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Form 3 Science

Chapter One
Alveolus Oxygen

RESPIRATION
Carbon dioxide Ribs Trachea Oxygen RESPIRATION

Ribs
Oxygen

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide
Trachea

Lungs

Alveolus Lungs

Alveolus Lungs

Carbon dioxide

Oxygen
Ribs Lungs

Carbon dioxide

Lungs

Alveolus

Oxygen

Trachea

Why a respiratory system is needed ? 1. All living organisms need to take in oxygen in order to carry out cellular respiration (still remember ? Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy). 2. Respiration is the taking in of oxygen by our body from the external environment. 3. Inhalation breathing in, exhalation breathing out. 4. Small organism, amoeba, can get the gas it needs through simple diffusion because its body surface is big (compared to its body size). 5. Human has big body size and so its surface area is small, so he needs a respiratory system so that the gas he breath in is enough.

Comparison between a human and an amoeba.

Structure of air passage Air passage into the lungs

1. Nostril nasal cavity pharynx trachea bronchus bronchioles alveolus


2. a. b. c. 3. 4. 5. Breathing through the nose Trap foreign particles Moist and warm the air Detect dangerous gas Trachea has a cartilage ring to keep the air passage open Trachea opens into two bronchus. Bronchus open into bronchioles, eventually into air sacs, called alveolus.

6. The inner lining of trachea has a layer of mucus to trap particles, secreted by goblet cells.

Alveolus 1. At the end of the bronchioles are small air sacs called alveoli. 2. At the alveoli, gases exchange takes place. 3. Adaptation of alveolus for gases exchange: a. Moist surface easier gas diffusion b. Thin alveolus wall, shorter distance of diffusion c. Large number of capillaries better transportation d. Large number of alveolus larger surface for diffusion

Structure of the supporting tissues 1. 2. 3. 4. The ribs Intercostals muscle Diaphragm There are 10 pairs of ribs attaching backbone and the sternum 5. Intercostals muscle attaches to the ribs. 6. When the intercostals muscle contract, the ribs move upwards and outwards, and vice-versa. 7. Diaphragm is situated at the bottom of the rib cage. At rest, it curves upwards and flatten when contracts.

Inhalation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Intercostals muscle contract The ribs move upwards and outwards. The diaphragm muscle contract, and it flattens. The thoracic cavity increases. The air pressure in the lungs lowers. Atmospheric air pressure forces the air into the lungs.

Exhalation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Intercostals muscle relax The ribs move downwards and inwards. The diaphragm muscle relax, and it curves upwards. The thoracic cavity decreases. The air pressure in the lungs rises. Air pressure in the lungs forces the air out into the atmosphere.

The transport of oxygen in the human body

Alveolus

O2

Hb + O2 HbO2 HbCO2 Hb + CO2

HbO2 Hb + O2

Blood

Hb + CO2 HbCO2

CO2

Cell

In the alveolus

O2 moisture alveolus wall blood in the capillary

In the blood

Oxyhaemoglobin is carried to the cells

At the cells

Oxyhaemoglobin breaks into Hb and O2. O2 is supplied to the cells. Respiration is carried out. CO2 is produced. CO2 diffuses into the blood.

In the blood

CO2 combines with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin. Carbaminohaemoglobin is carried to the lungs.

In the alveolus

Carbaminohaemoglobin breaks into Hb and CO2. CO2 diffuses into the alveolus.

The importance of healthy respiratory system Respiratory system is important and must be taken care of properly. Some harmful substances that may harm RS. Smoking, smoke from factories, open burning, etc releases harmful substances. 1. Tar alveolus wall less elastic, block air passages. - prevent harmful substances from removal.

2. Carbon monoxide binds with Hb, and Hb cannot bind O2.

3.

Harmful substances cause cancer.

Respiratory diseases
1. Bronchitis 2. Emphysema 3. Smoking mother.

How to improve air quality 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Stop smoking Control the flow and the number of traffic. Use unleaded petrol Encourage car pooling Use catalytic converters to reduce the amount of harmful substances from the vehicles 6. Enforce laws to curb pollutants from factories and vehicles 7. Stop open burning 8. Planting of more trees.

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