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Most Common Cause Of.....

Cardiac Primary Tumor (adults) >>>>> Myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; "ball and valve") Cardiac Primary tumor (kids) >>>>> Rhabdomyoma Cardiac tumor (adults) >>>>> Metastases Cardiomyopathy >>>>> Dilated cardiomyopathy Chromosomal disorder >>>>> Down syndrome (a/w ALL, Alzheimer's dementia, and endocardial cushion defects) Chronic arrhythmia >>>>> Atrial fibrillation (a/w high risk of emboli) Congenital cardiac anomaly >>>>> VSD Constrictive pericarditis >>>>> Tuberculosis Coronary artery involved in thrombosis >>>>> LAD > RCA > LCA Cyanosis (early; less common) >>>>> Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus Cyanosis (late; more common) >>>>> VSD, ASD, PDA (close w/ indomethacin; open w/ misoprostol) Demyelinating disease >>>>> Multiple sclerosis Dietary deficit >>>>> Iron Epiglottitis >>>>> Haemophilus influenzae type B Esophageal cancer >>>>> Squamous cell carcinoma Gene involved in cancer >>>>> p53 tumor suppressor gene Group affected by cystic fibrosis >>>>> Caucasians (fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, mucous plugs/lung infections) Gynecologic malignancy >>>>> Endometrial carcinoma Heart murmur >>>>> Mitral valve prolapse Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis >>>>> Mitral Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis in IVDA >>>>> Tricuspid Heart valve (rheumatic fever) >>>>> Mitral valve (aortic is 2nd) Helminth infection (U.S.) >>>>> Enterobius vermicularis (Ascaris lumbricoides is 2nd most common) Hereditary bleeding disorder >>>>> Von Willebrand's Kidney stones >>>>> Calcium = radiopaque (2nd most common is ammonium = radiopaque; formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus) Liver disease >>>>> Alcoholic liver disease Location of brain tumors (adults) >>>>> Supratentorial Location of brain tumors (kids) >>>>> Infratentorial Lysosomal storage disease disorder >>>>> Gaucher's

Male cancer >>>>> Prostatic carcinoma Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever >>>>> Hodgkin's Malignant skin tumor >>>>> Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes) Metastases to bone [6] >>>>> Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney Metastases to brain [5] >>>>> Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI Metastases to liver [5] >>>>> Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinomas Motor neuron disease >>>>> ALS Neoplasm (kids) >>>>> ALL (2nd most common is cerebellar medulloblastoma) Nephrotic syndrome >>>>> Membranous glomerulonephritis Obstruction of male urinary tract >>>>> BPH Opportunistic infection in AIDS >>>>> PCP Organ receiving metastases >>>>> Adrenal glands (due to rich blood supply) Organ sending metastases [3] >>>>> Lung > breast, stomach Ovarian tumor (benign) >>>>> Serous cystadenoma Ovarian tumor (malignant) >>>>> Serous cystadenocarcinoma Pancreatic tumor >>>>> Adenocarcinoma (head of pancreas) Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML >>>>> ALL - child CLL - adult > 60 AML - adult > 60 CML - adults 35-50 Patient with Hodgkin's >>>>> Young male (except nodular sclerosis type - female) Patient with minimal change disease >>>>> Young child Patient with Reiter's >>>>> Male Pituitary tumor >>>>> Prolactinoma (2nd - somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma) Preventable cancer >>>>> Lung cancer Primary bone tumor (adults) >>>>> Multiple myeloma Primary hyperparathyroidism >>>>> Adenomas (followed by hyperplasia, then carcinoma) Primary liver tumor >>>>> Hepatoma Renal tumor >>>>> Renal cell carcinoma - a/w von Hippel-Lindau and

acquired polycystic kidney disease; paraneoplastic syndromes (erythropoietin, renin, PTH, ACTH) Secondary hyperparathyroidism >>>>> Hypocalcemia of chronic renal failure Sexually transmitted disease >>>>> Chlamydia Site of diverticula >>>>> Sigmoid colon Site of metastasis >>>>> Regional lymph nodes Site of metastasis (2nd most common) >>>>> Liver Site of atherosclerosis [4] >>>>> Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid Skin cancer >>>>> Basal cell carcinoma Stomach cancer >>>>> Adenocarcinoma Testicular tumor >>>>> Seminoma Thyroid cancer >>>>> Papillary carcinoma Tracheoesophageal fistula >>>>> Lower esophagus joins trachea/upper esophagus - blind pouch Tumor in men >>>>> Prostate carcinoma Tumor in women >>>>> Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent) Tumor of infancy >>>>> Hemangioma Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults) >>>>> Pheochromocytoma (benign) Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids) >>>>> Neuroblastoma (malignant) Type of Hodgkin's >>>>> Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion) Type of non-Hodgkin's >>>>> Follicular, small cleaved Type of pituitary adenoma >>>>> Prolactinoma Vasculitis >>>>> Temporal arteritis (risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery) >>>>> Viral encephalitis >>>>> HSV Vitamin deficiency (U.S.) >>>>> Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply) Addison's >>>>> Autoimmune (infection is the 2nd most common cause) Aneurysm, dissecting >>>>> HTN Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta >>>>> Atherosclerosis Aortic aneurysm, ascending >>>>> Tertiary symphilis Bacterial meningitis (adults) >>>>> Neisseria meningitidis Bacterial meningitis (elderly) >>>>> Streptococcus pneumoniae Bacterial meningitis (kids) >>>>> Haemophilus influenzae type B

