RESPIRATION (INTRODUCTION TO RESPIRATION AND HOW ATP RELEASED)

NORSYARIHAN BT ZULKEFFALI NOR FAZLINA BT ABDUL RAHMAN ZURAIDAH BT KHALIT AT2203B

The introduction of respiration

Respiration is essentially the release of

energy from glucose molecules that are broken down to individual carbon dioxide molecules. It initiated in the cytoplasm and completed in mitochondria.

Glycolysis
Most form of carbohydrate respiration on the first major

1. 2. 3.

phase takes place in the cytoplasm which requires no oxygen gas. During the process, a small amount of energy is released, and some hydrogen atoms are removed from compounds derived from glucose molecules which involves 3 main steps: The glucose molecules becomes a fructose molecule carrying 2 phosphates (P). This sugar (fructose) molecule is split into 2 3-carbon fragments called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P). Some hydrogen energy and water are removed, living pyruvic acid.

Aerobic respiration
The most widespread form of respiration and the process cannot be completed without oxygen

gas. Its store energy released requires oxygen, carbon dioxide and water by product of the process.
CHO + 6O enzymes 6CO + 6HO + energy Glucose oxygen carbon water dioxide In aerobic respiration consists of the citric acid cycle and electron transport.

 The citric acid (Krebs) cycle

Acetyl CoA combines with 4-carbon oxaloacetic acid,

producing first a 6-carbon compound, next a 5-carbon compound, and then several 4-carbon compound. The last 4-carbon compound is oxaloacetic acid. 2-carbon dioxide molecules are released during this process. Some hydrogen are removed during the citric acid cycle is picked up by FAD and NAD, one molecule of ATP, 3 molecules of NADH, and 1 molecule of FADH are produce during 1 complete cycle.

CITRIC

ACID CYCLE

 The electron transport.

Energy associated with electron and/or with hydrogen

picked up by NAD and FAD is gradually released as the electron are pasted along the electron transport system. Some of these energy is transferred to ATP molecule during oxidative phosphorylation. Energy used in ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation is believed to be derived from a gradient of protons formed across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, while electrons are moving in the electron transport system by chemiosmosis.

ETS

Anaerobic respiration and fermentation

Do not required oxygen gas, and less energy is released.

The remaining energy is in the ethyl alcohol, lactic acid, or other such substances produced.
Some released energy is stored in ATP molecule.

The forms of anaerobic respiration are adaptive to the organisms that have them in that they recycle NAD and allow glycolysis to continue.

FERMENTATION

Factor affecting the rate of respiration

Temperature - When air temperature rise from 20 C 30 C, the respiration rate of plants double and sometime even triple. - the faster respiration occurs, the faster the energy is released from sugar molecule. 2. Water - water inside the cell and their organelles, acts as a medium in which the enzymatic reaction can take place. - when water content becomes low, respiration does not cease completely, but it continues at a drastically reduce in rate. 3. Oxygen - the rate of respiration decrease as oxygen concentration also decrease.
1.