1071 Battle of Manzikert - Byzantium looses most of Anatolia 1075 Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem.

1095 March - Byzantium delegation asks for Urban's help against the Turks July 29 Colomon becomes King of Hungary Nov 18 Council of Clermont begins Nov 27 Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade at Clermont Dec 1 Count Raymond St. Gilles of Toulouse takes the cross 1096 Fatimids retake Jerusalem from Seldjuks spring first wave (People's Crusade) leaves; 3 armies don't make it past Hungary spring, summer massacres of Jews August 1 - Peter the Hermit and Walter Sansavoir reach Constantinople Aug, Emperor Alexius of Constantinople shipped the Peasants' Crusade over the Bosporus 1096-1099 First Crusade August 15, official start of First Crusade as set by Pope Urban II Late Summer, 1096: First Crusade leaders were departing Europe October 6, 1096 armies under Peter and Walter destroyed at Nicaea by Kilij Arslan Oct 21 Kilij Arslan victorious at Civetot Fall 1096 leaders (and armies) of the second wave (official First Crusade) arrive at staggered times at Constantinople. Alexius I Comnenus asks for and receives oaths of fealty and promises to return lands formerly under Byzantine control 1097 Jan Crusaders in Constantinople riot April 1097 crusaders cross the Bosporus May 6 - Crusaders reach Micaea May 21 Crusaders defeat Kilij Arslan outside Nicaea June 19, 1097 Nicaea surrenders to Byzantium (not the crusaders) June 26-28, 1097 crusaders head into Asia Minor July 1, 1097 Turks under Kilij Arslan unsuccessfully attack the crusaders at Dorlyaeum July- Crusaders capture Iconium Aug - Battle of Heraclea - crusader vicrtory Aug - Crusaders capture Tarsus Sep - Balwin leaves main force to capture Edessa. Emperor Henry IV returns to Germany from Italy October 21, 1097 crusaders reach Antioch, which is ruled by Yaghi-Suyan 1098 Early Feb 1098: Emperor Alexius' General Tacitius left the siege of Antioch early February 1098 Muslim relief force under Kerbogha (Karbuqa) of Mosul heading to Antioch February 6, 1098 Baldwin reaches Edessa (al-Ruha to Arabs) whose prince is Thoros March 9, 1098 Thoros killed in riot March 10, 1098 Baldwin takes control of Edessa. Start of the first Latin settlement in the East Mar 21 Robert of Molesme founds Cteaux Abbey Jun 1, 1098: Stephen of Blois & a large group of French left the siege of Antioch Jun 3 Crusaders take Antioch June 2-3, 1098 Firuz, a garrison captain of Edessa, lets crusaders into city; Yaghi-Suyan flees; crusaders take city Jun 5-9, 1098: Kerbogha arrived before Antioch & besieged the besiegers in Antioch June 14, 1098 Peter Bartholomew, crusaders believe they have found the Holy Lance June 28, 1098 crusaders attack besiegers and win; they then decide to wait out the summer before continuing August 1, 1098 Adhmar of Le Puy dies, exacerbating crusaders' leadership problems Sep 15 - Tancred leaves siege. mid-Nov armies of Raymond of St. Gilles and Robert of Flanders arrive at Ma'arat en Nu'man (rank-and-file force the march) Nov 27-Dec 11, 1098: Crusaders captured M'arrat-an-Numan; army restless for Jerusalem December 11-12, 1098 Ma'arat en Nu'man falls to the crusaders, crusaders practice cannibalism at Ma'arra 1099 Jan 5 Henry V elected King of the Romans Jan 13, rank-and-file force Raymond to continue to Jerusalem led the first contingent away from Antioch and toward Jerusalem February 14, 1099 Raymond began the desultory siege of Arqah, near Tripoli February/March 1099 rank-and-file at Antioch force continuance to Jerusalem Late Mar, 1099: Godfrey and Robert of Flanders joined the siege of Arqah

