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Cng c lut php, chnh sch: Lut php l h thng cc quy tc x s mang tnh cht bt buc chung do Nh nc t ra,

thc hin v bo v, nhm t c cc mc tiu kinh t x hi v pht trin bn vng t nc. Php lut l cng c c trng v quan trng nht ca Nh nc trong qun l x hi. Trn c s Hin php v Php lut, Chnh ph v cc c quan chc nng ca Nh nc vch ra cc mc tiu, nh hng ln, cc chin lc pht trin bn vng t nc, cc mc tiu c th v k hoch t c cc mc tiu theo nhng mc thi gian c th. Da trn cc b lut, cc mc tiu v chin lc, c im c cu t chc v cc ngun lc c th ca tng quc gia, cc c quan chc nng ca Chnh ph s phi hp hnh ng to ra cc cng c, cc chnh sch v gii php cho tng giai on v tng lnh vc qun l ca t nc. 3.2.1. Cc vn bn quy phm php lut v mi trng Lut Bo v mi trng Mi quc gia c nhng cch ring hnh thnh cc quy nh php l di dng cc b lut nhm mc ch bo v mi trng. nhiu nc c cc lut bo v mi trng ring cho tng thnh phn t nhin, x hi. V d M ban hnh lut kim sot nhim nc, khng kh, lut nc sch, khng kh sch, nc ung an ton,... cc nc ang pht trin tng t nh Vit Nam, lut bo v mi trng to ra khung php l cho cc quy nh di lut ca cc ngnh chc nng nh B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, B Xy dng, B Giao thng Vn ti, B Y t, B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn,... Cc b lut mi trng thng c b sung, hon chnh v chi tit ha theo qu trnh pht trin kinh t x hi. Lut Bo v Mi trng s: 52/2005/QH11 c quc hi nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam kha XI, k hp th VIII thng qua ngy 29/11/2005 l quy nh php lut cao nht ca Nh nc v mi trng. Lut c 15 Chng v 136 iu. Chng 1 l Nhng quy nh chung; Chng 2 l Tiu chun mi trng; Chng 3 l nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng; Chng 4 l Bo tn v s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin; Chng 5 l Bo v mi trng trong hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v; Chng 6; Bo v mi trng th, khu dn c; Chng 7: Bo v mi trng bin, nc sng v cc ngun nc khc; Chng 8: Qun l cht thi; Chng 9: Phng nga, ng ph s c mi trng, khc phc nhim v phc hi mi trng; Chng 10: Quan trc v thng tin v mi trng; Chng 11: Ngun lc bo v mi trng; Chng 12: Hp tc quc t v bo v mi trng; Chng 13: Trch nhim ca c quan qun l Nh nc, Mt trn T quc Vit Nam v cc t chc thnh vin v bo v mi trng; Chng 14: Thanh tra,

x l vi phm, gii quyt khiu ni, t co v bi thng thit hi v mi trng; Chng 15: iu khon thi hnh. Lut Bo v mi trng Vit Nam 2005 l b lut khung ca Nh nc Vit Nam v cc vn v bo v mi trng cho cc vn bn di lut nh: Cc Ngh nh ca Chnh ph, cc Quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph, cc Quyt nh ca cc B, tnh v thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng v cc vn qun l mi trng. Do c ban hnh nhng thi im khc nhau v do nhng quan im khc nhau khi xy dng lut, gia Lut Bo v mi trng v cc b lut khc ca mi quc gia, cng nh gia lut ca quc gia ny vi nhiu quc gia khc v Lut Mi trng Quc t c th c cc mu thun. Vic xem xt cc mu thun v cc bin php khc phc mu thun l nhim v ca c quan Nh nc c thm quyn trong qu trnh m phn gia cc quc gia. Trong quan h gia cc quc gia v mi trng hnh thnh cc nguyn tc, quy phm php l quc t nhm ngn chn, loi tr mi thit hi do cc ngun khc nhau gy ra cho mi trng ca tng quc gia v mi trng thin nhin nm ngoi quyn ti phn ca quc gia. l cc iu c quc t, cc hip nh k gia cc quc gia, cc cng c do cc hi ngh quc t v cc t chc mi trng Lin Hip Quc a ra; cc tp qun quc t c cc quc gia cng nhn v rng buc v mt php l; cc phn quyt ca cc ta n quc t, cc ngh quyt v cc quyt ngh ca cc hi ngh quc t. Cc iu c quc t v bo v mi trng c th phn loi theo phm vi tc ng thnh: cc iu c quc t ph cp ton cu nh Cng c a dng sinh hc, cng c khung v bin i kh hu, cng c Ramsar, Cites,... cc iu c khu vc v song phng nh: cc quy nh php l v mi trng Chu Phi, Chu , Chu M La Tinh,... Cc tp qun quc t v mi trng trong lnh vc mi trng nh: ngha v khng gy hi v mi trng ca quc gia ny i vi quc gia khc, nguyn tc s dng mi trng mt cch cng bng gia cc quc gia, nhng vn kin quan trng ca cc t chc mi trng quc t hay hi ngh quc t v mi trng,... Cc vn bn c tnh cht khuyn ngh ca cc t chc quc t nh cc quyt nh ca Hi ng ca T chc hp tc v Pht trin kinh t, cc c quan ch cht ca cng ng Chu u. Cc vn bn di lut Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09/8/2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v Mi trng. Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28/02/2008 ca Chnh ph v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP. Ngh nh 117/2009/N-CP ngy 31/12/2009 ca Chnh ph v X l vi phm php lut trong lnh vc bo v mi trng. 3.2.2. Cc chnh sch v mi trng

