Professional Documents
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HISTORICAL REVIEW ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND WEST NILE VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS JOHN S. MARR* AND CHARLES H. CALISHER
Table. Medical history and physical examination of Alexander the Great Patient characteristics Onset of final illness May 29, 323 BC Death June 10, 323 BC Escalating fever associated with chills Excessive thirst, diaphoresis Acute abdominal pain Single episode of back pain at onset of fever Increased weakness leading to prostration with intermittent periods of energy Delirium Aphonia Terminal flaccid paralysis
MICROORGANISMS
Bacteria are the smallest living organisms Viruses are smaller but are not alive
THE PROKARYOTES
PROKARYOTIC CHARACTERISTICS
No membrane-bound nucleus
Single chromosome
Metabolic diversity
pilus
bacterial flagellum
DNA
ribosomes in cytoplasm
BACTERIAL SHAPES
coccus
bacillus
spirillum
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles Extreme thermophiles
ARCHAEBACTERIA HABITATS
EUBACTERIA
Includes most familiar bacteria Have fatty acids in plasma membrane Most have cell wall; always includes peptidoglycan Classification based largely on metabolism
METABOLIC DIVERSITY
Photoautotrophs
Chemoautotrophs Chemoheterotrophs
BACTERIAL GENES
molecule of DNA
few genes
Can
PROKARYOTIC FISSION
http://www.college.ucla.edu/webproject/micro 7/lecturenotes/finished/ecolivideo.mov
CONJUGATION
E. coli in streams, drinking water and surface waters of all kinds may indicate a problem with sewage and or farm runoff. Testing for unusual levels of these organisms is routinely done by public health officials Parks, swimming pools, restaurants etc may be closed if E. coli is detected
E. COLI PHOTOS
EM cells
http://www.bact.wisc.edu/bact330/nfE.coli_colonies.jpeg
Culture plate
http://www.marlerclark.com/news/whitewater10.htm
http://www.cellsalive.net/photos/images/strep1.jpg
UNEXPECTED CONSEQUENCES
One weekend in June of 1998 while Cassie Moore was camping with her three children, she obtained a minor cut on her finger, which she bandaged properly. She also injured the left side of her body participating in sports. Not thinking much of either, she bandaged the cut, and went to bed (Moore, 1999).
edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89
WARNING!
The next two slides are very graphic. They show the results of necrotizing fasciitis!! You dont have to look at them if you are squeamish!
SEVERE CASE
http://www.bact.wisc.edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89
AMPUTEE
RECENTLY IN GEORGIAMORE FLESH EATING BACTERIA http://video.search.yahoo.com/search/video; _ylt=A0oG7mzFUdNPm3UAQDdXNyoA?p=g eorgia+women+flesh+eating&fr=mymyy&fr2=piv-web You can also check this out: http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/01/13/1 45179057/woman-injects-bath-salts-losesarm-to-flesh-eating-bacteria
(5/16/2012) (5/24/2012)
AEROMONAS INFECTIONS
Aeromonas is a common aquatic potential deadly infectious bacteria. Victims usually are infected in deep lacerations that are exposed to fresh water, either standing or running. Warning: This video has a series of graphic images which some my find disturbing. http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?fr= my-myy&ei=UTF8&c=2&p=aeromonas+infections&vid=44d6d
WASHINGTON (Reuters) -- A surprising number of drinking water systems on domestic and foreign commercial aircraft tested this summer by the government did not meet federal standards because they were contaminated with potentially harmful bacteria, regulators said Monday. (Tuesday, September 21, 2004 Posted: 10:46 AM EDT (1446 GMT) )
E. COLI OUTBREAK ALARMS GERMANY AS YOUNG WOMEN SICKEN (BBC 25 MAY 2011)
Germany is alarmed at the scale of an E. coli food poisoning outbreak which is thought to have killed three people and may have infected hundreds more.
