Symposium of the Commission XXXII Pioneers at the end of the last Ice Age in Amersfoort, May, 22nd 25th

h 2012

Sonja B. Grimm
grimm@rgzm.de

Into the great wide open

Marginalization as a motor of the Lateglacial expansion into northern Europe

Alaskan tundra, from: D.A. Levin at http://www.micro.utexas.edu

Structure

1. Lateglacial chronology 2. Lateglacial expanders 3. Types of marginalization 4. Lateglacial ecosystems 5. Lateglacial society 6. Lateglacial economy

Lateglacial chronology
Palaeochronology from Greenland
Enhanced inside view of a Greenland ice core (Photo: Denmark University)

The North Greenland Ice Core Project camp (Photo: NGRIP)

Ice core samples archive (Photo: Roger Ressmeyer)

Drilling of an ice core (Department of Geophysics, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen www.glaciology.gfy.ku.dk/ngrip/

Lateglacial chronology
Palaeoclimate from Greenland NW-Europe

deuterium excess proxy of past ocean surface temperatures at the moisturesource region
Steffensen et al. 2008

Quadfasel 2005, Fig. 1

North Atlantic heat conveyor

Lateglacial chronology
Palaeoclimate & Palaeochronology
oxygen isotope proxy of the past air temperature at the coring site
Blling Allerd Allerd

Meiendorf Blling

Lotter al. 1992; Magny et al. 2006 Litt / Stebich 1999

Oldest Dryas

Oldest Older Intra IACP Dryas Dryas Allerd Cold Older Gerzensee Period Dryas

Younger Dryas

14,687 187

12,819 202 11,681 102

Oxygen isotope eventstratigraphy in Greenland Ice-Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05)

Bjrck et al. 1998; Walker et al. 1999; Jris / Weninger 2000

Lateglacial chronology
Palaeochronology & Chronozones

Calibrated chronozones
after Mangerud et al. 1974

Lateglacial chronology
Palaeochronology & varve records
Rehwiese Meerfelder Maar

Neugebauer et al. 2012, Fig. 4

Brauer et al. 2008, Fig. 3

Lateglacial chronology
Palaeochronology & varve records
end of GI-1d

European varve records

Lateglacial chronology
Palaeochronology & multi-proxy records
end of GI-1d ?

Betula sp. Pinus sp.

chironomids = temperature proxy

18O
Multi-proxy record from Hawes Water, UK
Jones et al. 2002, Fig. 3; Bedford et al. 2004, Fig. 5

Lateglacial chronology
Calibration

concerning Bayes, Bayesian analysis & Bayesian sequencing: Weninger et al. 2011

CalPal program, calibration curve: CalPal2007HULU

Weninger / Jris / Danzeglocke 2007; Weninger / Jris 2008

Lateglacial expanders

target event vs. dated event Dean 1978

dates as data Gamble et al. 2005

Gamble et al. 2005, Fig. 5

Lateglacial expanders
Hamburgian

Lateglacial expanders
Hamburgian

1 1

2 3

1-4: photo M.-J. Weber, 5: Bosinski 1990, 252 5

Strolling reindeer, photo: Alexandre Buisse

Lateglacial expanders
Late Magdalenian

Lateglacial expanders
Late Magdalenian
Bosinski et al. 1995, Fig. 75 Baales 2005, Abb. 65

Bosinski 1996 (inverse)

Photo: Martin Street Bosinski 1996, Taf. 27

Types of marginalization

1. Ecological marginalization 2. Social marginalization 3. Economical marginalization

Types of marginalization
Marginal landscape uninhabitable, hostile sub-marginal landscape inhabitable but at minimum subsistence level, favourable or prosperous landscape

1. Ecological marginalization
temperature, precipitation, wind tracks Reference: Landscape, living natural environment sea level, rivers, lakes Change: Climatic conditions, natural hazards glaciers, ice shields

coversands, permafrost

Conceptual model of an ecosystem with interaction of major component, after Metzger et al. 2005, Fig. 2 (after Klijn / de Haes 1994)

Types of marginalization
stratification centre distance margin marginal group excluded from social interaction sub-marginal group rare interactions central group rich and diverse interactions, controlling the interactions

2. Social marginalization Reference: human community Change: geographic distance, social stratification, variation

Types of marginalization

minimum subsistence level - insufficient supply of resources or false handling maximum subsistence level - rich resource supply, efficient and sustainable handling of resources

3. Economical marginalization Reference: resources for human livelihood Change: supply, accessibility

Lateglacial ecosystems
Palaegeography

updated version of Grimm 2007

Lateglacial ecosystems
Palaegeography

updated version of Grimm 2007

Lateglacial ecosystems
Palaegeography

updated version of Grimm 2007

Lateglacial ecosystems
Palaegeography ?
permafrost: Huijzer / Vandenberghe 1998, Fig. 18

?
discontinuous permafrost sporadic permafrost ? seasonally frozen ? ? ?

continuous permafrost

? ? ? ? ? ?

Wolstedt 1956; Bjrck 1995; Konradi 2000; Streif 2004; Mnot et al. 2006; Busschers et al. 2007

Lateglacial society
Material connection & human relation

Dewez 1987; Floss 1994; Eriksen 2002; Valentin et al. 2002; Valoch 2003; Ginter/Potowicz 2007; Hemmann et al. 2008; Kssner 2010

Lateglacial economy
Environment Dependence on Dependence on Dependence on gathered plant fished animal hunted animal food (%) food (%) food (%) 46-55 46-55 36-45 36-45 36-45 26-45 16-25 6-15 36-45 26-35 6-15 16-25 26-35 26-35 36-45 36-45 46-55 46-55 6-15 6-15 36-45 26-35 26-35 26-35 16-25 26-35 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65
Cordain et al. 2000, Tab. 2

Desert grasses and shrubs (n = 11) Tropical grassland (n = 4) Subtropical bush (n = 2) Monssoon forest (n =2) Temperate forest, mostly mountainous (n = 6) Tropical rain forest (n = 3) Northern coniferous forest (n = 14) Tundra, northern areas (n = 6) Subtropical rainforest (n = 4) Temperate grasslands (n = 11)

Lateglacial economy

end of GI-1d

Riede et al. 2010, Fig. 6

Symposium of the Commission XXXII Pioneers at the end of the last Ice Age in Amersfoort, May, 22nd 25th 2012

Into the great wide open Sonja B. Grimm

grimm@rgzm.de

CHANGE yes, we can

...but do we really want to?

Buckthorn

Sea buckthorn (Hippopha rhamnoides) with fruits; http://kreinbucher.blogspot.de/ 2009_01_20_archive.html

Sea buckthorn (Hippopha rhamnoides) with fruits (photo: Svdmolen); http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hippophae_ rhamnoides-01_%28xndr%29.JPG Sea buckthorn (Hippopha rhamnoides; photo: Alan J. Silverside); http://bioref.lastdragon.org/habitats/Dunes2.html

Lateglacial ecosystems
Palaegeography

? Loess area

Cover sand belt

Loess area: Sima et al. 2009, Fig. 1; Madeyska 2002, Fig. 1; Cover sand belt: Kasse 2002, Fig. 1