Chnh sch qun l l tng th cc quan im, cc chun mc, cc bin php, cc th thut m Nh nc s dng nhm t c nhng mc tiu chin lc ca t nc. Ni dung ca chnh sch c th trnh by theo s . Chnh sch

Cc quan im

Cc bin php

Cc th thut

Cc mc tiu b phn Mi chnh sch ra i, pht huy tc dng u theo nhng quy lut nht nh v trong gii hn nht nh. Thng thng giai on u, chnh sch cha pht huy y tc dng do cn mi l, chi phi v sen s li ch ca nhiu i tng v cn do nhng ngi thc thi chnh sch cha kinh nghim v hiu bit. Tip theo, chnh sch theo qun tnh ca mnh s pht huy c hiu qu mong mun ca nh hoch nh. Sau giai on ny, khi chnh sch tr ln quen thuc vi nhng ngi thc thi th kh nng tc ng khng cn my, i hi phi c nhng hnh thc mi thay i, nu khng chng s tr nn li thi. Sang giai on th 4, chnh sch gn nh mt hiu lc v cn phi thay th bng mt chnh sch mi. Nh vy, chnh sch mi trng l tng th cc quan im, cc bin php, cc th thut nhm thc hin cc mc tiu bo v mi trng v pht trin t nc trong mt khong thi gian t 5-10 nm. C th ha chnh sch mi trng, trn c s cc ngun lc nht nh t cc mc tiu do chnh sch mi trng t ra, l nhim v ca chin lc mi trng. Cc chnh sch mi trng u tin ca Vit Nam c trnh by trong vn bn K hoch quc gia v mi trng v pht tin lu bn Vit Nam 1991-2000 c Chnh ph Vit Nam thng qua ngy 12/6/1991. Cc chnh sch mi trng i vi cc h sinh thi v phng nga nhim, suy thoi mi trng, gm: + Qun l tt v bo v din tch rng hin c, phc hi v m rng din tch cc khu rng phng h, rng u ngun, rng c dng. + Quy hoch tng hp vic s dng t nhm duy tr lu di ti nguyn t ca quc gia. Cc ni dung ca quy hoch l: xc nh kh nng s dng ca t; gi tr mi trng, sc chu ng v mc d hy hoi ca t, chnh sch phn phi s dng t, cc li ch v nguyn vng pht trin ca dn chng a phng, chnh sch di dn hp l,...

