!

" "# ! " " $ "

" " ! % $ !
#& ! '
( )*+,-./,0 * ξ " 1 1
2 " 2
$ '
% (ξ )≠ ( ) 3( 4
, " " ! ! 3( 4 &
" 5 ! "
$ 1" $
6# ! 1" 3( 4 "
" " " " * " "
" " "
7" " 6 $ " " 1"
1 1" 8 ! "
" #" & !
1 ! 9 " '
" " 1 ! " 8
! 1 ! ! "
: " " " "
% ! "
" :
* " " 1 ' 6 1
# " & " 1 & $
" $ " 1 " !
1" " " #" " "
" ! ! ! " $
! ! # " " "
 , " # $ 1 '
6 " " " <
- " " " "# &
1 3 += = 4 1 #
& " & 1 1" > " ! 1"
' $ " "# ! " "
1" " " ?
3( 4 & : ! ! $ 1" 1 " # !
ξ
@ = ( @) 3( 4

A! " "
" " " ! " -
" " "1 3 4 " " ( −@)
ξ
: " " B C
B & C $ & " 1
! 1" " # ! * " ! $

D 1 ξ

) (ξ ) = σξ =σ [ ] − 3( = 4

3; 5 4

) (@ ) = σE = σ [ − A
] 3( = 4

F" 3; 54 3; G4 !
$ " &
$H 3; = 4I 1
" 1 ! * $
ξ 1
$ *
) (ξ − @ ) = σ ξ ± σ E 3( =&4

" ! J 1 $ 1 1 !
ξ $ % $
'
• ' " ξ &
K

;
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* 3( =&4 L $ $ " 2
$ $ " * ! !
ξ − @
ζ = 3( M4
σξ ±σE

N ! ? " : # 6 "
%(ζ )=G ) (ζ )=
1 F " 8 σ?
3; 4 & "
ξ −@
=
[ ]
3( 4
−
± − A
−
3 2 4 " :O! ? " $ " "
$ " " 1 $
3 2 4 " : O! ? " $

P{ <γ} = −ε
! '
3( ;4

8 $ " >γ " ξ " $ ε

" & * 6 & ! 2 $
" " ) $ " " <* !
3( 4 O! ?
$ " " : #1 ! 1" $ "
# !
• 1 ! ? $ " " $K# $ " K
• 3( 4 " " O! ? 3L $ Q4
′? K
• 1 ′ >γ " ξ " ε " &
* 1" " " "
1 $ " 1 ?
" 1 ' $ &
" R $ " #"
$ #1 O! ? '
( ASA*> 8 ? " 1 $
1 1 " 1
 ? " " & ′ O! ?
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′= 3( 4
−
−
− −

" # $ 1 ! ! " &

" " ! ; "
" !" ' 3( 4 " ?
" 1 *
1" 3( 4
1 ? '
γ
γ′= 3( (4
γ −
+
−
* $ " " " ε " & 1 >γ ′
! 1" ′ >γ
!"
7 $ " " " " O! ? " " "
$ " " 3 2 4→∞ " #"
" " O! ?
1

8 3( 4 " # !
′
= 3( 54
′ −
+
−
! ′ O! ? * $ " 1 !
" O! ? ! " % $ 1"
" " " ′ → ±∞ 1 ± − % ":
" "" $ $ 1"
< − 3( G4

66 3= MG 4 6 6 $ ! !
T " :O! ? " ! 3 4? '

(
 ! ( ) = ∫ ( ′) ′
−∞

* $ ! " " " '

 
 
! E− ( ) = P{ < } = P ′ < 
=
 − 
 −
− − 
 
 
= ! − −  

 − − 
 − − 
1 ′ O! ? " 3 2 2 4 *
2 # " ! 2 ! 66 '
 − 
Γ  
  
− −=

( )=  − 
− )π Γ  − −   − 
E
(
3( 4
 
−

 
S 1" " " "
'
%( )=G ) ( )= 2 U
" # # !V
" O! ? " #" O! ? " " ( #$
1 " # ! 3 2 4 1 > 1 1" 2 W G
" " 1" A
" #" O! ? " 66
1 γ γ′
1 3 2 4 ε " & ? # 6 $

X ! ' *$ ! 1" 3( 4 R 1 !
1" 1 $ 3 2 4? 3 2 L 4?

