñWm{nV n§{S>Vm§Zr hm {dMma _mÝ` Ho$bm Zmhr.
Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV A°[añQ>m°Q>b Am{U Q>m°b_rZo n¥ÏdrH|${ÐV {dídmMr H$ënZmM nwT>o _m§S>br..

14.4
Wmoa ^maVr` IJmobemók Am`©^Å>mZohr 5 ì`m eVH$mV n¥Ïdr {\$aVo Aer H$ënZm _m§S>br.

Am`©^{Q>`_²_Ü`o Vmo {b{hVmo, "hmoS>rV ~gyZ nwT>o OmUmè`m _mUgmbm Oem (Xwgè`m
{H$Zmè`mdaÀ`m) pñWa dñVy _mJo OmVmZm {XgVmV, VgoM b§Ho$Vë`m _mUgm§Zm
({dfwdd¥ÎmmdaÀ`m) pñWa Vmao ~amo~a npíM_oH$S>o OmVmZm {XgVmV."

AmO AmnU gJio {eH$Vmo H$s AmnU {\$aË`m n¥Ïdrda amhVmo. na§Vw hm Ñï>rH$moU H$mon{Z©H$g
Am{U J°{b{bAmo `oB©n`ªV H$mhr gd©_mÝ` Pmbobm ZìhVm. gw_mao 2000 df}, J«rg_Ybm
hoamŠbrS>rg Am{U ^maVmVbm Am`©^Å> `m§À`mgmaIo H$mhr AndmX dJiVm, OdiOdi gd©OU
Ag§ _mZV hmoVo, H$s Amnë`mbm Og§ {XgV§, Vg§M AgV§. "Og§ {XgV§ Vg§M Xadoir Agob
Ag§ Zmhr" ho OJmZ§ ñdrH$mam`bm Iyn _moR>§ YmS>g Am{U ~«wZmogma»`m _mUgm§M§ ~{bXmZ Omd§
bmJb§. n{dÌ J«§Wm§_Ü`o Oo {Xb§ Amho Vo Ia§ AgobM Ag§ Zmhr. gË`mn`ªV nmohmoMÊ`mgmR>r Ñí`
Jmoï>tÀ`m nbrH$S>o Omd§ bmJV§ ho Ë`mZ§Va OJmbm H$ib§.
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Y«wdVmam nmhUo

15.1
- Vw_À`m Amoi§ã`mÀ`m H$moZ_mnH$mda A~ `m aofoV EH$ nmoH$i Zir ~gdm. (H$mS>© H«$. 12
nhm) hr Zir Aê§$X Am{U gai hdr. Ë`m_YyZ Vmè`m§gma»`m XyaÀ`m dñVy nmhVm Amë`m
nm{hOoV.

15.2
- amÌrÀ`m doir _moH$ù`m OmJr Om Am{U Vw_M§ ho CnH$aU C§M ñQy>bmda R>odm.
- Vr Zir Q>o{bñH$mongmaIr qH$dm ~§XwH$sgmaIr dmnê$Z Ë`m ZirVyZ nhmV H$moUË`mhr EH$m
Vmè`mMm / Mm§XUrMm Zo_ Yam.

15.3
~m°b qH$dm Zir A{O~mV hby Z XoVm 15 {_{ZQ>m§Zr nwÝhm ZirVyZ nhm. Hw$R>o Jobr Vr Mm§XUr?
AmVm Vr ZirVyZ {XgV Zmhr. Ago H$m?

15.4
AmH$memV CÎmaoH$S>o Y«wdVmam emoYm. Vw_À`m M|Sy>Mr Zir Y«wdVmè`mda bmdm. ZirVyZ Y«wdVmam
nhm. ~m°b qH$dm Zir hby Z XoVm 15 {_{ZQ>m§Zr nhm. Y«wdVmam AOyZhr ZirVyZ {XgVmo.
15.5
Vwåhr 1 Vmg, 2 Vmg, 3 Vmg, 30 Vmg, 3 {Xdg, 3 AmR>dS>o, 3 _{hZo {H$Vrhr
{Xdgm§Zr nm{hb§ Varhr Y«wdVmam {VWoM Agob.

H$maU Y«wdVmam AmH$memV A{O~mV hmbV Zmhr. (Ia§ Va Vmo AJXr WmoS>mgm hbVmo,
nU BVH$m WmoS>m H$s Vo bjmV `oV Zmhr. AJXr Aê§$X Q>çy~ KoD$Z hm à`moJ Ho$bm Va
H$Xm{MV Vwåhmbm Vr hmbMmb {Xgob.)

