I T LI STENS AND CORRECTS

BURLINGTONENGLISH

BURLINGTON
CUID Everyday English 2 (A2)
2
El presente del verbo to be 3
El verbo have got 3
El verbo like + sustantivo 4
El verbo like + verbo + ing 4
A / An 4
Some / Any 4
There is / There are 4
El Present Simple 5
El Present Continuous 6
Contraste Present Simple / Present Continuous 6
Los verbos estticos 7
El pasado del verbo to be 7
There was / There were 8
El Past Simple 8
El futuro con will 9
El futuro con be going to 9
El Present Continuous con valor de futuro 10
Can, Should, Must 10
Los adjetivos posesivos 11
Los pronombres posesivos 11
Los pronombres personales objeto 12
El Present Perfect Simple 12
El comparativo 13
El superlativo 13
Los adverbios de modo 14
NDICE PGINA
APNDICE GRAMATICAL
two
3
APENDI CE GRAMATI CAL
,
ELPRESENTEDELVERBOTO BE
Significaseroestar,perocuandoexpresamoslaedady
estadoscomohungryothirstysetraduceportenery
cuandonosreferimosaltiempoatmosfricoporhacer.
Tambinseusaparaindicarelpreciodelascosas.Enla
conversacinseusanmslasformascontradas.
Its late. (Estarde.)
My parents are at home. (Mispadresestnencasa.)
Aldecirlaprofesindeunapersonaponemoselartculo
a /an,perosihablamosenplural,no.
I am a tour guide.(Soyguaturstico.)
My parents are doctors. (Mispadressonmdicos.)
Ennegativaseleaadedetrslapartculanot o nt.
NEGATIVA
Iamnot Im not
youare not youarent/youre not
he heisnt /hes not
she is not sheisnt/shes not
it itisnt/its not
we wearent/were not
you are not youarent/youre not
they theyarent/theyre not
FORMA cONTRAdA
Lasrespuestasbrevessonlasquedamosconunsimple
so no,peroeninglsseformanconyesono+un
pronombrepersonal+elverboto besincontraeren
afirmativaycontradoennegativa.
Is your father a barman? Yes, he is. / No, he isnt.
(Tupadreescamarero?S./No.)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. IamItalian.
2. AreyouChinese?
3. Sheisntateacher.
4. Wearestudents.
5. IsDanatschool?
Preguntas con partculas interrogativas
Estaspreguntasnosepuedencontestarconunso
unno,requierenunarespuestamscompleta.Las
principalesson:What? (Qu?/Cul/es?),How?
(Cmo?),How often? (Conqufrecuencia?),
Where? (Dnde?)yWho?(Quin/es?).
Who is he? Hes the vet. (Quines?Eselveterinario.)
ELVERBOHAVE GOT
AFIRMATIVA
Iam
youare
he
she is
it
we
you are
they
Im
youre
hes
shes
its
were
youre
theyre
INTERROGATIVA
AmI...?
Areyou...?
Ishe...?
Isshe...?
Isit...?
Arewe...?
Areyou...?
Arethey...?
AFIRMATIVA / NEGATIVA
Yes, I am. / No, Im not.
Yes, you are. / No, you arent.
Yes, he is. / No, he isnt.
Yes, she is. / No, she isnt.
Yes, it is. / No, it isnt.
Yes, we are. / No, we arent.
Yes, you are. / No, you arent.
Yes, they are. / No, they arent.
AFIRMATIVA
I
you
he
she has got
it
we
you have got
they
FORMA cONTRAdA
Ive got
youve got
hes got
shes got
its got
weve got
youve got
theyve got
have got
Significatenerysirveparaexpresar lo que poseemos expresarloqueposeemos
olascaractersticasdealguienoalgocuandolo
describimos.
She has (Shes) got a friend. (Ellatieneunamigo.)
Weve got two cats. (Tenemosdosgatos.)
Enlainterrogativaponemoselverboto bedelantedel
sujeto.Recuerdaqueeningls,elsignodeinterrogacin
sloseponealfinaldelapregunta.
NEGATIVA FORMA cONTRAdA
I I
you you
he he
she has not got she hasnt got
it it
we we
you have not got you havent got
they they
havent got have not got
three
FORMA cONTRAdA
REspuEsTAs bREVEs
4
APENDI CE GRAMATI CAL
,
Ennegativaseponenot ontentrehave / hasygot.
I have not (havent) got a pen.(Notengoboli.)
INTERROGATIVA
Have I got ... ?
Have you got ... ?
Has he got ... ?
Has she got ... ?
Has it got ... ?
Have we got ... ?
Have you got ... ?
Have they got ... ?
AFIRMATIVA / NEGATIVA
Yes, I have. / No, I havent.
Yes, you have. / No, you havent.
Yes, he has. / No, he hasnt.
Yes, she has. / No, she hasnt.
Yes, it has. / No, it hasnt.
Yes, we have. / No, we havent.
Yes, you have. / No, you havent.
Yes, they have. / No, they havent.
REspuEsTAs bREVEs
Eninterrogativa,elsujetovadetrsdehave /has y
enlasrespuestasbrevesslousamoselpronombre
personalsujeto+have / has ohavent / hasnt.
Have you got any plans for today? Yes, I have. / No,
I havent. (Tienesalgnplanparahoy?S. / No.)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. Tomhasgotabook.