 May 13, 1099 Raymond finally gave up on Arqah; all present marched to Jerusalem June 6, 1099 Tancred seizes Bethelham June 7, 1099 most of the crusaders arrive at Jerusalem Jun 13, 1099: Crusaders failed to take Jerusalem by storm July 8, 1099 penitential procession of crusaders around Jerusalem July 15, 1099 Godfrey breached the walls of Jerusalem near Herod's Gate July 19, 1099 Pope Urban II dies, never hearing news of capture of Jerusalem July 22, 1099 Godfrey elected ruler of settlement at Jerusalem "Defender of the Holy Sepulchre" Jul 29 Pope Urban dies August 11-12, 1099 crusaders defeat Egyptian army at Ashdod Aug 12, 1099: Crusaders beat back the Fatimids at Ascalon Aug 13 Cardinal Rainer elected as Pope Paschal II al-Harawi of Damascus leads group of refugees to Baghdad to protest lack of action by leaders 1100 July 18 - Godfrey of Bouillon dies. Aug - Danishmend captures Bohemund Sep - Baldwin becomes the first king of Jerusalem Nov 15, Pope Paschal II preaches crusade; threatens deserters and those with unfulfilled crusade vows with excommunication 1101 next wave of crusaders defeated in Asia Minor Aug - William of nevers smashed at heraclea Sep - Armies of Bavaria and Aquitaine defeated at Heraclea Baldwin defeats Egyptian Saad el Dawleh 1102 Raymond destroys Moslem army. Baldwin defeated by Egyptian army. May 27 - Baldwin defeats Egyptians. 1103 Tancred takes Laodicia from Byzantines. 1104 Baldwin takes Acre, Muslims defeat Franks at Harran, stopping (momentarily at least) their eastward drive 1105 Third battle of Ramleh - Baldwin defeats Egyptians. 1108 two coalitions, both of Franks and Muslims, fight near Tel Bashir 1109 Tripoli falls to the crusaders after 2000 days of siege 1110 Beirut and Saida seized by crusaders 1111 riot in Baghdad organized by Ibn al-Khashab (Aleppo's qadi) to try to get help against the Franks 1112 Muslims prevent Franks from seizing Tyre 1113 Order of St. John (the Hospitallers) starts recognized by the papacy as an independent group 1115 spring Muslims and Franks in Syria together fight Muhammad Ibn Malikshah, Seldjuk sultan 1116-1117 Baldwin's expedition to Eilat. 1118-31: Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem 1118 Baldwin's failed expedition to Egypt 1118-9: Hugh of Payns created the Order of the Temple 1119 Franks defeated at Sarmada by Ilghazi of Aleppo 1120 Order of the Knights Templar begins 1124 July Franks seize Tyre and so occupy the coast to Ascalon 1125 in Beirut, peasants revolt. Ibn al-Khashab killed by member(s) of the Assassins Batttle of Azaz - Baldwin II defeats Moslem 1127 Zangi becomes ruler of Mosul 1128 Frankish attempt to seize Damascus fails, Zangi gets control of Aleppo 1131 nobles revolt in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem (the first such revolt) 1131-43: Fulk of Anjou, King of Jerusalem 1135 Zangi unsuccessful in attempt to take Damascus 1137 King Fulk of Jerusalem captured by Zangi and released 1139 Zangi besieges Damascus 1140 Damascus and Jerusalem ally against Zangi 1143-63: Baldwin III, King of Jerusalem 1144 Zangi seizes Edessa, ending the first (of four) crusader states in the mideast Sep, 1144: Zengi was assassinated; Nur ad-Din acceeded to Aleppo 1145 Dec, : Pope Eugenius III issued Quantum praedecessores to initiate the Second Crusade 1146 Crusader's successful raid on Bosra March 31 - Bernard of Clairvaux active in preaching the crusade Sep 15 - Zangi murdered (reportedly by a slave), his son Nur al-Din inherits Aleppo

147-1149 the Second Crusade, includes crusades in Spain, the eastern border of Germany as well as the middle east 1147 Sep - German emperor Conrad III reaches Constantinople Oct - Conrad's crusade reduced by two-thirds. Oct 25 - Conrad reaches Dorylaeum 1148 Jan 8 - Battle at Antiocheia - Turks and Louis VII indecisive. Feb - crusaders reach byzantine city Attalia. July 24-28 - crusaders under Conrad of Germany and Louis VII of France besiege Damascus, giving up after Nur alDin arrives. 1149 Jul 15, : Dedication of the Crusader Church of the Holy Sepulchre 1153 Aug 19 - Baldwin captures city of Ashkelon. 1154 Nur al-Din gets Damascus, unifying the parts of Syria that are Muslim 1156 Reynald plunders Cyprus. 