E. COLI CUCUMBER SCARE: SPAIN ANGRY AT GERMAN CLAIMS BBC 31 MAY 2011
Spain has expressed anger at links being made between Spanish cucumbers and a deadly E. coli outbreak. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe13605910
Reaction to the cucumber crisis Country Action Consumers told not to eat cucumbers, lettuces and raw tomatoes. 1,150 cases of E.coli confirmed; 14 deaths One death and 36 suspected E. coli infections, linked to travel in northern Germany. Top European cucumber producer - threatens to seek compensation from the European Union for lost vegetables sales Ban on all imports of cucumbers, tomatoes and fresh salad from Spain and Germany pending further notice Some Spanish-grown cucumbers removed from sale Some Spanish-grown cucumbers removed from sale Ban on sale of cucumbers, tomatoes and aubergines imported via Germany Reported to have banned cucumber imports from Spain Halted all cucumber shipments to Germany Testing cucumbers for
Germany
Sweden
Spain
Russia
Czech Republic
France
Austria
http://www.ygoy.com/2011/07/06/suspected-egyptian-sproutseeds-still-on-sale/
PREVENTING SEPTIS
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/universityof-chicago/2127-smart-bacteria-in-your-gutvideo.htm
The bacteria responsible for stomach ulcers have been linked to Parkinson's disease, according to researchers in the US.
Mice infected with Helicobacter pylori went onto develop Parkinson's like symptoms.Parkinson's disease affects the brain and results in slow
movements and a tremor.
The researchers believe the bacteria are producing chemicals which are toxic to the brain.
to one found in seeds from the cycad plant, which had been shown to trigger a Parkinson's-like disease among people in Guam.
In Theory: In Some Cases, Even Bad Bacteria May Be Good By KATE MURPHY Published: October 31, 2011 THE HYPOTHESIS Overuse of antibiotics increases the risk of obesity. THE INVESTIGATOR Dr. Martin Blaser, New York University Langone Medical Center.
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/health/scientistexamines-possible-link-between-antibiotics-and-obesity.html
Microbiologists at New York University have published a new study that says the overprescribing of antibiotics could be making us fat! Researchers fed infant mice low doses of penicillin; after 30 weeks, penicillin-fed mice were between 10 and 15 per cent bigger and twice as fat as drug-free mice. This affirms research from Copenhagen which found that infants given antibiotics within the first six months of life were more likely to be overweight at age 7, even if their mother was of a healthy weight.
http://www.anh-usa.org/antibiotics-may-be-contributing-to-the-obesity-epidemic/
Foodborne Illness
SALMONELLA
FROM CBS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7_QPeFY Tx8&feature=fvsr
CHARACTERISTICS OF SALMONELLA
Gram negative Rod shaped (bacillus) Non-spore forming Motile (many flagella) Enterobacteria (Live in the intestines of many animals) Chemoorganotrophs Salmonella infections are zoonotic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
GRAM STAINING
Two stains are used on heat-fixed (death by heat) smear of a bacterial culture
Stain #1 is crystal violet which stains the bacterial cells purple Stain #2 is usually safrarin which stains the bacterial cells red or pink Gram + bacteria appear purple under microscope because they retain the crystal violet dye in their cell walls Gram- bacteria appear red or pink under the microscope because they do not retain the blue dye, but do retain the pink dye Does not work on all types of bacteria
A Gram stain of mixed Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive cocci) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative bacilli)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining
The Salmonella family includes over 2,300 serotypes of bacteria which are one-celled organisms too small to be seen without a microscope. Two types, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium are the most common in the United States and account for half of all human infections. Strains that cause no symptoms in animals can make people sick, and vice versa. If present in food, it does not usually affect the taste, smell, or appearance of the food. The bacteria live in the intestinal tracts of infected animals and humans.
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/factsheets/salmonella_questions_&_answers/index.asp
SALMONELLOSIS
Salmonellosis is an infection with bacteria called Salmonella. Most persons infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection. The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most persons recover without treatment. However, in some persons, the diarrhea may be so severe that the patient needs to be hospitalized. In these patients, the Salmonella infection may spread from the intestines to the blood stream, and then to other body sites and can cause death unless the person is treated promptly with antibiotics. The elderly, infants, and those with impaired immune systems are more likely to have a severe illness.