5
 %$#$ O! ? " 3 " 4 " #" O! ? "
3" " " 4 66 3 2 4 $

T
3( 4 1 $ 1
A
F ? " " "
@ = ( @) = ( )+∆ A
= ( )+ A
∆ 3( 4
#1 , 1 ! 1"
" 1 2 2 ;=
" # 1 "1 *

= ∑ & ' ξ ' − @' ( ) = ∑ & ' (∆ξ ' − ∆ A

' ) 3( 4
'= '=

3( =&4
σ
) (ξ − @ ) = 3( &4
&E
# ! 1" 3( 4

G
 A −
E
= − 3( 4
& &
3; 5 4 3; 4

= ∑&' A
' ' 3( 4
'=

∆ = −
∑ & ' ∆ξ ' ' 3( 4
'=

1" 1
8 ! " ξ $Q 3( 4
: ! ! # 1" '? " "
$ 1 ! 'W F6 " # "
1 " BC F '
= ∑&' A
' ' = −& A
3( = 4
'≠
H 3( 4I
∆ = −
∑ & ' ∆ξ ' ' = −
( ∆ − & ∆ξ ) 3( = 4
'≠

H 3( 4I 3( 4

= ∑ & ' ∆ξ ' − ∆

'≠
( A
' ) =σ χ − − 3( =&4

* " ; ASA*> $ 1
" " 1 ! " " ? &
+" " 1 : " 1" ( (
8 ? " " " "
3( =&4 * $ " ! 1 ;=
ASA*> $ 1" (ξ − @ )
" ? " " 1 ! $ (ξ −@ )
# #1 '
ξ − @ = ∆ξ − ∆ A
3( = 4
* 3( 4 !
 ′=
( ∆ξ −∆ A
) & EE 3( M 4

− −
1"

EE
= + A −
3( M 4
& &
" # $ ? " $ "
3( 4 # ! " '

=
(ξ −@ ) &E
=
(∆ξ −∆ A
) &E
3( 4

− −

O
3( 4 1 " !
( >*%% : " $ '
& E & EE = & 3( ;4
3( 4 3( M 4
&
E
& & EE
= ( −& A −
)( + & A −
)=
= −& A −
+& A −
−& A − A −
=
( )
&
= +& A −
− −
−& A −
( − ) −
=

= +& A
( −
− −
) −& A
( −
− −
) =

3( ;4?" " ! " 1 " 1 !

3( = 4
( >*%% $ '
 
=  − 
 − 
3( 4

* 1" $ # !
 ∆ = − & (ξ − @ ) = ∑ & ' ∆ξ ' − ∆
'≠
( A
' )
'

∆ = ∑ & ' ∆ξ ' − ∆

'≠
[( A
' ) + (∆ A
−∆ A
) ] ' =

'≠
(
= ∑ & ' ∆ξ ' − ∆ A
' ) + (∆ A
−∆ A
)∑ & (∆ξ
'≠
' ' −∆ A
' ) ' +

+∑ & ' ∆
'≠
[( A
−∆ A
) ] '

3( =&4 $ ? $ " 6 !
3( = 4 ? "" 3( = 4 ! '
∆ = ∑&' ' ' ∆
A
= ∑ &'∆ A
' ' = ∑ & ' ∆ξ ' '
'≠ '≠ '≠

∑ & ' ( ∆ξ ' − ∆ A

' ) ' =G
'≠

! 1 1"

− & (ξ − @ ) = + ∑&' ∆ [( A
−∆ A
) ] ' =

( )
'≠

= + ∆ A
−∆ A
(∆ −∆ ) 3( (4

3( = 4 3( = 4
(∆ −∆ )= ∆ − & ∆ξ − ∆ =( − )∆ − & ∆ξ =

=& A
∆ − & ∆ξ = − & ∆ξ − ( A
∆ ) = − & (ξ − @ )
8 3( (4 1 #

− & (ξ − @ ) = (
+ ∆ A
−∆ A
) −
(∆ −∆ )=
= + & (ξ − @ ) A −

3( M 4 3( 4 3( ;4 $ 1"

=
 = − & (ξ − @ ) ( +& A −
)= −
&
& EE
(ξ −@ ) =

= − & E (ξ − @ ) = −
−
#
(= >*%% + $ '

(∆ξ − ∆ ) A
&EE =
−
3( 54

3( = 4 3( = 4 " $
∆ξ − ∆ A
= ∆ξ − ∆ A −
+ & ∆ξ A −
=
= ∆ξ − ∆ A
( +& A
) −
+ & ∆ξ A −
=