2. Katehasntgotapen.
3. Haveyougotadictionary?
4. Wehaventgotacat.
5. Ihavegotalongname.
ELVERBOLIKE + SUSTANTIVO
Paraexpresarnuestrosgustosusamoselverbolike
(gustar) seguidodeunnombre.
I like this picture.(Megustaestecuadro.)
Ennegativautilizadont/doesnt,yeninterrogativa
recuerdaponerdo/doesdelantedelsujeto.
We dont like football. (Nonosgustaelftbol.)
Does he like coffee?(Legustaelcaf?)
ELVERBOLIKE + VERBO + ING
Paraindicarloquenosgustaonohacerutilizamosel
verbolikeseguidodeunverboterminadoening.
He doesnt like cleaning.(Nolegustalimpiar.)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. Iliketea.
2. Ilikelisteningtomusic.
3. Shelikescats.
4. Helikesplayingfootball.
5. Doyoulikestudying?
A / AN
Elartculoindefinidoa / anvadelantedeunnombre
contableensingularysignificaun/una;anslose
usacuandolasiguientepalabraempiezaporvocal
ohmuda.
Ive got a cake. (Tengounatarta.)
Its an interesting book. (Esunlibrointeresante.)
He isanhonest boy.(lesunchicohonesto.)
SOME / ANY
AFIRMATIVA FORMA cONTRAdA
There is Theres
There are
There issignificaquehayunacosa,yporesova
seguidodeunnombrecontableensingularodeuno
nocontable.There aresignificaquehaydoscosaso
msyslopuedeirconnombrescontablesenplural.
There is a hospital.
(Hayunhospital.)
Theres some water in the glass.
(Hay[unpocode]aguaenelvaso.)
There are some people in the theatre.
(Hayalgunaspersonasenelteatro.)
Some con contables en plural y no contables

en frases
unos/as, algunos/as
Ive got some friends in Ireland.
afirmativas un poco de, algo de o no se traduce
Shes got some milk in the fridge.
Any con contables en plural y no contables
en frases
negativas
ningn/a, nada de o no se traduce
I havent got any cats.
I havent got any water.
en frases
interrogativas
algn/a, algunos/as, algo de o no se
traduce
Have you got any brothers?
Have you got any sugar in your tea?
EJERcIcIO
Rodea las respuestas correctas.
1. Danisa/anelectrician.
2. Iama/anvet.
3. Haveyougotsome/anymoneyhere?
4. Ihavegotsome/anypens.
5. Wehaventgotsome/anyhomework.
THERE IS / THERE ARE
four
5
APENDI CE GRAMATI CAL
,
NEGATIVA FORMA cONTRAdA
There is not There isnt
There are not There arent
INTERROGATIVA REspuEsTAs bREVEs
Is there ... ? Yes, there is. / No, there isnt.
Are there ... ? Yes, there are. / No,there arent.
Laspreguntasempiezanconis/are,yenlasrespuestas
brevesvolvemosalordennormal,usandolasformas
contradasenlasnegativas.
Are there any potatoes on the table? Yes, there are. /
No, there arent. (Haypatatasenlamesa?S./No.)
EJERcIcIO
Completa las preguntas con Is there / Are there.
Despus completa las respuestas breves.
1. ......... any tea? es, ......... ......... any tea? es, ......... anytea?es,......... .........
2. ......... any children here? es, ......... ......... any children here? es, ......... anychildrenhere?es,......... .........
3. ......... any apples in the bag? No, ......... ......... any apples in the bag? No, ......... anyapplesinthebag?No,......... .........
4. ......... a cinema on your street? es, ......... ......... a cinema on your street? es, ......... acinemaonyourstreet?es,......... .........
5. ......... any water in the glass? No, ......... ......... any water in the glass? No, ......... anywaterintheglass?No,......... .........
ELPRESENT SIMPLE
Lanegativaseformaaadiendodetrsnot ont.
There isnt any sugar in the cupboard.
(Nohay[nadade]azcarenelarmario.)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. Thereisacatonthebed.
2. Therearetwodogsinthehouse.
3. Therearentanypicturesintheroom.
4. Thereisntanyhomeworktoday.
5. Thereissomecoffeeonthetable.
Sinembargo,lossiguientesverbosaadenes:
-Losacabadosenconsonante+y,queadems
cambianlaypori:study - studies.
-Losterminadosench,s,shyx: watch - watches,
miss - misses, wash - washes, mix - mixes.
-Losqueterminaneno:do - does.
Noolvidesnuncaponerelsujetoeningls,aunquesea
unpronombrepersonalyraravezsetraduzca.
I work at a bank. (Trabajoenunbanco.)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. Shedanceseveryday.
2. ouplaytheguitar.
3. Iexerciseattheweekend.
4. Roberttravelseveryweek.
5. Weplayfootballintheevenings.
NEGATIVA
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
FORMA cONTRAdA
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
do not swim
does not swim
do not swim
dont swim
doesnt swim
dont swim
Ennegativanecesitado / does + notodont / doesnt.
They do not (dont) swim on Sunday mornings.
(Ellosnonadanlosdomingosporlamaana.)
EJERcIcIO
Pon en negativa las siguientes frases.