Bacterial meningitis (newborns) >>>>> Escherichia coli Cancer associated with AIDS >>>>> Kaposi's sarcoma Congenital adrenal hyperplasia >>>>> 21-hydroxylase deficiency Cretinism >>>>> Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism Cushing's syndrome >>>>> Corticosteroid therapy (2nd most common cause is excess ACTH secretion by pituitary) Death in CML >>>>> Blast crisis Death in SLE >>>>> Lupus nephropathy Dementia >>>>> Alzheimer's (2nd most common is multi-infarct) DIC [4] >>>>> Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma Ejection click >>>>> Aortic/pulmonic stenosis Food poisoning >>>>> Staphylococcus aureus Glomerulonephritis (adults) >>>>> IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease) Hematoma - epidural >>>>> Rupture of middle meningeal artery (arterial bleeding is fast) Hematoma - subdural >>>>> Rupture of bridging veins (trauma; venous bleeding is slow) Hemochromatosis >>>>> Multiple blood transfusions (can result in CHF, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma) Hepatic cirrhosis >>>>> EtOH Hepatocellular carcinoma >>>>> Cirrhotic liver (often a/w hepatitis B and C) Holosystolic murmur [3] >>>>> VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation Hypertension, secondary >>>>> Renal disease Hypoparathyroidism >>>>> thyroidectomy Hypopituitarism >>>>> Adenomas (followed by hyperplasia, then carcinoma) Infection in blood transfusion >>>>> Hepatitis C Infection in burn victims >>>>> Pseudomonas Leukemia (adults) >>>>> AML "Machine-like" murmur >>>>> PDA Mental retardation >>>>> Down syndrome (fragile X is the second most common cause) MI >>>>> Atherosclerosis Mitral valve stenosis >>>>> Rheumatic heart disease Myocarditis >>>>> Coxsackie B

Nephrotic syndrome (adults) >>>>> Membranous glomerulonephritis Nephrotic syndrome (kids) >>>>> Minimal change disease (associated with infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids) Opening snap >>>>> Mitral stenosis Osteomyelitis >>>>> Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis in patients with sickle cell disease >>>>> Salmonella Osteomyelitis with IVDA >>>>> Pseudomonas Pancreatitis (acute) [2] >>>>> EtOH and gallstones Pancreatitis (chronic) [2] >>>>> EtOH (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids) Peau d'orange >>>>> Carcinoma of the breast Pelvic inflammatory disease >>>>> Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis) Pneumonia in CF, burn infection >>>>> Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia, hospital acquired >>>>> Klebsiella Preventable blindness >>>>> Chlamydia Primary amenorrhea >>>>> Turner's (XO) Primary hyperaldosteronism >>>>> Adenoma of adrenal cortex Primary hyperparathyroidism >>>>> Adenoma Pulmonary hypertension >>>>> COPD Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause >>>>> Cor pulmonale Right-sided heart failure >>>>> Left-sided heart failure Sheehan's syndrome >>>>> Postpartum pituitary infarction secondary to hemorrhage SIADH >>>>> Small cell carcinoma of the lung UTI (young women) [2] >>>>> E. coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus Bacteremia/pneumonia (IVDA) >>>>> Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria associated with GI cancer >>>>> Helicobacter pylori Bacteria found in GI tract >>>>> Bacteroides (second most common is Escherichia coli) Brain tumor (adults) >>>>> Metastatic > astrocytoma (including gliobastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma Brain tumor (kids) >>>>> Medulloblastoma (cerebellum) Brain tumor - supratentorial (kids) >>>>> Craniopharyngioma Breast cancer >>>>> Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the US, 1/9 women will develop breast cancer) Breast mass >>>>> Fibrocystic change

(in postmenopausal women, carcinoma is the most common) Breast tumor (benign) >>>>> Fibroadenoma Bug in debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia patient >>>>> Klebsiella Skin Cancer >>>>> basal cell

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