CODE-SWITCHING IN COOL JOCKEYS UTTERANCES IN RCT FM SEMARANG

A final project Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English

By ANGELUS AGUSTINUS SIMBOLON 2250401022

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT LANGUAGES AND ARTS FACULTY SEMARANG STATE UNIVERSITY 2007

PAGE OF APPROVAL This final project was approved by the board of examiners of the English Department of the Language and Arts Faculty of Semarang State University on Board of Examiners: 1. Chairman Drs. Nur Rokhmat NIP. 130604160 2. Secretary Drs. Alim Sukrisno, M.A. NIP. 131095303 3. First Examiner Drs. H. Suprapto, M. Hum. NIP. 131125925 4. Second Examiner/ Second Advisor Widhiyanto, S.Pd., M.Pd NIP. 132307253 5. Third Examiner/ First Advisor Drs. Ahmad Sofwan, Ph. D. NIP. 131813664 ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________

Approved by The Dean of Language and Arts Faculty

Prof. Dr. Rustono NIP. 131281222

Dengan ini saya Nama NIM Prodi/ Jur Fakultas

PERNYATAAN : Angelus Agustinus Simbolon : 2250401022 : Sastra Inggris/ Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris

: Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Semarang.

menyatakan dengan ini sesungguhnya bahwa skripsi/ tugas akhir/

final project yang berjudul

CODE-SWITCHING IN COOL JOCKEYS UTTERANCES IN RCT FM SEMARANG

Yang saya tulis dalam rangka memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar sarjana ini benar-benar merupakan karya saya sendiri yang saya hasilkan setelah melalui penelitian, bimbingan, diskusi, dan pemaparan/ ujian. Semua kutipan, baik yang langsung maupun tak langsung, baik yang diperoleh dari sumber kepustakaan, wahana yang keterangan mengenai identitas sumbernya. Dengan cara sebagaimana lazim dalam penulisan karya ilmiah. Dengan demikian elektronik, maupun sumber lainnya, telah disertai

walaupun tim penguji dan pembimbing penulisan skripsi/ tugas akhir/ final project ini membubuhkan tanda tangan sebagai tanda keabsahan, seluruh karya ilmiah ini tetap menjadi tanggung jawab saya sendiri. Jika kemudian ditemukan ketidakberesan, saya bersedia menerima akibat. Demikian, harap pernyataan ini dapat digunakan seperlunya. Semarang, 01 Agustus 2007

Yang membuat pernyataan

Angelus Agustinus Simbolon

NIM.2250401022

IUVANTE DEO VINCIMUS

This final project is wholeheartedly dedicated to: my beloved parents; Tua Raja Simbolon and Naesta Simarsoit( ), my beloved brothers and Sisters; Lesman, Dion, Tiolan, Dewi, Mardiana. the English Literature Community

ABSTRACT Simbolon, A. Angelus. 2007. Code-switching in Cool Jockeys Utterances in RCT FM Semarang. Final Project. English Literature. State University of Semarang. This final project is aimed at analyzing code-switching that is used by a cool jockey in his broadcasting. In fact, announcers also use language for some purpose. They often use more than one language in with slipped English in their conversation. In broadcasting especially radio program where many young people listen to presented many languages that is used by turns. One language is slipped into different one that is called code-switching. It means code-switching is a change by a speaker (or writer) from one language or language variety to another. An announcer often did code-switching during broadcasting that it has function and the background of his language and his code-switching. The object of this research is the cool jockeys utterances on Morning Star program of RCT FM Semarang. It is purposed to identify, classify and describe the cool jockeys utterances included in code-switching act and to find out what is the function of his language, the function of his code-switching, and the factors that serve as the background of his code-switching in English. Descriptive research by using qualitative data is used in this analysis. The methods are developed in the social sciences to enable researchers to study social and cultural phenomena and events. In this research, it is completed by appendixes that form transcription from recording of cool jockeys broadcasting and also documentary sheet to support data analysis. The result of the analysis shows that there are 87 cool jockeys utterances which are included in code-switching act. Based on the analysis table, language function is the most representational function (40.42 %), function of code-switching that the most are addressee specification (25 %) and facility of expression (25 %), and the background of code-switching that the most is emphasis (64.37 %). The finding shows no anger expression during broadcasting of RCT FM Semarang in cool jockeys utterances of code-switching because he wants to give good impression, attraction, and entertainment to listeners as his good service in broadcasting world.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, I wish to thank God the Almighty who has given me the greatest love, grace and His blessing that I have finished this final project. On this special occasion, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to Drs. Ahmad Sofwan, Ph. D and Widhianto S.Pd, M. Pd. who have given me advice and guidance during the writing of this final project. I would also like to extend my gratefulness to all lecturers of the English Department and the whole staffs of the Language and Art Faculty of Semarang State University who have thought and guided me during the study. Moreover, I am very grateful to my beloved Family: Tua Raja Simbolon, Dewi and Lesman, Dion, Fr. Monang Marcellinus Sijabat, O.Carm for their love, prays and cares. Next special thanks to Dwi Destriani, Penny, Reva Daldul, Akhlis Purnomo, Adi Estete, Lalang Amortu thanks for your friendship. Villa Trangkil thanks for your spirit We are Family. And for all of my friends who helped me in finishing my final project. I realize that this final project is far from being perfect so that I expect to get some criticism and suggestions in order to make this writing better. Hopefully, this writing will beneficial for everyone. Angelus Agustinus Simbolon 2250401022