1. Ilikeyourhair.
2. MarkandIstudyJapanese.
3. SharonlivesinLondon.
4. PaulteachesEnglish.
5. ouchatontheInternet.
I
you
he
Doesshe
it
we
Do you
they
AFIRMATIVA / NEGATIVA
Yes, I do. / No, I dont.
Yes, you do. / No, you dont.
Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt.
Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt.
Yes, it does. / No, it doesnt.
Yes, we do. / No, we dont.
Yes, you do. / No, you dont.
Yes, they do. / No, they dont.
Do
work?
INTERROGATIVA
work?
work?
Seusaparaexpresarhechoshabituales,situacionesy
estados.La3personadelsingularaadeunasalfinal.
Carmen runs on Mondays. (Carmencorreloslunes.)
AFIRMATIVA
I
you
he
she runs
it
we
you run
they
TRAduccIN
corro
corres
lcorre
ellacorre
corre
corremos
corris
corren
run
five
REspuEsTAs bREVEs
6
APENDI CE GRAMATI CAL
,
Enlainterrogativaseponeelauxiliardo/does delante
delsujetoyenlasrespuestasbrevesserepitedetrsdel.
Does he go out in the afternoons? No, he doesnt.
(lsaleporlastardes?No.)
EJERcIcIO
Pon en interrogativa las siguientes frases.
1. ouliveinParis.
2. Patrickworksinapub.
3. ourfriendslikeLondon.
4. Ellenexerciseseveryday.
5. ouplayfootballintheafternoons.
Preguntas con partculas interrogativas
Parahacerpreguntasconlaspartculaswho,where,
what,when,how,etc.,ponemoslapartcula+do/
does+elsujeto+elverboenlaformabase.
Where does she work? She works in a hotel.
(Dndetrabaja?Ellatrabajaenunhotel.)
Recuerdaqueto be yhave gotnonecesitando / does
eninterrogativa,asquetampocoenestaspreguntas.
What have you got there?(Qutienesah?)
ELPRESENT CONTINUOUS
Expresaaccionesqueestnocurriendoenelmomento
mismodehablaroenelperiododetiempopresente.
Laafirmativaseformaconelpresentedelverboto be
comoauxiliar+elverboprincipalterminadoening.
They are (Theyre) sleeping.(Estndurmiendo.)
Ennegativaseponenotdetrsdelverboto be,pero
enlaconversacinsuelecontraerseconl.
We are not (arent) eating.(Noestamoscomiendo.)
Am I
Are you
he
Is she
it
we
Are you
they
Yes,I am./No,Im not.
Yes,you are./No,you arent.
Yes,he is./No,heisnt.
Yes,she is./No,sheisnt.
Yes, it is./No,itisnt.
Yes,we are./No,wearent.
Yes,you are./No,youarent.
Yes,they are./No,theyarent.
taking?
taking?
taking?
AFIRMATIVA / NEGATIVA
REspuEsTAs bREVEs
INTERROGATIVA
Eninterrogativaseintercalaelsujetoentreelverbo
to beyelterminadoening.Enlasrespuestasbreves
seusaelpronombresujetoyto be sincontraeren
lasafirmativasycontradoenlasnegativas.
Is he taking any photos? No, he isnt.
(Esthaciendofotos?No.)
Antesdeaadirlaterminaciningalaformabase
delverbohayqueseguirestasreglasortogrficas:
-Siacabaenemuda,pierdeesavocal:
come - coming write - writing
- Sitieneuna1slabayacabaen1 vocal+
1 consonante,doblaesaconsonante:
sit - sitting swim - swimming
ConelPresent Continuousseutilizanlassiguientes
expresionestemporales:now(ahora),right now
(justoahora/ahoramismo),at the moment(eneste
momento),today(hoy),this morning(estamaana),
etc.Todaspuedeniralprincipiooalfinaldelafrase,
perosesuelenponermsalfinal.
We are studying now.(Ahoraestamosestudiando.)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. Samiswritingane-mailatthemoment.
2. Wearentdancingrightnow.
3. Areyoutalkingtome?
4. IamwatchingTVnow.
5. Whatareyoudoing?
CONTRASTEPRESENT SIMPLE/
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
ElPresent Simpleexpresahbitosoactividades
cotidianasyelContinuousseusaparadecirloque
estocurriendoahorayquerompeconlarutina.
Tom usually plays tennis but today he is
playing football.(Tomnormalmentejuegaal
tenisperohoyestjugandoalftbol.)
AFIRMATIVA
Iam sleeping
youare sleeping
he
she
it
we
you
they
FORMA cONTRAdA
Im sleeping
youre sleeping
he
she
it
we
you
they
re sleeping
s sleeping
are sleeping
is sleeping
NEGATIVA
Iam not eating
youare not eating
he
she
it
we
you
they
FORMA cONTRAdA
Im not eating
you arent eating
he
she
it
we
you
they
arent eating
isnt eating
are not eating
is not eating
six
7
APENDI CE GRAMATI CAL
,
LOSVERBOS"ESTTICOS"
love (amar), like (gustar), hate (odiar), want (querer)
think (pensar), remember (recordar), know (saber,
conocer), understand (comprender, entender),
believe (creer), feel (sentir), hope (esperar)
own (poseer)
see (ver), hear (or)
Estosverbossellamanasporqueexpresangustos,
sentimientosydeseos,actividadesdelamente,
posesinypercepcin,esdecir,estadosenlugar
deaccionesqueimplicanmovimiento.Poresonose
suelenemplearenlaformacontinua.