1159 Emperor Manual led an army to Antioch to punish Reynald. 1160s: Series of invasions by Crusaders into Egypt 1163-74: Almaric, King of Jerusalem 1163 Almaric attacks Pelusium in Egypt, unsuccessful 1163-1169 Nur al-Din's general Shirkuh fights for control of Egypt for Nur al-Din 1168 Crusaders capture Tanis and massacre people. 1169 Shirkuh gets control of Egypt, becomes vizier, then dies within two months; he is succeeded by Saladin, his nephew Oct - Damietta attacked by crusaders and Byzantine fleet. 1170 Nur al-Din gets control of Mosul upon brother's death 1171 Saladin declares Fatimid control of Egypt is over and becomes sole ruler; start of Ayyubid dynasty; increasing tension between Nur al-Din and Saladin 1174-85: Baldwin IV, King of Jerusalem 1174 Nur al-Din dies, power struggle ensues for control of his son Oct, 1174: Saladin took Damascus 1176 Battle of Myriocephalum - Emperor Manuel Comnenus crushed by Turk Kilij Arslan. 1177 Nov - Crusader army defeated Saladin at Mont Gisard 1179 Saladin routes Crusaders 1181 Reynald breaks truce by attacking Muslim merchants. 1183 Oct - Saladin besieges Krak Dec 4 - Leper King Baldwin drives Saladin from Krak. Saladin seizes Aleppo, reuniting Egypt and Syria 1185 Saladin officially controls Egypt and Damascus, Aleppo and Mosul 1185-6: Baldwin V, King of Jerusalem 1186-94: Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem 1187 Reynald attacks caravan with Saladin's sister. July 1 - Saladin captures city of Tiberias. July 4, Saladin defeats armies of the Frankish states at the Battle of Hattin July 29 - Saladin captures Sidon. Sep 20-Oct 2, siege of Jerusalem, Saladin retakes city and most of the land leaving the Franks only Tyre, Tripoli, and Antioch 1188 Jan 21 - Henry II of England and Philip Augustus of France meet to plan crusade. Sep - Saladin agrees to truce with Bohemond of Antioch 1189-1192 Third Crusade, major Franks were Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Frederick I (the Holy Roman Emperor) 1189:May, Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) left Europe on the Third Crusade 1190 June 10 - Frederick I dies crossing the river Goksu Jul - Kings Philip of France and Richard of England set out on the Third Crusade Winter 1190-1: French and English stayed in Sicily 1191 April 20 Philip Augustus arrives in Acre. May - Richard conquers Cyprus. June 7 - Richard arrives in Acri. Jul 12, Acre falls to Richard and Philip, who then decide who will rule Jerusalem (between Guy and Conrad), Aug 3 - Philip then leaves and Richard seizes Arsuf and Jaffa, refortifies Ascalon Sep 7, 1191: Richard met Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf Nov-Dec 1191: Richard's Crusaders marched toward Jerusalem but turned back to the coast 1192 Jan - Richard begins negotiations with Saladin. Jun - Richard's Crusaders marched again toward Jerusalem but turned back again

 Aug 1 - Richard successfully defends Jaffa. September 2 - Richard and Saladin sign a treaty, ending their fighting October 9 - Richard leaves the mideast 1193 Mar 3, Saladin dies, several years of civil war follow, until his brother al-Adil, takes control 1197 spring Frederick I's son, Henry VI goes on crusade September 28, Henry VI dies 1198-1224: Albert of Buxtehude expanded the Baltic Crusades 1198 July 1, Henry VI's nobles reach a treaty with Muslims and leave Aug 1198: Pope Innocent III called the Fourth Crusade Order of Teutonic Knights begins (Acre is their main base) 1199: Political Crusade against Markward of Anweiler April - King Richard dies. 1202-1204 Fourth Crusade 1202: Nov 10 - Venetians and Crusaders sacked Zara, a Christian port on the Dalmatian Coast 1203 June 24 - Crusaders arrive at Constantinople July 17, crusaders take Constantinople, put Alexius IV on the throne 1204 late January Murzuphlus seizes throne and tries to expel crusaders April 12, crusaders seize and sack Constantinople, found Latin Empire out of Byzantine lands; a