Chnh sch khai thc v qun l lu bn h sinh thi t ngp nc nhm gii ta sc p khai thc ba bi, bng cch: quy hoch tng th cc khu vc t ngp nc; xy dng v thc hin nghim ngt cc quy ch c lin quan n khai thc t ngp nc; chuyn giao cc k thut s dng t thch hp; gio dc nng cao nhn thc ca dn chng v ngi qun l a phng v ngha, li ch, cch thc bo tn, kh nng khai thc lu bn h sinh thi ny. Khai thc v qun l lu bn ti nguyn nc, cn bng cung cu, phng nga nhim v suy thoi ti nguyn nc, hn ch hu qu thin tai lin quan ti ti nguyn nc, phc v lu di cho sn xut v i sng ca nhn dn. Qun l tng hp lu vc, TM cc d n s dng ti nguyn nc,... Xy dng cc tiu chun kim sot nhim nc, kim sot nc thi cng nghip, xy dng cc c s x l nc thi, kim sot s dng ha cht trong nng nghip,... Chnh sch i vi HST bin v ca sng: p dng cc bin php phng nga i vi cc hot ng trn bin, kim sot nhim bin v nhim t t lin, khng khai thc qu mc cng nh bng cc phng tin c tnh cht hy dit hi sn, pht trin nng lc nh bt hi sn xa b, khi phc v bo v rng ngp mn, bo v a dng sinh hc bin, ban hnh k hoch quc gia v ng ph s c trn du,... Chnh sch bo tn a dng sinh hc: Bo v cc HST c hu ca t nc; bo v cc thnh phn ca s a dng sinh hc hin nay ang b khai thc qu mc; xc tin v xc nh gi tr tt c cc thnh phn ca s a dng sinh hc. Kim sot nhim trong qu trnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc bng cc bin php: phng nga, ngn chn v gim thiu nhim; khuyn khch vic chuyn giao v s dng cc cng ngh sch, ti ch v x l cht thi; quy hoch hp l mng li giao thng v nng cp c s h tng giao thng th; ban hnh v thi hnh nghim ngt cc quy ch lu tr, s dng, vn chuyn cc cht thi c hi v nguy him; ph duyt v thc hin cc chng trnh quc gia nhm loi tr cc cht gy nhim tng ozon, chng trnh quc gia v bin i kh hu. Phng nga v hn ch hu qu ca thin tai bo lt, hn hn,... vi cc bin php: ngn chn ph rng, trng v bo v rng; xy dng cc cng trnh phng h nh e, k, p; nghin cu v p dng cc gii php thch nghi vi iu kin thin tai nh quy hoch vng, b tr li c cu sn xut nht l cc ngnh c lin quan nhiu ti nguyn thin nhin. Hin nay, Chin lc Bo v mi trng quc gia n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020 ca Vit Nam c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt ti Quyt nh s: 256/2003/Q-TTg ngy 02/12/2003. Phng hng, nhim v ca k hoch tp trung vo nhng vn sau:

- Di di cc c s sn xut lc hu, gy nhim mi trng khng kh trm trng ra khi khu trung tm cc thnh ph ln; p dng cng ngh lc bi, x l kh thi i vi tt c cc c s sn xut; t chc tt h thng giao thng cng cng, c cc bin php chng n tc giao thng, hn ch s dng cc phng tin giao thng c nhn ti cc thnh ph ln; nh hng pht trin cc thnh ph v tinh, gim mt dn c ti cc thnh ph ln. - Xanh ha cc th v khu cng nghip, nng din tch cng vin, khun vin cy xanh trong khu vc ni thnh, trng cy dc cc tuyn ng giao thng quan trng. Quyt nh s 153/2004/Q-TTg ngy 17 thng 8 nm 2004 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt nh hng Chin lc pht trin bn vng ti Vit Nam (Chng trnh Ngh s 21 ca Vit Nam) Chin lc cp n cc hot ng u tin thc hin nhm lm gim nhim khng kh cc th v khu cng nghip: - V th ch, php lut: + Thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng bt buc i vi tt c cc d n pht trin kinh t-x hi, thc hin thng xuyn v cht ch cc cng tc lp v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. + nh gi k lng v c k hoch kim sot nhim cht ch i vi cc c s sn xut cng nghip, cc phng tin giao thng vn ti v cc thit b s dng nhin liu phc v sinh hot. - V kinh t: + Nng cao hiu qu s dng nng lng, pht trin ngnh cng nghip nhit in s dng nhin liu kh ha lng v du nh thay cho nhin liu than v du nng c hm lng sun-phua ln. + Khuyn khch s dng cc ngun nng lng sch. Ph cp vic s dng kh sinh hc nng thn lm nhin liu un nu. + Pht trin rng, ph xanh t trng i trc, pht trin trng cy xanh trong th v dc ng giao thng. + y mnh pht trin giao thng cng cng ti cc th ln v trung bnh. + p dng nguyn tc "ngi gy nhim phi tr tin" i vi cc doanh nghip gy nhim mi trng khng kh. - V khoa hc cng ngh: + Khuyn khch s dng nguyn liu v cng ngh sch ti cc c s sn xut.

+ Nghim cm nhp khu cc cng ngh lc hu v nhanh chng gim dn quy m vn hnh cc thit b c gy nhim mi trng nghim trng. - V nng cao nhn thc: Tuyn truyn, gio dc v y mnh cng tc o to nng cao trnh nhn thc cho cc ch doanh nghip, cng on v cng nhn v bo v mi trng ni chung v mi trng lao ng ni ring. Quyt nh s 34/2005/Q-TTg ngy 22/2/2005 ca Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Chng trnh hnh ng ca Chnh ph thc hin Ngh quyt s 41NQ/TW ngy 15/11/2004 ca B Chnh tr v bo v mi trng trong thi k y mnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc Quyt nh 328/2005/Q-TTg ngy 12 thng 12 nm 2005 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt K hoch quc gia v kim sot nhim mi trng n nm 2010

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