We know the answer.(Sabemoslarespuesta.)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. Robertlikesfootball.
2. WeunderstandEnglish.
3. Doyouexerciseeveryday?
4. Iamlisteningtoyou.
5. Iwantsomecoffeerightnow.
ELPASADODELVERBOTO BE
AFIRMATIVA
Iwas
youwere
he
she was
it
we
you were
they
Enafirmativaeswasenla1y3personadelsingulary
wereenlasdems.Encastellanopuedetraducirsepor
pretritoperfectosimpleoporpretritoimperfecto.
The children were very hungry.
(Losniostenanmuchahambre.)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. ouwerelate.
2. Iwasinthepark.
3. Wewereatschool.
4. Janetwasathome.
5. Thechildrenwereexcited.
NEGATIVA
I was not Iwasnt
youwere not youwerent
he he
she was not she wasnt
it it
we we
you were not you werent
they they
FORMA cONTRAdA
Paraformarlanegativaponemosnotdetrsdewas/
were,ycomosiempre,lasformascontradassonms
frecuentesenlaconversacin.
I was not (wasnt) ill.(Noestuveenfermo.)
EJERcIcIO
Pon en negativa las siguientes frases.
1. Wewererelaxed.
2. ouwereupset.
3. Iwasscared.
4. Lillywassurprised.
5. Myfriendswereangry.
INTERROGATIVA
WasI...?
Wereyou...?
he...?
Wasshe...?
it...?
we...?
Wereyou...?
they...?
AFIRMATIVA / NEGATIVA
Yes,I was./No,I wasnt.
Yes,youwere./No,youwerent.
Yes,hewas. /No,he wasnt.
Yes,shewas./No,shewasnt.
Yes,itwas./No,itwasnt.
Yes,wewere./No,wewerent.
Yes,youwere./No,youwerent.
Yes,theywere./No,theywerent.
Eninterrogativasecambiaelordendelsujetoyel
verbo,yenlasrespuestasbrevesseusaelpronombre
sujetoywas/wereowasnt/werent.
Was your father angry? No, he wasnt.
(Estabatupadreenfadado?No.)
Lasoracionesenpasadosuelenllevaralgunaexpresin
temporalqueindicaenqumomentoocurrilaaccin.
Lasmsfrecuentesson:yesterday(ayer),at+una
hora,last night(anoche),on+undadelasemana,
in+unao,last week/month/year(lasemana
pasada/elmespasado/elaopasado)ylasquellevan
ago(hace),quesiempreseponealfinaldelafrase.
In 1990, my brother was 21 years old.
(En1990mihermanotena21aos.)
This was a hospital many years ago.
(Estofueunhospitalhacemuchosaos.)
seven
REspuEsTAs bREVEs
8
APENDI CE GRAMATI CAL
,
EJERcIcIO
Pon en interrogativa las siguientes frases.
1. Thetourwasgood.
2. ouwereworried.
3. Itwasanicetrip.
4. Theywereatthecinemayesterday.
5. FredwasinCambridgelastweek.
THERE WAS/THERE WERE
Sonlasformasdepasadodethere isythere arey
porlotantosignificanhabaohubo.
There was some milk.
(Haba[algode]leche.)
There werentany difficult questions in the exam.
(Nohuboningunapreguntadifcilenelexamen.)
Was there any bread? Yes, there was.
(Haba[algode]pan?S.)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. Thereweretwodogsinthehouse.
2. Therewassomewateronthetable.
3. Therewasntanycoffee.
4. Werethereanymodernpaintings?
5. Therewerentanytourguidesatthemuseum.
EL PAST SIMPLE
AFIRMATIVA
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
TRAduccIN
trabaj/trabajaba
trabajaste/trabajabas
trabaj/trabajaba
trabaj/trabajaba
trabaj/trabajaba
trabajamos/trabajbamos
trabajasteis/trabajabais
trabajaron/trabajaban
worked
Seusaparaexpresarhechospasadosyacciones
ocurridasenunmomentoconcretodelpasado.
Conlosverbosregularesseaadealafomabasela
terminacined,yesigualentodaslaspersonas.Antes
deaadirlahayqueseguirestasreglasortogrficas:
-Siacabaenemuda,sloseaadelad:live - lived.
- Sitieneuna1slabayacabaenvocal+consonante,
sedoblalaconsonante:stop - stopped.
- Siacabaenconsonante+y,secambialaypori:
study - studied
Losirregularesnosiguenningunaregla,poresohayque
aprenderlosdememoria.Algunosdelosmscomunes
son:drink(beber)-drank,go(ir)-went, see(ver)-
sawywrite (escribir)-wrote.
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. IvisitedLondonlastyear.
2. Carmenplayedfootballyesterday.
3. Wewenttothecinema.
4. Tomreadagoodbook.
5. Myfriendsatethepizza.
INTERROGATIVA
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
AFIRMATIVA / NEGATIVA
Yes,Idid. / No,Ididnt.
Yes,youdid. /No,youdidnt.
Yes,hedid. / No,hedidnt.
Yes,shedid./No,shedidnt.