government-inexile formed 1208: Pope Innocent III called the Albigensian Crusade 1209-1229 Albigensian crusade in southern France against Cathar heretics 1212 Children's Crusade 1213 Pope Innocent III begins planning the Fifth Crusade 1215 Dec Pope Innocent III calling Fifth Crusade during Fourth Lateran Council, imposition of a crusade tax (on Church estates) 1216 July 16, Innocent III dies, planning continued by successor, Pope Honorius III 1217-1218 Andrew II of Hungary tries for Acre 1217-1221 Fifth Crusade, consists of various attacks on Egypt 1217 Dec : Fifth Crusaders attacked Mount Tabor 1218 Jan - Kind Andrew of Hungry returns home. May : Fifth Crusaders began the siege of Damietta 1219-1221 crusade in Egypt led by Cardinal Pelagius; he seized Damietta and tried to take Cairo, defeated by al-Kamil, Egypt's sultan 1219 Francis of Assisi fails to convert al-Kamil, sultan of Egypt 1221 Aug : Fifth Crusade, in the Nile Delta, surrendered 1227 Genghis Khan dies; ensuing wars for succession lessen Mongol threat for a time 1228-1229 Sixth Crusade Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, while under papal interdict, crusades in Egypt; 1228 Jun : Emperor Frederick II, King of Jerusalem through marriage to Isabell (Yolanda), sailed East on the Sixth Crusade 1229 Feb 18 - Al-Kamil surrendered Jerusalem to Emperor Frederick II 1230 Teutonic Knights start attacking Prussia 1235 Byzantines have retaken Asia Minor 1239-1241 Theobald of Champage and Richard of Cornwall lead a small crusade 1240s: Popes Gregory IX and Innocent IV called Political Crusades against Emperor Frederick II 1244 Franks lose Jerusalem for the final time 1245 Pope Innocent IV sends missionaries to Mongols; other negotiations follow 1247 Louis IX plans crusade; Frederick keeps al-Kamil's son, Ayyub, informed of plans 1248-1254 Seventh Crusade or Crusade of St. Louis attacks Egypt. 1248: King Louis IX departed for the Holy Land on the Seventh Crusade 1248-1250 Louis IX invades Egypt; seizes Damietta, defeated and captured at Mansurah; released for ransom (and Damietta) 1248-1250 end of Ayyubid dynasty, Mamluks now control Egypt 1251 Mngke, grandson of Genghis Khan, controls Mongols 1254 Apr, Louis departed the Holy Land 1258 Feb Mongols under Hleg (Genghis Khan's grandson) take Baghdad, kill the last 'Abbasid caliph; the population is massacred 1259 December Qutuz becomes leader of Egypt in coup 1260 January Mongols under Hleg take Aleppo March 1, Mongols under Hleg take Damascus Mngke dies; Hleg returns to fight for succession

September 3, 1260 battle of 'Ayn Jalut: Mamluks under Qutuz defeat Mongols September 8, 1260 Mamluks take Damascus October 23, 1260 Baybars kills Qutuz and becomes sultan; he controls Cairo without a fight but there is some conflict 1261 July 25, Byzantines recapture Constantinople, end of Latin Empire 1265 Hleg dies 1268 May 18, Baybars seizes Antioch (formerly allied to Mongols) Baybars seizes Jaffa 1270 Eighth Crusade: Louis IX attacks Tunis Jul, Louis IX's Last Crusade; Louis died in North Africa Aug 25, Louis IX dies near Tunis 1277 Baybars is poisoned and dies; Qalawun becomes sultan 1289 April 26 or 27, Qalawun, the Mamluk sultan, retakes Tripoli from Franks 1290 Nov Qalawun dies; his son Khalil assumes power 1291 June 17, Khalil retakes Acre, ending what we are defining as the Great Crusades; crusaders fall back to Cyprus

1307 Oct : King Philip IV surpessed the Templars in France 1330-1523: Hospitallers continued crusade action from Rhodes 1334: Crusader navy defeated Turkish pirates in the Gulf of Edremit 1334-1402: Crusaders held the port of Smyrna 1365: Crusaders under Peter I of Cyprus sacked Alexandria 1396: Crusade of Nicopolis 1426: Egyptians gained control over Cyprus 1492: Fall of Granada and the appearance at subsequent celebrations of a Genoese ship's captain with odd ideas about sailing to India 1798: Fall of Hospitallers on Malta to Napoleon