15.6
Y«wdVmam gmoSy>Z gJio J«hVmao AmH$memV {\$aVmV.
Y«wdVmam Zoh_r pñWa H$m amhVmo?
H$maU n¥ÏdrMm Aj hm ^modè`mÀ`m AjmgmaIm Amho, Zoh_r EH$mM {XeoZo amhUmam.
Y«wdVmam Ë`m AjmÀ`m {Xeobm Amho. Xwga§ H$maU åhUOo Y«wdVmam n¥ÏdrnmgyZ BVH$m,
BVH$m Xya Amho H$s n¥Ïdr gy`m©^modVr {\$ê$Z Ambr Varhr Vr hmbMmb Ë`mÀ`m
A§VamÀ`m _mZmZo ZJÊ` Amho.
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EH$m {XdgmV {H$Vr {_{ZQ>o?
n¥ÏdrÀ`m n[adbZmMm doJ _moOUo
Amnë`mbm gJù`m§Zm _mhrV Amho H$s n¥Ïdr ñdV…^modVrMr EH$ \o$ar 24 VmgmV nyU© H$aVo.
EH$m {XdgmV {H$Vr {_{ZQ>o AgVmV Voo AmnU ñdV… _moOyZ nmhÿ `m.
16.1
AmnU ñdV… n¥ÏdrM§ n[adbZ nmhÿ`m. M|Sy>-AmaemMm gy`©Xe©H$ (H$mS>© H«$. 4) dmnê$Z
gmYmaU 30 _rQ>a A§VamdaÀ`m A§Ymè`m ImobrVrb q^Vrda gy`m©Mr à{V_m ¿`m.

16.2
Vw_À`m bjmV `oB©b H$s hr à{V_m EH$mOmJr pñWa amhV Zmhr. Vr gaH$Vo. 30 _rQ>a
A§Vamdê$Z KoVbobr à{V_m EH$m {_{ZQ>mbm gmYmaUnUo 13 go_r gaHo$b.

16.3
- EH$m {_{ZQ>mV à{V_m {H$Vr gaH$br Vo OmñVrOmñV AMyH$nUo _moOm.
16.4
à{V_m Á`m dVw©imV {\$aV Amho Ë`mMr {ÌÁ`m eŠ` {VVŠ`m AMyH$nUo _moOm. ( Oa q^Vrda
nS>Umao {H$aU q^Vrer H$mQ>H$moZ H$aV AgVrb Va hr {ÌÁ`m åhUOo Amagm Am{U
q^Vr_Yrb A§Va Amho.

16.5
`m dVw©imMr {ÌÁ`m _moOm. EH$m {_{ZQ>mV à{V_m [H$Vr gaH$Vo Vo Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho.

16.6
Ë`mdê$Z g§nyU© dVw©imH$ma A§Va Om`bm {H$Vr doi bmJob Vo H$mT>m.

Vw_M§ CÎma 1440 {_{ZQ>m§À`m Odi Amb§ H$m? Ag§ H$m?

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Ajm§e
Y«wdVmè`mMm H$moZ …

Amnë`m Amoi§ã`mÀ`m H$moZ_mnH$mÀ`m _XVrZo (H$mS>©

H«$. 12) Y«wdVmè`mMm H$moZ _moOyZ AmnU EH$m JmobmH$ma
n¥ð>^mJmda AmhmoV ho Amnë`mbm g_OyZ KoVm `oV§.

{X„r_Ü`o Amnë`mbm hm H$moZ 28o BVH$m {_iVmo.

_w§~B©_Ü`o Vmo 18o BVH$m {_iVmo. {VédZ§Vnwa_bm
Y«wdVmam {jVrOmÀ`m Odi {Xgob.

OgOgo AmnU CÎmaoH$S>o OmVmo VgVgm Y«wdVmè`mZo

{jVrOmer Ho$bobm H$moZ hiyhiy dmT>V OmVmo. AmnU
CËVa Y«wdmda Agbmo Va Y«wdVmam AmH$memV ~amo~a
S>moŠ`mda {Xgob. (AmH¥$Vr nhm.) X{jUoH$S>o OmD$
bmJb§ H$s {dfwdd¥Îmmda nmohmoMon`ªV hm H$moZ H$_r H$_r
hmoV OmB©b. {dfwdd¥Îmmda Cä`m Agboë`m _mUgmbm
Y«wdVmam ~amo~a {jVrOmda {Xgob. {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ`mhr
X{jUobm Job§ Va Y«wdVmam A{O~mV {XgUma Zmhr.
Pla