Yes,itdid. /No,itdidnt.
Yes,wedid. / No,wedidnt.
Yes,youdid. /No,youdidnt.
Yes,theydid./No,theydidnt.
Did go?
REspuEsTAs bREVEs
NEGATIVA
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
FORMA cONTRAdA
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
did not see didnt see
Enlanegativa,losverbosregularesylosirregularesllevan
did not/didntseguidodelverboenlaformabase.
We did not (didnt) see any snakes in the zoo.
(Novimosningunaserpienteenelzoo.)
EJERcIcIO
Pon en negativa las siguientes frases.
1. Iwalkedtoschool.
2. Wewenttothepublastnight.
3. ouworkedyesterday.
4. BrendataughtEnglishlastyear.
5. SharonmetAlaninthepark.
Eninterrogativaseponediddelantedelsujeto,yen
lasrespuestasbreveselpronombrepersonalsujeto+
did/didnt,sinrepetirelverboenlaformabase.
Did she go to the beach? Yes, she did.
(Fuealaplaya?S.)
eight
9
APENDI CE GRAMATI CAL
,
AFIRMATIVA
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
FORMA cONTRAdA
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
will buy ll buy
Seusaparahacerprediccionessobreloquecreemosque
ocurrir.Enafirmativa,seformaconwill+laforma
basedeunverbo.Enlaconversacin,willsecontrae
conelsujeto(ll)ysepronunciacomounasolal.
It will (Itll) snow tomorrow. (Nevarmaana.)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. Theywillvisitussoon.
2. ouwillhaveagoodday.
3. Myfriendwillbeavet.
4. IwillliveinItalyoneday.
5. Itwillbecoldtomorrow.
NEGATIVA
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
FORMA cONTRAdA
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
will not have
wont have
INTERROGATIVA
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
AFIRMATIVA / NEGATIVA
Yes,Iwill. / No,Iwont.
Yes,youwill. /No,youwont.
Yes,hewill. /No,hewont.
Yes,shewill. / No,shewont.
Yes,itwill. / No,itwont.
Yes,wewill. / No,wewont.
Yes,youwill. / No,youwont.
Yes,theywill. / No,theywont.
Will be ... ?
REspuEsTAs bREVEs
Eninterrogativausamoswill+elsujeto+elverbo
enlaformabase,yenlasrespuestasbrevessloel
pronombresujetoywillowont.
Will I be an actor? No, you wont. (Seractor?No.)
Conwillsepuedenusarlasexpresionestemporales
queindicanunfuturolejanoocercano:one day(algn
da),in the future(enelfuturo),in+unaestacindel
ao/unao,next week / month / year(lasemana/
elmes/elaoqueviene),soon(pronto),tomorrow
(maana),today(hoy),tonight(estanoche),etc.
It will be hot tomorrow. (Maanaharcalor.)
EJERcIcIO
Pon en interrogativa las siguientes frases.
1. Katewilltakephotos.
2. Albertowillbeachef.
3. ouwillliveinLondoninthefuture.
4. Itllbewindytomorrow.
5. ourparentswilltraveltoMexicooneday.
ELFUTUROCONBE GOING TO
Seempleanlasmismasexpresionestemporalesquecon
to beenpasado,ademsdein the past(enelpasado).
In the past, we went to discos.
(Enelpasadobamosalasdiscotecas.)
EJERcIcIO
Pon en interrogativa las siguientes frases.
1. oudranktea.
2. Isawafilmlastweek.
3. TheylistenedtotheCD.
4. EricplannedatriptoItaly.
5. Susanwroteabooktwoyearsago.
ELFUTUROCONWILL
EJERcIcIO
Pon en negativa las siguientes frases.
1. IwilltraveltoJapanoneday.
2. ouwillbeabarman.
3. Itwillraintoday.
4. Wellhavefunattheparty.
5. Theyllbuyaredcar.
Ennegativausamoswill+notolacontraccinwont.
They will not (wont) have tea. (Ellosnotomarnt.)
AFIRMATIVA
Iam going to visit
youare going to visit
he
she
it
we
you
they
FORMA cONTRAdA
Im going to visit
youre going to visit
he
she
it
we
you
they
are going
to visit
is going
to visit
re going
to visit
s going
to visit
nine
10
APENDI CE GRAMATI CAL
,
Seusaparahablardeplanesointenciones.Seforma
conto beenpresente+going to+unverboenla
formabaseysignificaira+infinitivo.
They are (Theyre) going to take the evening train.
(Vanacogereltrendelatarde.)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. Weregoingtoplayfootballtoday.
2. Chengisgoingtoplaytheguitarattheparty.
3. Imgoingtovisityouthisevening.
4. Helenisgoingtoworktomorrow.
5. Theyaregoingtomeetat9oclock.
NEGATIVA FORMA cONTRAdA
Iam not going to do Im not going to do
youare not going to do youarent going to do
he he
she she
it it
we we
you you
they they
is not going
to do
are not going
to do
isnt going
to do
arent going
to do
Ennegativaseaadenotontalverboto be.
She is not (isnt) going to do her homework.
(Ellanovaahacerlosdeberes.)
EJERcIcIO
Pon en negativa las siguientes frases.