(
= ∆ξ − ∆ A
)( + & A −
) = (ξ −@ )( +& A −
)
8 3( M 4 3( 4 3( ;4 "
$ # '

(∆ξ −∆ A
) & EE = (ξ − @ ) & EE
&
& EE
= (ξ − @ ) &E =
−

9
8 " " #" !" " 3( M 4?
1 # 6 3( 4 '

′= − =
  −
 −  −
− −  −  − −

" " 1 3( 4
1 $ " ( ASA*>
1 1 " " " 1"
F" ? 1

" " 1 $ 2
$ 1" "
1 " " " ' N ! ? O! ?

M
 " #" O! ? % " " : " "
" " ! 1" & ≡
3 4W

N ! ?
" ! ) " " σ
, " & 1" 3 4?
! # &
N ! ? %(ξ )= 1 " $ 3 W
4 * 1

∑ξ
=
ξ−
−

()
ζ= =
)ξ σ

ξ −
ζ = W
σ
% $N ! ? " ! 1
" ε " & ? ?
# 6 1 1 ! γ 1 " 1
ζ >γ ζ >γ
? 3 W 4
N ! ? 1 1 " " 7
ξ −ξ
ζ = W
σ′
1 "" 1" $ '
   
(
) ξ − ξ = ) ξ  −  −
   ) ∑ '  =
ξ
'≠ 
  − −
= σ  −  +σ =σ
 
1
−
σ′ =σ
 # " ζ 1 " N ! ? "
! 1 8 ? ζ >γ "
$ " " $#

O! ?
O! ? $ $ & "
* ξ " %(ξ ) = 1 " # ! $ ξ
3σ4 " " $
" & ! '
χ
=σ
* "
ξ−
=

1 " O! ? " " 1 " "

" >γ 1" γ " ε " & ? # 6 1
"
O! ? " 1 1
" " $ 1 "
1 + 1" 1 " 1"
3 L 4? 1 !
" * "
ξ −ξ
=

−
1 ! * " O! ? 1 $
& $ $
σ & O! ?
1" 3 L 4? !

( )
) ξ − ξ = ) (ξ ) + ) ξ = σ + () σ
=σ
+

$ " 11" 1" O! ? ! '

O! N"

;
 ξ −ξ
+
σ
ζ
′= = =
+ χ
( )
−
σ − −
8 ′ >γ " " " 1 "

Y " #" O! ?
- $ %(ξ )= 1 " 3 W 4
" σ? $ $ & !
# * " 1 !
ξ −

−
$$ + "
1
ξ−
η=

−
1 " &" 1" 1 O! ? " '
ξ−
η σ ζ
= = =
χ
( − )σ
−
−
1
" #" O! ? " " 8
$ &
! # " &
" #" O! ? * 1 # ! 3( 4

ξ −ξ
=
 $ 3( 4 " & 1 ! 3 2 4
" :O! ? 8 γ " >γ′ "
$# ? 1" γ′? 3( (4 # !
γ?
9 1" # 1" ?" 2 2 3 2 4?
1 ? " %
" & 3 ?4 3( 4 $ F
" " ? $ % ξ
" " " " & ≡ F F
A
9 1 W Z ? F
* $ 1"

[ −
± − A
] = − =
−

+ 1" " @ =ξ 3( 4 $
'
ξ −ξ ξ −ξ
= =
−
−
# !

3( 4 $ 5= ? : " "
& HMI & ≡ 3 4W
" " " " " " 1
A " H=I? 1 $ 3 5 4
" " "
*$ "
5= ? # " " A1" " " 3( 4 1
1 # : " "
O! ? # 1 1 "
" " * O$ # P& HMI " /1
! * 1" "
" '* 1 3 M= 4
'* 1 7 " 1"
!" " & 3( 4 * "
$ " 1 " : " "
" " " " " " $
% P " /1 O "
" " 6 ! " % ( ASA*>
" " 1

(
 " " 1 " : 1 &" "
! * " " ! $

" " :1 1 +G 1 "