Direction of
ne

Dhruvatara
of
Ho

17.2 Vw_Mo Ajm§e _moOm …

rizo

Vw_À`m Amoi§ã`mÀ`m H$moZ_mnH$mZ§ Y«wdVmè`mZo

n

o
28
{jVrOmer Ho$bobm H$moZ _moOm. A°Q>bg_Ü`o nmhÿZ
o
(90-28)
Vw_À`m JmdmMo Ajm§e emoYm. ho H$moZ gma»`m _mnmMo o
28
AgVrb. Ago H$m? o
28

hr AmH¥$Vr nhm. `mV 28 A§e Ajm§emda EH$ ì`º$s

C^r Agob Va Y«wdVmamhr {jVrOmer 28 A§emMm H$moZ
H$m H$aVmo ho Vwåhmbm bjmV `oB©b.
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n¥Ïdr Ho$dT>r Amho?

18.1
^maVmMm ZH$mem nhm.

Amnë`mbm Ag§ {XgV§ H$s ~|Jbmoa Am{U {X„r

EH$_oH$m§À`m gmYmaUnUo CÎma-X{jUog AmhoV.

{d_mZmgmaI§ AJXr gai aofoVb§ A§Va nm{hb§ Va

~|Jbmoa-{X„r A§Va gmYmaU 1700 {H$_r Amho.

~|JbmoaMo Ajm§e 13 Am{U {X„rMo 28 .

o o

Ë`m§À`m Ajm§emVbm \$aH$ 15 o

AmVm EH$ gmYm {heo~ H$ê$. Imbrb AmH¥$Vr nhm. 15 A§emMm H$moZ åhUOo n¥ÏdrÀ`m
n¥ð>^mJmdaMm 1700 {H$_r Mm dVw©iH§$g. Va Ë`m dVw©imMm narK {H$Vr? gmon§ Amho.

o
{X„r 28 A§em§da
o
15 ~|Jbmoa 13 A§em§da

narK 360 A§emÀ`m à_mUmV AgUma. åhUOo Vmo (360/15) 1700 {H$_r .
åhUOo n¥ÏdrMm narK gw_mao 40,800 {H$_r Amho.
18.3
gw_mao 2200 dfmªnydu Ba°Q>moñWo{ZgZo AemM nÕVrZo n¥ÏdrMm narK n{hë`m§Xm _moObm. Ë`mbm
_mhrV hmoVo H$s 21 OyZbm _Ü`mÝhdoir gm`rZ `m {R>H$mUr gy`© ~amo~a S>moŠ`mda AgVmo. Ë`mM
{Xder
AboŠPm§{S´>`m `oWo Vmo AmH$memV gdm©V C§M OmJr AgVmZm ~amo~a S>moŠ`mda ZgVmo. Ë`mdoir Vmo
{jVrOnmVirer 83 A§emMm H$moZ H$aVmo. `mMm AW© Agm H$s gm`rZ Am{U AboŠPm§{S´>`m `m§À`m
Aem§em§_Yrb \$aH$ 7 A§e. Ë`mbm ho XoIrb _mhrV hmoV§ H$s hr XmoZ {R>H$mU§ EH$_oH$m§À`m
X{jU-CÎmaobm AmhoV Am{U Ë`m§À`mVb§ A§Va gw_mao 800 {H$_r. `mdê$Z Ë`mZ§ H$mT>b§ H$s :
n¥ÏdrMm narK (360 / 7)  800 {H$_r.

er
a nc
of C
p ic
a Tro
Alexandria
a tor
Sun's Rays a Equ n
o
pric
Syene ic of C
p
Tro

Syene
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n¥Ïdr Ho$dT>r Amho?
doi _moOyZ n¥ÏdrMm AmH$ma _moOm.

^maVmÀ`m nyd}bm (CXm. ^wdZoídabm) Vw_Mm EImXm {_Ì / _¡ÌrU Amho H$m? Vwåhr
npíM_oH$S>o Agy eH$Vm. Vwåhr XmoKm§Zrhr gmYmaUnUo EH$mM Ajm§emda Agm`bm hd§.