1. Carmenisgoingtohavedinnerat8oclock.
2. Wearegoingtostudytonight.
3. Kenisgoingtocleanhisroomtoday.
4. ouaregoingtoreadabookattheweekend.
5. Iamgoingtobuyadictionary.
Is he going to work in England next year?
Yes, he is.
(lvaatrabajarenInglaterraelaoqueviene?S.)
Conbe going tosuelenusarseexpresionestemporales
queindiquenunfuturocercano:later (mstarde),soon
(pronto),tomorrow (maana),today (hoy),tonight
(estanoche),next week / month / year / summer
(lasemana/elmes/elao/elveranoqueviene),
on +undadelasemana,at+unahora,etc.
Are you going to watch the film tonight? Yes, I am.
(Vasaverlapelculaestanoche?S)
EJERcIcIO
Completa las respuestas breves.
1. Areyougoingtomeetushere?es,..........
2. IsDangoingtoworkinLondon?No,..........
3. Areyourfriendsgoingtohaveaparty?es,..........
4. Arewegoingtostudytonight?es,..........
5. IsLindagoingtotravelthisweekend?No,..........
ELPRESENT CONTINUOUSCONVALOR
DEFUTURO
avistequeelPresent Continuousseusaparaexpresar
loqueestocurriendoenelmomentodehablaryque
seformaconto be+unverboterminadoening.
Adems,seusaconvalordefuturoparaanunciar
planespersonalesqueocurrirnenelfuturocercano
conseguridadporqueyasehanfijado.Alhacerlo,hay
queindicarcundoexactamentevaaocurrirlaaccin,si
noparecerunPresent Continuous normal.Usamoslas
mismasexpresionestemporalesqueconbe going to.
My friends are staying in Brighton tonight. (Mis
amigossequedan/sequedarnenBrightonesta
noche.)[esunhechoseguro,nounaintencin]
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. Imworkingthisevening.
2. MyfriendsandIarestudyinglater.
3. HelenistravellingtoBrightonattheweekend.
4. AngelaandTonyarehavinglunchat2oclock.
5. WerestayinginLondontonight.
CAN
Seutilizaparaexpresarhabilidad(saber),posibilidad
(poder)y,enpreguntas,parapedirpermisoofavores.
Esunverbomodalyportantoespecial,yaqueno
aades enla3personadelsingularysiempreva
seguidodeotroverboenlaformabase.
Pam can drive. (Pamsabeconducir.)
Cathy can come today.(Cathypuedevenirhoy.)
INTERROGATIVA
AmIgoing to work?
Areyougoing to work?
he
Isshe
it
we
Areyou
they
AFIRMATIVA / NEGATIVA
Yes,I am./No,Im not.
Yes,you are./No,you arent.
Yes,he is./No,he isnt.
Yes,she is./No,she isnt.
Yes,it is./No,it isnt.
Yes,we are./No,we arent.
Yes,you are./No,youarent.
Yes,theyare./No,they arent.
going to
work?
going to
work?
REspuEsTAs bREVEs
Eninterrogativaintercalamoselsujetoentreto bey
going to.Enlasrespuestasbrevesusamoselpronombre
sujetoy to be,sincontraerenafirmativaycontrado
ennegativa.
ten
11
APENDI CE GRAMATI CAL
,
Ennegativasloseleaadenot,sinseparacin
(cannot),oseusalaformacontradacant.
I cannot / cant dance.(No s bailar.) (Nosbailar.)
Enlaspreguntashayqueponercandelantedelsujeto.
Enlasrespuestasbrevessevuelvealordennormal,
usandoelpronombresujetoycanocant.
Can I I order? Yes, you Yes, you can. (Puedopedir?S.)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. Sylviacancooksoup.
2. Wecantcometotheparty.
3. CanIaskyouaquestion,please?
4. Icantplayfootball.
5. Canyoudance?
SHOULD
Should eselverbomodalconelquedamosconsejoso
decimosloquecreemosquesedeberahacer.
You should go to the doctor. (Deberasiralmdico.)
Ennegativaleaadimosnotolacontraccinnt.
He shouldnt phone her. (lnodeberallamarla.)
Eninterrogativaseponeshoulddelantedelsujeto,
peroenlasrespuestasbreves,elpronombresujeto+
shouldoshouldnt.
Should I buy a new fridge? Yes, you should.
(Deberacomprarunfrigorficonuevo?S.)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. oushouldbuyacamera.
2. Weshouldhavedinnersoon.
3. oushouldntgonow.
4. ShouldIhaveasalad?
5. Sheshouldntphonehim.
MUST
Mustesotroverbomodal.Expresalaobligacinola
necesidadfuertedehaceralgo,puessignificadeber.
Siemprevaseguidodeotroverboenlaformabase.
Alberto must study today. (Albertodebeestudiarhoy.)
Ennegativaleaadimosnot,perousamosmssuforma
contrada,mustnt.Enestecasotieneunsignificado
distinto:expresaprohibicin,loquenoestpermitido
ynosedebehacerporquenoesconvenienteocorrecto
hacerlo.
You mustnt smoke in the office.