" ! 1 " +G 1 " #
1 '
+G' ξ 3 W 4 & "
" ? " " ′ >γ ! " ! ! 1"
′ ? 3( 4 ! " " " $# ?
" $ $ : 1 # 6 3( ;4
$ ε " & ? # 6 '
# 6 1" ? " " $#
* 1" " $ :1
" :1 1" ′ >γ $ 1
? " 3( 4 &
" : " 1 1
" " 1 1" & " #"
# 6 1" "
'( " ! (ξ − )
! 1 '
" 8 ! 1
" " '
" "
=
& ! $" "
" :1 $ 1 " ! '
+' ξ 3 W 4 ? "
! 1 " ! 3( 4
1 " $ : 1 "
"
" # ( #$ ! ! 7
$ 1 $ " ? " ! ? ?
" " W G
GG " % ξ ?
! " " " ! ' " ± ? " !
+ " " " " 1
$ " ( #$
? " ": 6O! ? ! 7

=
1 1" 1 " %
1 " " " "

5
 " ′ >γ & " "
" " "
$ 1 " :1 " "
%$#$ - "
&
′ O! ? ′ O! ?
5;; M= =
( 2M M M
2 ( M 2 M5
2 M5 ; =(

% " < - "" &" &

" " 1 " " P "
/1 O $ 1#
O: " " 6 1" ?

(ξ −ξ )
∑ =∑ = =
3( G 4
= =

ξ −ξ
∑ =∑ =G 3( G 4
= =

D ! 1" 3( 4
@ =ξ " $ $ # " ! 1"

[ −
± − A
] =
−

$ W ? 3( G 4 % 1"
3 L 4 " H=I
9 1 " " 1" " " ": 6
O! ? " " ! 1 "
3( (4 $ γ′ S 1"
3( G4 $ ": F !
" 1 2 1" 1"
3 H=I HMI4 $ '
• 8 " " " ": "
" 1 ": $ "
6 G3 $ 1"
"4

=G
• F ": #1 1 "

+
−
1
% 1 ! H=I 1" & : "
" 1 # $
: " $
% $ ! <9 ! ( #$ &"
'
• 8 3 GG? 64 " $ " M
" P ! W GG WM
$ " " 55[
" & γW 3 4 * " 1
1" M " "
• 8 3 " ! W G4 " $1 W M? M
1 M " " !
1 $ " γW W=
$1 ; " 1 1 =
" ! &
" " " : ?
1" " "
! 7 ! F !
1 A " $ $
1" 11" 1"
" 1" 8 ! W
" " γ≈ " " ! "
≥ $ #
? $ " × W 8
" " !
" " " " 3( G 4
"# " σ $ 3 4
! & 8 σ?
" " " 1 "
" " & 3( 4 $
" " $ 1 @
σ =
& $ ! ! ! 1 σ?
A " " $
$ $

=
 " " &" 1 1 "
" " * 2 & " 2
: ! ! $ & ' B8 ξ ξ ξ "
" =σ "
" C σ? 3 4 & !
$ " $ " 1"
" G? 1 1" 3( 4
1

∑ (ξ −ξ )
′ = =

( )
1 H 3( G4I $
# ! ′ ξ −ξ (
1" > " ! W G * "
≤ − == 1 F ! $ " γW=
* 1" "
" " F ! " "
$ H=I ! 1" F ! &
$ '

F( ) = ±= ' =m '≠
=
7 6 $ 1" # 3( G4 $ *
! $B C " '
ξ = G5 ξ = ξ = =K = ξ G = 55
T " 8
1" ξ ? 1
1" 1 & * 1
& " ! F >
! ξ W 5( * " 2 6 #1 ! 2 $
'
= 5(;K = −G ; =K = = M =K = G = −G 5
* ": 1 γW=

(, $ $ " " !
" " " !?
# # " & 3 ; 4' 1 :

=
 " $ ! 1" " # 66
" 1
1" " " 7 $
W; & ?1 " 32γ- Lγ-4 ! "
# 1" ε W G G ?1 " γ- W
1" " : " 32 L 4
! - & $ 1 1
M
O! ? 1 " = [? 32 L 4 ! " #

%$, $ " #&

- & " " " # ! # W; & ?1

" " " A ! 1 !
" " $Q (, $ %"
W M == & ?1 " " " # 32γ- Lγ-4
! " $ "
+ 6 $! " 1" " " O! ?
" ' 32 L 4 ! "

%$, $ " #&

M
" " " 1" 1 "1 O! ? " " #" O! ?
" %$#$ * " ! " 1
6 & O! ? "