19.1
Vw_À`m KS>çmim§_Yë`m doim OwidyZ ¿`m. ^maVr` à_mUdoioer, qH$dm Q>r. ìhr. À`m doioer
XmoÝhr KS>çmi§ ~amo~a bmdyZ ¿`m. Vwåhmbm àË`oH$mbm gy`m}X` Zo_H$m Ho$ìhm {Xgbm
({jVrOmÀ`m da `oUmè`m gy`m©M§ daM§ Q>moH$) Ë`mMr Zm|X H$am. qH$dm XmoKm§Zrhr gy`m©ñVmÀ`m
doir {jVrOmÀ`m Imbr OmUmè`m gy`m©M§ eodQ>M§ Q>moH$ Ho$ìhm {Xgb§ Ë`mMr Zm|X H$am.

19.2
`m XmoZ doim§_Ybm \$aH$ {H$Vr Amho? g_Om Vmo "t" Vmg Agob.
Am{U g_Om `m XmoZ {R>H$mUm§_Yb§ A§Va "d" {H$_r Agob Va AmnU Ag§ åhUy eH$Vmo H$s
n¥Ïdrbm {VÀ`m narKmdaM§ "d" A§Va H$mQ>m`bm "t" Vmg bmJVmV. n¥Ïdrbm {VMm nyU© narK
H$mQ>m`bm 24 Vmg bmJVmV. `mdê$Z Amnë`mbm n¥ÏdrMm gmYmaU AmH$ma H$mT>Vm `oB©b.

n¥ÏdrMm A§XmOo narK = ( 24  d ) /t

Q>rn … `m nÕVrZo Vwåhmbm n¥ÏdrMm A§XmOo narK {_iob. Vwåhr Am{U Vw_Mm {_Ì XmoKohr Oa
{dfwdd¥Îmmda Agmb VaM Vwåhmbm AMyH$ narK {_iob. na§Vw ^maV {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ`m da Amho.

19.3
Vw_À`mn¡H$s Á`m§Zm {ÌH$moU{_Vr `oVo Ë`m§À`mgmR>r …
Vw_À`m CÎmambm sin (Vw_Mo Ajm§e) `mZo ^mJbo Va {~ZMyH$ CÎma {_iob. Vw_Mo Ajm§e
emoYÊ`mgmR>r H$mS>© H«$. 15 darb à`moJ H$am. Ë`m H$moZmMm sin H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r sin Vº$m nhm.
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XyaÀ`m C§M B_maVrMr C§Mr _moOm …

Y
Z

20.1
C§M B_maVrÀ`m Jƒrda Z OmVm {VMr C§Mr _moOy`m. Vw_Mm _Q>Š`mVbm Amoi§ã`mMm
H$moZ_mnH$ EH$m ñQw>bmda [a¨Jda R>odm (H$mS>© H«$. 12). B_maVrÀ`m AJXr daÀ`m Q>moH$mMm
H$moZ _moOm. (H$moZ XYZ,) H$moZ_mnH$ B_maVrnmgyZ Aem A§Vamda Ý`m, H$s hm H$moZ 45
A§e hmoB©b.
`m OmJr, ñQw>bmM§ B_maVrnmgyZM§ A§Va ho (B_maVrMr C§Mr - ñQw>bmMr C§Mr) BVH§$
Agob.

20.2
ñQyb H$moUË`mhr A§Vamda R>odyZ Vwåhr H$moZ XYZ _moOy eH$Vm, Ë`mdoir Vmo 45 A§e
Zgob. AmboI H$mJX Am{U {ÌH$moUm§Mr g_ê$nVm dmnê$Z Vwåhmbm B_maVrMr C§Mr H$mT>Vm
`oB©b.

{ÌH$moUm§Mr g_ê$nVm dmnê$Z Vwåhmbm gy`© Am{U BVa Vmè`m§Mr A§Va§ àË`j gy`m©da Z
OmVm H$mT>Vm `oVrb.
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g_m§Va n¥Ïdr

AmnU emioV {eH$Vmo H$s n¥Ïdr ñdV…^modVrMr \o$ar EH$m {XdgmV _maVo Am{U
gy`m©^modVrMr \o$ar EH$m dfm©V _maVo. g_m§Va n¥Ïdr ~ZdyZ Amnë`mbm `mM§
{ZarjU H$aVm `oV§.