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page DEDICATION.............................................................................................. ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................... ACKNOWLEDGMENT....................................................................................... TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................... iv v vi vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study................................................................................. 1.2 Reasons for Choosing the Topic...................................................................... 1.3 Statement of the Problem................................................................................ 1.4 Objective of the Study..................................................................................... 1.5 Significance of the Study................................................................................. 1.6 Outline of the Study......................................................................................... 1 3 4 4 4 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW 2.1 Review of the Previous Research.................................................................... 2.2 Metaphoric Process in Literature..................................................................... 2.2.1 Explanation of Language Function....................................................... 2.2.1.1 English Usage............................................................................ 2.2.2.1 Definition of Code-switching.................................................... 2.2.2.2 The Background of Code-switching.......................................... 6 9 9 11 12 13

2.2.2.3 Functions of Code-switching..................................................... 2.3 Brief Description of RCT FM Semarang........................................................ 2.4 Brief Description of Cool Jockeys..................................................................

14 19 22

CHAPTER III RESEARCH OF METHODOLOGY 3.1 Methods........................................................................................................... 3.2 Type of the Study............................................................................................ 3.3 Object of the Study.......................................................................................... 3.4 The Type of Collecting Data........................................................................... 3.5 Method of Data Collection.............................................................................. 3.6 Method of Data Analysis................................................................................. 3.6.1 Identifying.............................................................................................. 3.6.2 Classifying.............................................................................................. 3.6.3 Describing the Function......................................................................... 3.7 Techniques of Reporting the Result of Analysis............................................. 24 24 25 25 26 27 28 28 29 29

CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS 4.1 General Finding............................................................................................... 4.2 Language Function.......................................................................................... 4.2.1 Personal / Emotive.................................................................................. 4.2.2 Directive................................................................................................. 4.2.3 Interpersonal........................................................................................... 4.2.4 Representational..................................................................................... 30 32 33 33 35 35

4.2.5 Metalingual............................................................................................. 4.2.6 Imaginative............................................................................................. 4.3 Function of Code-switching............................................................................ 4.3.1 Quotation................................................................................................ 4.3.2 Addressee of Specification..................................................................... 4.3.3 Repetition............................................................................................... 4.3.4 Interjection.............................................................................................. 4.3.5 Message of Qualification........................................................................ 4.3.6 Personalisation of Objectification.......................................................... 4.3.7 Facility of Expression............................................................................. 4.4 Background of Code-switching.......................................................................