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/
DEATHS
About 142,000 (reported) Americans are infected each year with Salmonella enteritidis from chicken eggs, and about 30 die.[18] The shell of the egg may be contaminated with salmonella by feces or environment (common), or its interior (yolk) may be contaminated by penetration of the bacteria through the porous shell or from a hen whose infected ovaries contaminate the egg during egg formation (unlikely). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
WASHINGTON (Reuters) Bacteria found in chicken feed used at two Iowa farms has been linked to a salmonella outbreak that prompted the recall of more than a half billion contaminated eggs, U.S. regulators said on Thursday.
By Alina Selyukh Alina Selyukh Thu Aug 26, 5:24 pm ET
SO WHAT'S HAPPENING TO THE RECALLED EGGS AND THE FRESH Eggs from that massive salmonella outbreak could ONES?
still end up on a store shelf near you.
CBS News has learned that some of the recalled eggs are being sent to egg processing facilities, along with fresh ones that infected hens are still producing. The eggs will be cooked, pasteurized and used in products like ice cream and mayonnaise. The FDA says it's legal and safety experts insist there's little risk to consumers. http://ozarksfirst.com/fulltext?nxd_id=316835
Food Production: Probiotics Probiotics are living organisms that, when consumed, have beneficial health benefits outside their inherent nutritional effects. There is a growing body of evidence for the role of probiotics in gastrointestinal infections, irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.[3][4] Lactobacillus species are used for the production of yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, beer, wine, cider, kimchi, chocolate and other fermented foods, as well as animal feeds such as silage. In recent years, much interest has been shown in the use of lactobacilli as probiotic organisms and their potential for disease prevention in humans and
[3][6]
Bifidobacteria are considered as important probiotics, and are used in the food industry to relieve and treat many intestinal disorders. Bifidobacteria exert a range of beneficial health effects, including the regulation of intestinal microbial homeostasis, the inhibition of pathogens and harmful bacteria that colonize and/or infect the gut mucosa, the modulation of local and systemic immune responses, the repression of procarcinogenic enzymatic activities within the microbiota, the production of vitamins, and the bioconversion of a number of dietary compounds into bioactive molecules.[4][6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology#Probiotics
VIRUS
Noncellular infectious agent Consists of protein wrapped around a nucleic acid core Cannot reproduce itself; can only be reproduced using a host cell
HPV CARRIED IN MOUTH LINKED TO VIRULENT CANCERS NUMBER OF OROPHARYNGEAL CASES STEADILY RISING, STUDY FINDS
The Washington Times Thursday, January 26, 2012 The new study finds that the most prevalent HPV strain found in peoples mouths is HPV-16, a type that is particularly likely to cause cancers, Dr. Maura L. Gillison and her colleagues said. An estimated 2.13 million Americans have an oral HPV-16 infection, the authors said in their study, published in the Jan. 26 issue of JAMAs Online First edition. Men are almost three times as likely as women to have oral HPV, with 10.1 percent of men and 3.6 percent of women testing positive for it.