(Nodebesfumarenlaoficina.)[estprohibido]
mine mo/a, mos/as
yours tuyo/a, tuyos/as; suyo/a, suyos/as (de usted)
his suyo/a, suyos/as (de l)
hers suyo/a, suyos/as (de ella)
ours nuestro/a, nuestros/as
yours vuestro/a, vuestros/as; suyo/a, suyos/as
(de ustedes)
theirs suyo/a, suyos/as (de ellos/as)
Siemprevandelantedelnombrequeindicalacosa
poseda,sinimportarqueseaunaomsdeuna:
myname,mybooks(minombre,mislibros).
Enla3personadelsingularhaytresformasmuy
diferenciadasparaindicarsielposeedoresdegnero
masculino(his),femenino(her)oneutro(its).
LOSPRONOMBRESPOSESIVOS
mymi, mis
yourtu, tus; su, sus (de usted)
hissu, sus (de l)
hersu, sus (de ella)
itssu, sus (de cosa o animal)
ournuestro/a, nuestros/as
yourvuestro/a, vuestros/as; su, sus (de ustedes)
theirsu, sus (de ellos/as)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. Wemustleavenow.
2. Rickmustntbelate.
3. Thestudentsmuststudytoday.
4. oumustnteatthisfish.
5. Wemustbuysomefoodnow.
LOSADJETIVOSPOSESIVOS
Seusanparanorepetirelnombrequeindicalacosa
poseda,peronoconcuerdanconlengneronien
nmero,sinoqueconcuerdanconelposeedor.
Aveces,altraducirestospronombreslospuedes
acompaarconelartculodeterminado.
Those coats arent yours. They are ours. (Esosabrigos
noson[los]vuestros.Son[los]nuestros.)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. Whatisyourname?
2. Thisismybook.
3. Theseapplesareyours.
4. WhereareourCDs?
5. Thesecatsarehers.
eleven
12
APENDI CE GRAMATI CAL
,
me me (a m)
you te (a t), lo, la; le, se (a usted)
him lo, le, se (a l)
her la, le, se (a ella)
it lo, la (a una cosa o un animal)
us nos (a nosotros/as)
you os (a vosotros/as); los, las, les (a ustedes)
them los, las; les, se (a ellos/as)
Sonlosquehacendecomplementodirecto,
indirectoocircunstancial.
Ken phoned me at half past six.
(Kenmellamalasseisymedia.)
We should buy her a jacket.
(Deberamoscomprarleunachaqueta.)
My parents will chat with him.
(Mispadreshablarnconl.)
Silafrasellevacomplementodirectoeindirecto,
colocamosprimeroelcomplementodirecto,seguido
deunapreposicinydelcomplementoindirecto.
I need that book. Can you give it to me?
(Necesitoeselibro.Melopuedesdar?)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. He likes me. Helikesme.
2. I often visit them. Ioftenvisitthem.
3. Comewithus.
4. I talked to him. Italkedtohim.
5. Did you help her? Didyouhelpher?
ELPRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
AFIRMATIVA
I
you
he
she has played
it
we
you have played
they
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
NEGATIVA
have played
Estetiempo(PretritoPerfectoCompuesto)seforma
conelauxiliarhave(haber)+elparticipiodelverbo
principal,queterminaenedsielverboesregular.
They have (Theyve) played football.
(Elloshanjugadoalftbol.)
Eninterrogativaelsujetovadetrsdehave/hasyen
lasrespuestasbrevessloseusanlospronombressujeto
yelauxiliar,nuncaelparticipio.
Have you cleaned your bedroom?Yes, I have.
(Haslimpiadotuhabitacin?S.)
EJERcIcIO
Pon en interrogativa las siguientes frases.
1. Ivewrittenane-mail.
2. DanhaslivedinGreece.
3. Carmenhasgonetoarestaurant.
4. ouvehaddinner.
5. Wehavemet. .
INTERROGATIVA
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
AFIRMATIVA / NEGATIVA
Yes, Ihave. / No,Ihavent.
Yes,youhave. /No,you havent.
Yes,hehas. /No,hehasnt.
Yes,shehas. / No,shehasnt.
Yes,ithas. / No,ithasnt.
Yes,wehave. / No,wehavent.
Yes,youhave. / No,youhavent.
Yes,theyhave. / No,theyhavent.
REspuEsTAs bREVEs
Have
Has
Have
cleaned?
LOSPRONOMBRESPERSONALESOBJETO
Loutilizamosparaexpresar:
-Accionespasadassinespecificarcundoocurrieron.
We have seen that film before.
(Nosotroshemosvistoesapelculaantes.)
--Accionesempezadasenelpasadoqueancontinan.
Eninglssesuelenusarexpresionestemporalescon
forosinceparaindicarcuntotiempolleva
ocurriendolaaccin,peroencastellanoloque
hacemosestraducirelPresent Perfectenpresente.
I have known Peter for two years.
(ConozcoaPeterdesdehacedosaos.)
Cheng has been in Cornwall since Tuesday.
(ChengestenCornwalldesdeelmartes.)
-Accionespasadasqueacabandeocurrir.Enestecaso
seponejustentrehave/hasyelparticipioyse
traduceporacabarde+infinitivo.
Tom has just arrived.(Tomacabadellegar.)
Ennegativaseaadenotontahave/has.
Eric hasnt come.(Ericnohavenido.)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. ouhaventcookeddinner.
2. Iveboughtadictionary.
3. ouvebeentoLondon.