36 37 38 38 40 41 41 42 43 44 46

4.4.1 Degree of Involvement........................................................................... 47 4.4.2 Anger...................................................................................................... 4.4.3 Emphasis................................................................................................. 4.4.4 Change in Focus..................................................................................... 48 48 49

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 5.1 Conclusion....................................................................................................... 5.2 Suggestion....................................................................................................... BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................. APPENDICES 51 52 53

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study Nowadays, communication development shows significant improvement. Many electronic media offer various alternatives to communicate with others. Nonetheless, language remains to hold an important role in interacting with others. Language also forms reflection of their culture and trend. This phenomenon is studied in linguistics and this is in accordance with what Hughes says, Linguistics is a set of science which is got from application of science method to the language phenomena (1968:11). Chaer and Agustina (1995:2) add that as communication and interaction tools which are only owned by human, language is studied in internal and external section. Internal section, among other things, are the phonology structure, morphology structure, and syntaxes structure but external section includes subjects or factors outside language but going together with the use of that language by the speaker in social groups. Indonesia has one national language. Indonesian and all kinds of vernaculars according to its origin districts. Besides that, Indonesians also use International language (English) under certain condition. Young people like to switch their language into English. This can be influenced by social, register, education, trend, environment or some important purposes. Thus, they speak two languages in one speech, which is called bilingualism.

Bilingualism cannot be separated from code-switching because both of them use two different languages. Code-switching forms a branch study of sociolinguistics besides bilingualism, diglosia, code-mixing, interference, etc. It is called codeswitching when somebody speaks one language and than he or she switches into another language in the middle of his or her utterances. Usually we speak with two languages and mix them spontaneously but it still contains certain purposes. That every word that has been spoken own certain meaning is the reason why they switch their language. The main goal of codeswitching is to convey messages or information from speaker to listener directly and to make good communication between them. One ways of communication is trough electronic media. Although it is not a sort of direct (face-to-face) interaction, electronic media may give many other advantages, such as higher speed of sending message by hand phones, giving more information to many people by television, or possibility of interaction with foreign countries by the Internet (2Dimension). Besides that, a familiar and widespread communication device is radio. In Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, it is stated that Radio is a process of sending and receiving messages, etc through the air by electrical waves (1995:340). A message can be accepted by a listener nicely if the communication runs well from the speaker, the media, and also the listener himself. This also happens in radio broadcasting where the communication is composed of three components, i.e. announcer, radio as a medium, and listeners. All of them make a good communication although there is almost no direct feedback from listeners especially

when an announcer only speaks without having interactive live phone call with listeners. When announcers speak during broadcasting they often use more than one language to express their idea, feeling, or opinion of something and also to interact with listeners in interactive talk by phone. They are bilingual by switching their language into another language almost in every broadcasting. In most private radio stations like RCT FM Semarang, whose target is young people, announcers usually switch Indonesian into foreign language, which is usually English. It is done because of factors, which serve as the background of their switching act, and it has some functions, as well. According to the explanation above, the writer chooses a title that can deputise that phenomenon, i.e. The Analysis of Code-Switching Cool Jockeys Utterances in RCT FM Semarang.

1.2 Reasons for Choosing the Topic The writer is interested in analyzing this phenomenon because of the following reasons: a. RCT FM Semarang is a private radio in Semarang whose primary target is young people enthusiastic to improve their English. b. We can find more utterances and/ or words that are inserted intentionally by the announcer from Indonesian into English in RCT FM Semarang. c. From code-switching act, we can know more vocabulary of English and give more knowledge from the intention of somebody of our speeches or utterances.

3. Statement of the Problem Based on all of the explanation above, the writer wants to conduct a research, which is relevant to theme and title. The limits of the problems are: 1. What code-switching is found in cool jockeys utterances on Morning Star program in RCT FM Semarang? 2. What are the functions of code-switching in cool jockeys utterances on Morning Star program in RCT FM Semarang?

4. Objective of the Study In this research, the writer would like to achieve the objectives of the study. The objectives of this study are: 1. to describe the form of code-switching of Cool Jockeys utterances in RCT FM Semarangs program. 2. to explain the function of code-switching in RCT FM Semarangs program.

5. Significance of the Study This thesis is expected by the writer to be useful for: 1. the announcers of RCT FM Semarang as subject in the broadcasting. It can give positive contribution in their language skills. 2. the writer and readers, especially UNNES Languages and Arts Faculty students who learn sociolinguistics. The writer hopes code-switching will be understood more clearly.

6. Outline of the Study This study is divided into chapters and subchapters. Chapter one is the Introduction, consisting of the background of the study, reason for choosing the topic, statement of the problem, objective of the study and the outline of the study. Second chapter contains the theoretical foundation. It discusses theories underlying the writing of the study. Third chapter contains method of investigation, consisting of reviews of the previous research, metaphoric process in literature; explanation of language function, definition of communication, bilingualism, all about code-switching, brief description of RCT FM Semarang. Fourth chapter covers the main discussion of the study: it is the analysis of code-switching in the private radio in Semarang by cool jockeys. The last chapter comprises conclusions and suggestion going together with subject matters and appendices. The Bibliography and Appendices are enclosed in last pages of the final project.