==
 W; & ?1 " " " 1
- " : 6 1" W M == & ?1 " " "
" " 1 1 ! Q
(, $ 1 " " ' 1
" " " 32γ- Lγ-4 ! " # " "
" " " 6 O! ? "
" 1"
" " ! " 1 !
" " (, $ 1" 1 "
# !" " "

%$, $ " #&

W; & M == & ?1 " " " 1
- $ $ 1
" $ ! 1 " ' #
1 & * " 1 # !
" " 8 1 " !
!"
1 " " & "
" 1 * # " ! 1 $
" ! ! 1" 1 " 1
1 ! " " 1" O! ? 11 $

" ! $ ! ! # '
N ! N ! ? " : " ! 1

7 " ! " ! 3 4
= *1 ! " O! ? ! "
M * ! $ " ! # " ?

( .$ ! !" " ? ε " & ?

# 6

=M
 1" 55[?" " & 3ε W G G 4
$ & A 1" ! " ?
" #" $ " 1
$# " 1"
! $ & * (
+" " 1"
" " " σ? & 8 " "
" " 1 & &

ε
%$.$ ε? ?$

& σ? ! ! $ '
O! ? $ : 1 " 6
! 1 " " 1" &
" O! ? $#
" :1
R " : ! H;I $ "
" " P " /1 ?
O HMI' 1" " #" O! ?
$# " ?
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A ! "
" "
, " 7 *
1 6 # &
$ 11 1 " 8 # $
8" 1 ( ,$ " ! !
" " " 6 " 1" " " !
" " ( O! ? "
! ' " " 1"
" 1" " : " & A! " " :
1 $" ! " " " !
, (

=
 $ " 1" " " 1 $?
" "
" " 1 $ " ! '
% " " " #" O! ?
" "
" " "
1" 1 $ ? " #" O! ? ?
"
= 8 1 $ " ! "
" "
M * $ 1 " " "
11" 1" ! !
* (M

> η # 6 " ( ( /3 4 ?
{η = } 1 !
! $ 1 $? 1 /3 4 "
*11 ! " (
J " $ " '
ηE ≤ ηE ≤ ≤ ηE
& ! " " & "
! " $
! '

Φ ( )= 3( 4

1
ηE < ηE + ≥
1 " # ! 1"
%Φ [ ( )] = / ( ) 3( 4
" η 1 ! "
$ "" η 1 /3 4 1 " #" O! ?
" " " !
1 " 1" !
" ! &"

=;
 " " ) $ ! &"
H I'

∫ [Φ ( ) − / ( )] ψ [ / ( )] / ( )
∞
0 = 3( =4
−∞

1" ψ3 4 : > γ\ 3( 4
1 " " " & 1
0 >γ \ 3( M4

7 : 3 " ! → ∞ ? 4'
3 4 8 ψ( ) ≡ '

0 = ω =

+ ∑  / ηE −
= 
( ) − 
 3( 4

7 5 [ " & ' γ\ W G M; M

3 4 8 ψ( ) =
( )
'
−

0 = − + ∑

−
− ( ) 
/ ηE
 ( ) − / (η ) 
3( ;4
−/ η
 
E E
=

7 5 [ " & ' γ\ W M5(

3( 41 " $
$ " " H I ! !" " &
3( 4 3( ;4 ! & " " S
1" 3( ;4 ! & "
" ! ' : /→G /→ $
" " * /3 2 /4
3( =4? $ 3Φ 2 /4
3( ;4 ! & " # " " 1 ! ! 1
" , " ! $" !1 ": 6
" # # /3 4 1 G?1" ?1
, 3( ;4? $ " !" ! ! !
# $ # "
7 " 1" #
" " # " " " %
1 " " " " 1 $
%$,$
ε ψ( ) ≡ ψ( ) = ( − )

=
 G GG ; 5 (
GG G M= =5 M
GG G ; 5( = 5GG
G G= G M(5 5==;
G GM G M55= ;(;
GG G M; M M5(
G G G =M = 5= M
G G (M ; ;
G G G M MG5
G =G G (M= GM

1" ( ,$
1 " ) # H I % $
# " ! →∞
$

$ $ ! &" " " ! 1 "

#$ ! " * $ !'
/ (η ) # 6 " " : !

P{ / (η) < } = P{η < / − ( )} = /[ / − ( )] =

( ) ( )
* " " " " " " " 8 " !
E E
/η 1 Q *11 /η 66 %
11" 1"

< / ηE < ( ) +

< 3 & 4 3 2 4 " ?