4. Amandahasseenthefilm.
5. Tonyhasntworkedatapub.
twelve
havent played
havent played
hasnt played
13
APENDI CE GRAMATI CAL
,
ever frases interr.
alguna vez
Have you ever travelled
to London?
frases neg.
nunca, jams
Alberto hasnt ever
cooked Chinese food.
never frases afirm.
nunca
Carmen has never sent
an e-mail.
already frases afirm.
ya
They have already
finished their homework.
just frases afirm.
acabar de
Angela has just bought
the pink skirt.
yet frases neg.
todava, an
The match hasnt started
yet.
frases interr. ya Have you eaten yet?
for durante Cheng has lived there for
a year.
since desde Ken has been in Cornwall
since Monday.
Todasmenosyet,forysinceseponenentreelauxiliar
haveyelparticipiodelverboprincipal.
ELCOMPARATIVO
Loutilizamosparacomparardoscosasopersonas.
Sisondistintasporqueunasuperaalaotraenalgn
aspecto,usamoselcomparativodesuperioridad(ms
... que).Paraformarlocorrectamentedebemostener
encuentalalongituddeladjetivoqueempleamos:
-Sitiene1slaba,o2yterminaeny,eladjetivose
consideracortoyleaadimoslaterminaciner.
Luegoseponelapartculathan.
My brother istaller thanme.
(Mihermanoesmsaltoqueyo.)
-Sitiene2slabasoms,eladjetivoeslargo,le
anteponemosmoreytambinaadimosthan.
The blue jacket is more expensive than the black one.
(Lachaquetaazulesmscaraquelanegra.)
Muchosadjetivoscortoscambianalgunasletrasal
aadirleslaterminaciner;poresohayquesaber
aplicarlassiguientesreglas.
-Losacabadosenemudasloaadenlar.
wide - wider nice - nicer
-Losde1slabaacabadosen1 vocal+1
consonantedoblanesaconsonante.
thin - thinner big-bigger
-Losde2slabasacabadosenconsonante+y
cambianlayporunai.
happy-happier easy -easier
LasexpresionestemporalesqueusamosconelPresent
Perfect Simpleson:
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. Thejacketischeaperthantheshirt.
2. Thebluedressisprettierthanthereddress.
3. Thetomatosoupisbetterthantheonionsoup.
4. Thetrousersaremoreelegantthanthejeans.
5. Thehatismoreexpensivethanthedress.
ELSUPERLATIVO
Seusaparacompararmsdedoscosasopersonas
ydecirqueunadestacasobrelasdems.Siemprese
poneelartculothe delantedeladjetivo.
Igualqueenelcomparativo,debemostenerencuenta
sulongitud:
-Siescorto,leaadimoslaterminacinestsegnlas
mismasreglasqueusamosparaformarelcomparativo
coner.
It was the easiest exercise in the test.
(Fueelejerciciomsfcildelexamen.)
-Sieslargo,leponemosdelantethe most.
Spring is the most beautiful season of the year.(La
primaveraeslaestacinmsbonitadelao.)
Elsuperlativopuedeirseguidodelaspreposiciones
on,of e in.Estaltimasloseutilizadelantedeun
nombreensingularqueserefieraaunlugarogrupo.
These are the cheapest shoes in our shop.
(Estossonloszapatosmsbaratosdenuestratienda.)
Monday is the hardest day of all.
(Elluneseseldamsdurodetodos.)
Unoscuantosadjetivosmuycomunessonirregularesy
hayqueaprenderlosdememoria:
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. Thesearethecheapestshoesintheshop.
2. Thisisthemostdifficultquestioninthetest.
3. Itistheworstrestaurantinthecity.
4. ouarethethinnestpersoninyourfamily.
5. Whoistheprettiestgirlinyourclass?
ADJETIVO COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO
good (bueno/a) better than the best
bad (malo/a) worse than the worst
little (poco/a) less than the least
thirteen
14
APENDI CE GRAMATI CAL
,
Modificanalosverbosporquedescribenlaformaen
queserealizalaaccin.Conellosserespondealas
preguntasqueempiezanconHow ...?(Cmo...?).
Lamayorasonregularesyseformanaadiendola
terminacinlyaladjetivocorrespondiente,menoslos
tresltimosdelatabla,quesonirregulares.
I cant hear him because he is speaking quietly.
(Nopuedoorleporqueesthablandoenvozbaja.)
Sue drove fast.
(Suecondujodeprisa.)
EJERcIcIO
Traduce.
1. Iwalkslowly.
2. Wearespeakingquietly.
3. oudancewell.
4. Pleasewriteclearly.
5. Letsworkquickly.
ADJETIVO ADVERBIODEMODO
quick (rpido/a)
slow (lento/a)
loud (alto/a)
careful (cuidadoso/a)
quiet (callado/a)
neat (ordenado/a)
messy (desordenado/a)
bad (malo/a)
good (bueno/a)
hard (duro/a / difcil)
fast (rpido/a)
quickly (deprisa / rpidamente)
slowly (despacio)
loudly (en voz alta; con el
volumen alto)
carefully (con cuidado)
quietly (en silencio, sin hacer
ruido; en voz baja)
neatly (ordenadamente)
messily (desordenadamente)
badly (mal)
well (bien)
hard (duramente / mucho)
fast (deprisa / rpidamente)
LOSADVERBIOSDEMODO
fourteen