CHAPTER II THEORITICAL REVIEW

2.1 Review of the Previous Research Many linguists have studied and conducted researches of language study and phenomena but this field of study remains interesting to explore until now. It can be seen in some previous researches relevant to the topic of this research, especially in sociolinguistics. They are Agung (2003), Mutriyati (2003), Ndaru (2004), Sofia (2005), Dwi (2005). John Lyons gives his opinion on linguistics, linguistics may be defined as the scientific study of language (1975:1). Langacker gives another; he said that linguistics is the study of human language (1973:5). Meanwhile, Soeparno concludes sociolinguistics is linguistics sub discipline which studies language in subject with societys factors or socials factor. Agung (2003) , in his research with the title Analisa Deskriptif Perilaku Bilingualisme Mahasiswa Sastra Inggris Dalam Wacana Perkuliahan, describes bilingualism phenomenon or behaviour of English Department students. He is eager to know the type and the form of code-switching and code-mixing in academic discourse and finding out the relation among linguistic form, interaction strategy and social meaning of doing it. He says that almost students use mother tongue, Indonesian and English in academic discourse, emergence of Javanese language is used by non-Javanese student. Restricted code is very dominant in informal situation. The students do code-switching for several purposes such as to emphasize what is

being said, to show intimacy, to show ethnic identity and to change situation. The factors of code-mixing behaviour are low frequency of word, new culture, and habit. Mutriyati (2003), in her research entitled Alih Kode dan Campur Kode Tuturan Guru Dalam Proses Belajar Mengajar di SMP Negeri 2 Belik Kabupaten Pemalang, explains the usage of code-switching and code-mixing teachers utterance in studying process. The background of that behaviour is the characteristic of code-switching, namely adaptation to their contexts, while in usage of codemixing has characteristic, that is to say, dependence on language function. The causal factor of code-switching in studying process is for rising humour and code-mixing is to identify role and function. According to the usage of language for switching and mixing codes, it includes intern code-switching and code-mixing. Ndaru (2004) in her research entitled The Use of Code-Switching and Code-Mixing of Indonesian and English among Indonesian and English Speakers in Trading: A Case at Shopping Area Malioboro Yogyakarta, tells about the description of data usage of code-switching and code-mixing dealing with the existence of code-switching and code-mixing that occur in bilingual or multilingual society. The use of Indonesian-English code-switching becomes prevalence in the informal Indonesian speech. When the people are at last bilingual, it is difficult for them to avoid code-switching and code-mixing languages. Such mixed and switched strategies are probably the most frequently occurring context for speakers with different languages who come into contact in multilingual societies. She analyzes discourse of taped natural conversations in Malioboro Yogyakarta, Borobudur and Ciputra Mall Semarang. These areas are considered to

be representatives of the Indonesian population of Javanese tribes as a whole because limited financial resources and the unwieldiness of the problem of drawing a sample from the entire Javanese population. The main study of the research is also to discover sufficient bases for considering Indo-English as the alternation language. Sofia (2005) in her analysis entitled A Descriptive Study on The Use of English Words, In Informal Bahasa Indonesia among Teenagers, states that the finding that English words are mostly used by teenagers in their informal Bahasa Indonesia. The research is intended to know whether the speakers understand the meaning of each word, to get an idea about the source of these words, to recognize the reasons of teenagers for applying this habit, and to the educational background of the speakers. Dwi (2005) in her analysis entitled Code-Switching among Boarders (A case study of Code-switching at a Boarding House in Semarang), finds a phenomenon of code-switching in interaction which is used by the boarders. The differences of region and language trigger code-switching act which is done. Correct choice of language is for facilitating communication among boarders that can influence in code-switching act. She also describes and discusses kinds of code-switching act and the causal factors. Those four kinds of code-switching act are internal, external, metaphorical code and situational code switching. The causal factors are the intimacy between the participants, social status, and the background of speakers who are different from each other. The study that the writer takes is somewhat related to researches above. It includes sociolinguistic objects which will describe and explain about code-

switching act, a case in radio broadcasting. Thus, the writer will analyze codeswitching cool jockeys utterances in one of private radio in Semarang which is called RCT FM Semarang.