3 2 4 ? " ? ?
 − 
 ?
 − 
1 ! $ 3 2 4?

. 1 '

( ) =P { ( )
< / ηE < + }=  − 
 
 − 
−
( − ) −

[ ( )] = ∫
% / ηE
G
( )
 − 
 −  ∫G
=   ( − ) −
=
+

=(
 :" $ 1 $ A 1 1 ( )
/ ηE ? " ! ( + )
M ° 1 ! 1
1 " , " " ! (1 $ %$1 $ $
(, $ ! (, $ 1 1
9 " 1" $ !
" "

%$1 $ (, $ 1 $ "

%$1 $ (, $ 1 $ "

! "
"
/( ) = ! E− ( )
$ 66 3( 4? # ! * "
1 " " & " & #$
γ\ #
1" 3; 4 " " *
! " (ξ − @ )
" " -" 3( 4 "
1" " #1 " "

=5
 # " $ 1 $
3 2 4 * #
! 1" ?
1
" " " 3 " ! GG4 "
& 6 $
3 " 4 3 2 4
# 6 " " * !
$

1 6 (ξ −@) "
1" ! 1 $ ? N ! ? "
% " ! 1 3; 4
# '
∂ ( @)
) (@) = ∑ &
∂
[ξ − ( @) =
]
=

= ∑ & / (ξ − @ ) = G 3( 4
=

(ξ − @ ) = G 3( (4
r
A

#1 ! " * 1"
1 $ 3 2 4? 7 " 3 2 4× ? !

( )
F" 1"
ζ=! ξ−@
r r
]
" 3( 54

" 3 2 4 " " : " " $ "

( )
% ζζ A = σ
rr
− − 3( =G4

1 " 3 2 4×3 2 4? F " &

( ) r
( )( )
A
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" ξ−@
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r
 
rr
] ]

; ! $ N ! ? " : "
V ! ! 1" " N ! ? " : 1 $ *
& N ! ? " " " 1 "

MG
 =σ ! ]
( −
− − A
) ]
!A =

=σ ! ( − ] − A ]
)! A

7 " F" $ '

!= [ − − −# − ] 3( = 4

1" # 1 " $ 3 2 4× ? F X " !

1" 3( =G4 F " !
$ " " '
 ′− 
= 
 ′′
]


3( = 4

$ " 3 2 4× ? " × ? -
F ! # F '

σ =σ ( + ## A − ′ −
′A + ′ −
′′ A # A + )
+σ (# ′′ −
′ A − # ′′ −
′′ A # A )
7 " 1 1" F $
1" 1 '

(# ′′ − ′ ) −
( ′′ A # A − ′ A = ## A ) 3( ==4

D" ! F" F " ' = $A$ 3 ; ASA*>4

* # 3( ==4 1

(# ′′ − ′ )$ − = − #

( )
$
# = ′$ − ′′$ − + = ′($ + ′′ )
− −

′′ ?
( )
" F " ! 3
ζ ξ−@
r
$ ? 4 : & 6 1" "
# 6 " " & $
F , " " " " ?
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3( = 4 O $ H I ! O ξ
# 6 " " " $
*$ 1

M
 ξ+ ξ
ζ =ξ −ξ ′ W 2 ξ′ =
+
" & # " ! 1 6 σ 6
# 6
" " * "
3( 54 " ζ "
* : " & σ $ ;
D 1
3 H I 55 4 1"
ζ
η = 3( =M4
∑ζ
−
'
'=

1 "" 3 = − − 4
66 D ? " '

( − ") 3 −
(") =
−
"
2( 3)
3( = 4

1"
−
= 3=
"
Γ ( )Γ (3 )
2( 3 ) =
Γ ( + 3)

/ (η ) & ! 1" / (")

$ 66 *
" " /3 4 W
"
%$.$ $ 3( 4 3( ;4 ! & " " ( ,$ " ! "
G M; M M5( ω ? 0 ?

Y ( − ) ω 0
%$, $ ( )' 5 5 N' )' M N' ;
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%$, $ MG )' G G N' G MG )' G (5 N' = G

8 ! ( ,$ " 1
( .$ 1 !
B)C? " 3B C4 " BNC?
;
* O " " 1

M
 " 3BN ! ? " :C4 " " "
> 1 1" (, $ $ "
! &" " " BNC
$ 0 ! &" & "
8 " " " 1 ! 1
! 1 " "

M=