Helical virus
Polyhedral virus
lipid envelope; proteins span the envelope, line its inner surface, spike out above it
LYTIC PATHWAY
Lysis
Assembly
LYSOGENIC PATHWAY
Latent period extends the cycle Viral DNA becomes part of host chromosome for a time
http://www.med.sc.edu:85/movies/phageh.m ov
Translation Proteins
Assembly
http://rhino.bocklabs.wisc.edu/virusworld/jysart/norwalk_asv2001.jpg
(2002)
http://www.cnn.com/2002/TRAVEL/11/30/disney.sick.cruise/
http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99993559
POLIO
Small water-food borne RNA virus In about 1% of the infected population, the virus attacks and kills motor neurons This results in various degrees of paralysis
http://www.rednova.com/news/stories/2/2003/04/29/story004.html
POLIOS EFFECTS
http://cha.state.md.us/edcp/html/polio.html
http://www.bret.org.uk/nec2.htm
PERSONS AT RISK
Household contacts of infected persons Sex contacts of infected persons Persons, especially children, living in areas with increased rates of hepatitis A during the baseline period from 1987-1997. Persons traveling to countries where hepatitis A is common Men who have sex with men Injecting and non-injecting drug users
Red> 20
THE HA WORLD
TRANSMISSION
HAV is found in the stool (feces) of persons with hepatitis A. HAV is usually spread from person to person by putting something in the mouth (even though it may look clean) that has been contaminated with the stool of a person with hepatitis A.
PREVENTION
Hepatitis A vaccine is the best protection. Short-term protection against hepatitis A is available from immune globulin. It can be given before and within 2 weeks after coming in contact with HAV. Always wash your hands with soap and water after using the bathroom, changing a diaper, and before preparing and eating food.
VACCINATION
Travelers to areas with increased rates of hepatitis A Men who have sex with men Injecting and non-injecting drug users Persons with clotting-factor disorders (e.g. hemophilia) Persons with chronic liver disease Children living in areas with increased rates of hepatitis A during the baseline period from 19871997.
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/a/fact.htm
http://www.apotheke-im-globus-wachau.de/Service/reis http://www.webcolombia.com/health/hepatitis/sintomas.jpg
LOUISVILLE, Ky. (AP) Chi-Chi's, the chain of Mexican restaurants, may have served its last chimichanga. Outback Steakhouse Inc. this week closed on its $42.5 million deal for the rights to 76 restaurants in the Chi-Chi's chain, which was beleaguered by bankruptcy and a hepatitis outbreak.
http://www.washtimes.com/business/20040922-091157-9257r.htm
Researchers link flu outbreaks with low humidity levels of winter. Winters in New York are four times less humid than in summer. In Minnesota, humidity can drop five-fold. Linking the flu to absolute humidity could help health workers prepare for outbreaks.
VIROIDS
No protein-coding genes
No protein coat
PSTV
Most known viroids cause diseases in plants. The first viroid was discovered in 1971, by Diener. It's called the potato spindle tuber virus (PSTV), Contains a single loop of RNA Relies wholly on enzymes all ready in the host cell
http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/subcellular.html#Viroids
VEGETABLE MD ONLINE
http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/Images/Potatoes/PotatoViruses/PotatoVirusfs1.jpg
PRIONS
Small proteins Linked to human diseases
Kuru Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease (CJD)
Animal diseases
Scrapie
ATLANTA Oct. 1, 2004 Emory University officials sent warning letters to more than 500 surgery patients at the school's medical center after a brain surgery patient tested positive for a fatal disease similar to the human version of mad cow disease. Chances of infection are very low, said Dr. William Bornstein, chief quality officer for Emory Healthcare. "By using modern sterilization, this has never been transmitted," he said.
http://abcnews.go.com/wire/Living/ap20041001_1791.html
IN THE NEWS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUnoaSK nHXY&feature=related
MOLECULAR MECHANISM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2Ouxl_G NjA&feature=related
MAJOR LINEAGES
Heterotrophs
Chytrids Water
Autotrophs
Mix or Both
Red algae Euglenoids Brown algae Dinoflagellat e Green algae Golden algae Diatoms
ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTANS
Informally known as protozoans May resemble single-celled heterotrophic protistans that gave rise to animals Include predators, parasites, and grazers
Sarcodina - Amoeboid protozoans Ciliphora - Ciliated protozoans Mastigophora - Animal-like flagellates Apicomplexa - Parasitic heterotrophs such as the sporozoans
NAKED AMOEBAS
Change shape constantly Move by means of pseudopods Most are free-living cells that engulf their prey Some are symbionts in animal guts A few are opportunistic pathogens
AMOEBA
AMOEBA
VIDEO: AMOEBA
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviegallery/pon dscum/protozoa/amoeba/
http://www.rense.com/general27/oom.htm
Foraminiferans
Calcium
carbonate shell
of silica
FORAMINIFERAN
A living heliozoan
CILIATED PROTOZOANS
Phylum Ciliphora All heterotrophs Arrays of cilia allow movement and direct food into oral cavity
Hypotrich
gullet
CILIATE CONJUGATION
macronucleus
micronucleus
Smaller
exchange micronuclei
PARAMECIUM CONJUGATION
VIDEO: CILIATES
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviegallery/pon dscum/protozoa/bursaria/index.html
VIDEO: DIDINIUM
ANIMAL-LIKE FLAGELLATES
Phylum Mastigophora
Move by means of flagella All are heterotrophs
Free-living
Many
Undulating membrane
mitochondrion
TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS
Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD), although transmission by other routes (such as soiled towels) has been documented.