2.2 Metaphoric Process in Literature A research needs processes that become theoretical review. In this case, the writer uses some theories for doing this research as follows explanation of (1) language function, (2) code-switching, and (3) brief description of RCT FM Semarang. Here is the explanation:

2.2.1 Explanation of Language Function Language as a verbal communication tool of human means to interact or communicate with others for conveying thought, idea, concept and also feeling. As Wardhaugh says (1972:3-8) in Chaer, function of language is communication means of human by oral or written. However, these have included five basic functions; according to Kinneavy it is called expression, information, exploration, persuasion, and entertainment (Michel, 1967:51). In sociolinguistics, the concept of language is means or functioning to send thought is a narrow-assumed as statement of Fishman (1972) that those have become sociolinguistics problems are who speak, what language, to whom, when, and to what end. Based on his explanation, functions of the language can be seen from speaker, listener, topic, code, and message of conversation.

According to speakers point of view, the language functions personally (Halliday 1973, Finnocchiaro 1974, Jakobson 1960, they called it emotive). It means that the speaker expresses behaviour to what he or she speaks. The speaker is not only lying open emotion through language but also showing that emotion when conveying his speech. In this case, the listener can also expect the speakers feeling such as being sad, angry, happy, etc. Based on listeners point of view, the language functions directively which means that language manages listeners behaviour (Finnocchiario 1974, Halliday 1973, they called it instrumental function). Here, the language not only makes the listener does something but also does activities as same as what the speaker wants. This case can be done by the speaker by using sentences that express command, urge, request and also persuasion. For example, Be quiet, here is examination! Thirdly, based on aspect of contact between speaker and listener, language functions fatically (Jakobson 1960, Finnocchiaro 1974, they called it interpersonal and Halliday 1974 called it interactional). This function is for working out a closer relationship and showing friendly feeling or social solidarity, for examples, How do you do, How are you, Here you are, Nice day. Fourthly, according to the topic of utterance, the language functions referentially (Finnocchiaro 1974, Halliday 1974, they called it representational and Jakobson 1960 called it cognitive function) the other says it denotative functions or informative function. Here, the language has function as appliance for talking object or moment that has been in the culture generally.

Fifth, from the code point of view, the language functions metalingually or metalinguistically (Jakobson 1960, Finnocchiaro 1974). Both say that language is used for talking language itself as seen in process of language study when the methods or rules is explained by language too. The last, based on message that will be sent, language functions imaginatively (Halliday 1933, Finnocchiaro 1974, Jakobson 1960, they called it poetic speech function). It is usually work of art forms (poetry, story, fairy tale, humour) used just for pleasure of speaker and also listeners. From the explanation above, language has many functions which are evaluated by speaker, listener, topic, code, and message directions so it holds the important role of communication to make effectiveness and fluency itself.

2.2.1.1 English Usage One thing that we cannot ignore is English. In fact English as International language is needed by almost every country in the world to communicate and maintain relationships and cooperation among countries. Indonesia is one country using English not only for communication but also for showing social status of a person. Brumfit (1982:2) states, English is an international language in that it is the most wide spread medium of international communication, both because of the large number and geographical spread of its speakers and because of the large number of non-native speakers who use it for part at least of their international contact.

English becomes very familiar for students in Indonesia. Now, we can easily get English not only through article but also broadcasting. Newspapers, magazine, and books which include science, news, and technology are written in English. Radio broadcasting and programs shown on television are served in English. We also can find code-mixing in English almost everyday through television, radio, and other mass media such as the internet. Although Indonesia is not an American or British colony and English is not as an official language in Indonesian government and educational institution but English has become popular in Indonesia for several reasons related to the social context of Indonesia.