g_m§Va n¥Ïdr ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r …

1. CÎma Am{U X{jU Y«wdmnmer ^moH$ Agbobm EH$ _moR>m nmoH$i n¥ÏdrMm Jmob ¿`m.
`m ^moH$m§_YyZ nbrH$S>o nmhVm `oB©b.
2. ~mOmamV {_iUmao n¥ÏdrMo Jmob qH$dm _moR>m ßb°pñQ>H$Mm M|Sy>hr `mgmR>r dmnaVm
`oB©b.
3. `m Jmobmbm [a¨Jda Agm ~gdm H$s X{jU Y«wdmÀ`m ^moH$mH$Sy>Z CÎma Y«wdmÀ`m
^moH$mVyZ Amanma nm{hb§ H$s Y«wdVmam {Xgob.
4. CÎma-X{jU AjmÀ`m ^moH$mVyZ Y«wdVmam Ñï>rjonmV R>odyZ Vmo Jmob Agm {\$adm
H$s ^maV da `oB©b. AmVm Vw_À`m g_m§Va n¥ÏdrdaMm ^maV Iè`m ^maVmbm
g_m§Va Pmbm.
5. ^maVmV _Ü`mÝh Agob Voìhm `m g_m§Va n¥Ïdrdarb ^maVmÀ`mhr gy`© ~amo~a
S>moŠ`mda Agob Am{U VoWohr _Ü`mÝh Agob. åhUOo, Iè`m ^maVmda Or gm¡adoi
Agob VrM Amnë`m n¥ÏdrdaÀ`m ^maVmdahr Agob.

CÎma-X{jU Aj ~amo~a Y«wdVmè`mH$S>o bmdÊ`mÀ`m EH$m gmÜ`m H¥$VrVyZ AmnU

EH$ g_m§Va n¥Ïdr V`ma Ho$br, Or Iè`m n¥Ïdrbm Zoh_rM g_m§Va amhVo. n¥Ïdr
ñdV…^modVr {\$aVmZmhr Am{U Vr gy`m©^modVr df©^amV {\$aVmZmhr.
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g_m§Va n¥ÏdrMo à`moJ …
22.1
hm à`moJ ~mhoa CÝhmV H$am. Vw_Mr g_m§Va n¥Ïdr (H$mS>© H«$. 21) Aer R>odm H$s {VMm Aj
Iè`m n¥ÏdrÀ`m Ajmer g_m§Va Agob. Vr Aer {\$adm H$s ^maV gdm©V da `oB©b. Oa
Vwåhr ^maVmV à`moJ H$aV Agmb Va `m àH$mao R>odë`mZ§Va, AdH$memV Amnbr n¥Ïdr Oer
Amho, Ë`mbm Vw_Mr hr n¥Ïdr AJXr g_m§Va Agob.
22.2
Vw_À`m g_m§Va n¥ÏdrdaÀ`m ^maVmda EH$ Qw>W{nH$
qH$dm H$mS>onoQ>rMr H$mS>r gai C^r H$am. Ë`mgmR>r
Vwåhmbm {MH$Q>nÅ>r qH$dm _mVrMm N>moQ>m Jmoim dmnaVm
`oB©b. Ë`m Qw>W{nH$Mr gmdbr g_m§Va n¥ÏdrÀ`m
daÀ`m ^mJmda nS>ob. Vr gmdbr H$er Amho Ë`mMo
{ZarjU H$am.
g_m§Va n¥ÏdrÀ`m eoOmar EH$ ~m§~y C^m H$am. Ë`m
~m§~yMr gmdbrhr nhm.
g_m§Va n¥Ïdrda Am{U Iè`m n¥Ïdrda XmoÝhrH$S>o
H$mR>çm Am{U Ë`m§À`m gmdë`m§Zr ~Zdbobo g_én
{ÌH$moU Vwåhmbm {XgVmV H$m? `mMm AW© Agm H$s
Vw_À`m g_m§Va n¥ÏdrdaMr gm¡adoi Am{U Vwåhr OoWo
C^o AmhmV {VWbr gm¡adoi gmaIrM Amho.
22.3
g_m§Va n¥Ïdrdarb H$moUË`m Xoem§da gy`© CJdV Amho Vo nhm. Amnë`m n¥Ïdrdahr Ë`mM
Xoem§da gy`© CJdV Amho.
22.4
H$moUË`m Xoem§da gy`© _mdiV Amho Vo nhm.
22.5
H$moUË`m Xoem§da amÌ Amho Am{U H$moUË`m Xoem§da {Xdg Amho Vo nhm.
Vwåhr H$ënZm H$ê$ eH$Vm, H$s COoS> Am{U A§YmamÀ`m {H$Zmarda bmImo bmoH$ PmonoVyZ
CR>V AmhoV, XmV KmgV AmhoV, A§Kmoi H$ê$Z emioV qH$dm H$m_mda OmÊ`mÀ`m V`marV
AmhoV. Ë`mÀ`m {dê$Õ ~mOyÀ`m {H$Zmarda bmImo bmoH$ {Xdg^amMo l_ H$ê$Z Ambo AmhoV,
OodUmÀ`m V`marV AmhoV, Amam_ H$aV AmhoV qH$dm Q>r. ìhr nmhV Amho. n¥ÏdrÀ`m ~mhoa
hOmamo {H$_r da Agboë`m g°Q>obmB©Q>da ~gyZ n¥ÏdrH$S>o nmhÊ`mMr _Om bwQ>m.
22.6
g_m§Va n¥Ïdrda Agm q~Xy emoYm H$s Á`mda gy`© ~amo~a S>moŠ`mda Amho. `m q~Xyda H$mS>rMr
gmdbr nS>Uma Zmhr. hm eyÝ` gmdbrMm q~Xy Amho. Qw>W{nH$ gJirH$S>o {\$adyZ Vwåhr hm
q~Xy emoYy eH$mb. OgOer doi ~Xbob Vgm hm q~Xy gaH$V OmVmo ho Vw_À`m bjmV `oB©b.
Vmo H$gm gaH$Vmo Vo nmhy`m … 12 dmOVm Vmo H$moR>o Amho? (Amnbr doi)
2 dmOVm Vmo H$moR>o Amho? (Amnbr doi)
Vw_À`m Ag§ bjmV `oB©b H$s eyÝ` gmdbrMm q~Xy EH$m Ajd¥Îmmda ~XbË`m
aoIm§em§À`m {XeoZo gaH$V OmVmo. àË`oH$ {_{ZQ>mbm `m q~XyMm aoIm§e WmoS>mgm ~XbVmo.