Most people infected with trichomoniasis are asymptomatic. Symptomatic infections are characterized by a white discharge from the genital tract and itching.
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/trichomonas.html
DINOFLAGELLATES
RED TIDE
Amazing blue glowing waves at La Jolla Shores beach caused by the red tide that hit San Diego on September 29, 2011. The bright blue color is caused by bioluminescence from an algae bloom. The algae is red in the day, hence the name Red Tide, but glows a bright blue at night when agitated, such as when a wave breaks. It's a really awesome sight to see.... when people swim in the water, the entire water around them glows blue. Truly amazing!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscre en&v=Py-J1ZazHDM&NR=1
SPOROZOANS
Parasitic
Complete part of the life cycle inside specific cells of a host organism Many have elaborate life cycles that require different hosts
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM
TOXOPLASMA
Cysts may be ingested with raw or undercooked meat Exposure to cysts from cat feces Symptoms are usually mild in people with normal immune function Infection during pregnancy can kill or damage the embryo
MALARIA
sporozites
The research, published in the British medical journal the Lancet, suggests 1.24 million people died from the mosquito-borne disease in 2010. This compares to a World Health Organization (WHO) estimate for 2010 of 655,000 deaths. But both the new study and the WHO indicate global death rates are now falling. The rise in malaria deaths up to 2004 is attributed to a growth in populations at risk of malaria, while the decline since 2004 is attributed to "a rapid scaling up of malaria control in Africa", supported by international donors.
Eck Family Institute http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-mD7jzUklQ Cutaneous leishmaniasis (also known as "Aleppo boil," "Baghdad boil,"
"Bay sore," "Biskra button," "Chiclero ulcer," "Delhi boil," "Kandahar sore," "Lahore sore,"
is the most common form of leishmaniasis. It is a skin infection caused by a single-celled parasite that is transmitted by sandfly bites. There are about 20 species of Leishmania that may cause cutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania currently affects 12 million people in 88 countries. Wkipedia
"Leishmaniasis tropica," "Oriental sore," "Pian bois," and "Uta"[1]:423)
EUGLENOIDS
Phylum Euglenophyta Free-living flagellated cells that live in freshwater Majority are photoautotrophs Some are heterotrophs that feed on dissolved organic compounds Sewage pollution indicator organisms
mitochondrion pellicle
VIDEO: EUGLENA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3sgoy22 Ij4
CHRYSOPHYTES
Phylum Chrysophyta
Mainly free-living photosynthetic cells
Four groups:
- Golden algae - Yellow-green algae - Diatoms - Coccolithophores
MIXED DIATOMS
DIATOM CHARACTERISTICS
Cell wall is composed of silica Two valves (halves) similar to a Petri dish Golden/green in color Important primary producers in both marine and freshwater ecosystems
VIDEO: DIATOMS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVIP0AWDd4&feature=results_main&playnext= 1&list=PL4333AE134CD94B3E
GREEN ALGAE
Nuclear fusion
Meiosis, germination
CONJUGATING SPIROGYRA
GREEN TECHNOLOGY