22.7
hm à`moJ AmR>dS>çmÀ`m EH$mM dmar (CXm. gmo_dmar) EH$m R>am{dH$ doir (CXm. Xwnmar
2 dmOVm) H$obm nm{hOo. gw_mao 4 AmR>dS>o Xa gmo_dmar Xwnmar 2 dmOVm eyÝ` gmdbrMm
q~Xy H$moR>o Amho Ë`mMr Zm|X H$am. ho gd© q~Xy EH$mM aoImd¥Îmmda AmhoV `mMo {ZarjU H$am.
OgOgo {Xdg OmVmV VgVer n¥Ïdr gy`m©^modVr dVw©imH$ma H$joV gaH$V OmVo. EH$m
R>am{dH$ doir gy`© EH$mM aoImd¥Îmmda doJdoJù`m Ajm§em§da {Xgob. àË`oH$ {Xder eyÝ`
gmdbrÀ`m q~XyMm Ajm§e WmoS>m WmoS>m ~Xbob.
{XdgmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr doir Am{U dfm©À`m H$moUË`mhr {Xder eyÝ` gmdbrMm q~Xy hm g_m§Va
n¥Ïdrda EH$mM {ZpíMV OmJr AgUma.
eyÝ` gmdbrMm q~Xy gVV gaH$V AgVmo. na§Vw ~amo~a 1 dfm©Zr, Ë`mM VmaIobm, Ë`mM
doir, Vmo ~amo~a Ë`mM OmJr naV `oVmo.
eyÝ` gmdbrMm q~Xy H$moR>o Amho Vo Oa Amnë`mbm g_Ob§ Va AmnU ~amo~a VmarI Am{U
doi gm§Jy eH$Vmo. g_m§Va n¥Ïdr ho EH$ àH$maM§ doi-VmaIoM§ KS>çmi Amho.
36.2
14 {H$§dm 15 OmZodmar 2009 bm gy`m©ñVmÀ`m doir ewH«$ AmH$memV Ë`mÀ`m gdm}ƒ
ñWmZr Agob. Ë`m {Xder ewH«$mÀ`m H$boMo {ZarjU H$am. H$mS>© 33 _Ü`o AmnU
nm{hbo H$s `mdoir EVS hm H$moZ 90 A§emMm Agob. AmnU M§ÐmÀ`m ~m~VrV nm{hbo
H$s Ooìhm H$moZ EMS hm 90 A§emMm AgVmo, Voìhm Amnë`mbm ~amo~a AYm© M§Ð
{XgVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo Ooìhm H$moZ EVS 90 A§emMm Agob, Voìhm ewH«$mMrhr VerM H$moa
{Xgob.