2.2.2.1 Definition of Code-Switching In sociolinguistics, the speaker uses a term to perform language style which is called code. Tanner in Pride says: Code refers to any form of a speech whether named or unnamed that the society in question differentiates from other forms. The concept code thus includes both where we commonly understand by the term language, and into language distinction that I call varieties, that is, speech levels, dialects, and styles (1972:126). There is a different meaning of code from Longman, Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. Code is a term which is used instead of language, speech variety or dialect. It is sometimes considered to be a more neutral term that the others. People also use code when they want to stress the uses of a language or language variety in a particular community (2002:79). Bilinguals usually switch some of code in their speech. This phenomenon is often called code-switching act. For example, in a conversation between speaker A

and B who come from Indonesian, in the middle of conversation an American joins them, so A and B who are Indonesian switch their language into American English one because of the presence of the third person that urges A and B to do switching act. In Longman (2002:81), it is stated that code-switching is a change by a speaker (or writer) from one language or language variety to another one. Codeswitching can take place in conversation when one speaker uses one language and the other speaker answers in a different language. Hymes in Chaer and Agustina (2004:107) says, code-switching has become a common term for alternate us of two or more language, varieties of language, or even speech styles Rene Appel (in Chaer, 1995:141) says that code-switching is a phenomenon of switching of languages because of the changes of the situations. Suwito has the same idea with her, code-switching is the process of switching from one code to another (1985:68).

2.2.2.2 Background of Code-Switching The social meaning of code-switching, which is one of the main concerns of this study, is dealt with by Gumperz (in collaboration with Bloom in 1970 and Hernandez in 1971) with great care. Both Bloom and Gumperz explained that in any particular instance of code-switching, speakers deduce what is meant by an information processing procedure which takes account of the speakers, the addressee, the social categories to which they can be assigned in the context, the topic, etc.

Depending on the nature of the above factors, Bloom and Gumperz observes that a wide variety of contextual meaning derived from the basic meaning inclusion (we) versus exclusion (they). This underlying meaning is interpreted by them in the light of the co-occurring contextual factors to indicate such things as: (a) degree of involvement, (b) anger, (c) emphasis and (d) change in focus (Marasigan, 1983:38).

2.2.2.3 Functions of Code-Switching Through the use of brief exchanges, Gumperz illustrates the social meaning of codeswitching according to the different classification of conversational functions (1997). These classifications are based on the functions of code-switching among the Slovenian-German, Spanish-English and Hindi-English, a study conducted by Gumperz in collaboration with Hernandez (1971). In many instances, Gumperz in Marasigan (1983:39) argues that codeswitched passages are clearly identifiable either as direct or reported speech. It also serves to direct message to one of the several possible addresses (addressee specification) to mark an interjection: to repeat a message in ether literal modified form: qualify construction as sentences and verb complements or as predicate following a copula (message qualification) and to relate such things as the distinction between talk about action and talk as action: the degree of speaker involvement in, or distance from, a message, whether a statements reflected personal opinion or knowledge, referred to specific instances or whether it has the authority of a general know fact (personalization an objectivization). Another category facility of expression has been added too, to account for other instances of code-switching.

Thus, the functions of code switching are: (1). Quotations In many instances, the subjects of code-switching are to quote themselves and others directly or indirectly or simply to state a slogan or maxim, the subjects quote themselves and others directly or indirectly to sound more credible to the addressees. Seemingly, a quotation served as proof that what they are saying is fact and that the addressees have to believe it. (1) Sabi nga e, Honesty is the best policy. (2) As they say, Honesty is the best policy. From example 1 and 2, in this composition, the writer expresses his idea of a good student.

(2). Addressee Specification In the second set of examples, switch serves to direct the message to a specific person. This type of switching serves to direct the message a specific person. This type of switching is recognizing not only the interacting members of speech events but it is also recognizing that their language behaviours may be more than merely a matter of individual preference or facility, but also a matter of role relations. The example is a teacher heard that one of her pupils was asking permission from one of her co-teachers to leave the room to be able to practice football for the coming intramurals.

(1) Hindi ko rin papayagan yan (neither will I let him go). Hindi naman nag-aaral eh (He does not study his lesson) No! Im not allowing you to go out! Kahit saan ka pa pumunta (even if you seek the help of other people in school). In that speech, the speaker used Pilipino when she told her co-teacher that she would not let her pupil leave the classroom during her teaching period. She switched to English when she actually told the boy that he could not go. She switched back to Pilipino to murmur a threat.

(3) Repetition Sometimes a message is regarded in the other code, either literally in somewhat modified for, repetition may serve to clarify what is said, amplify or emphasize a message, or mark joke. 1) A B A A C A C A 2) A B A B C A C A : Ate Christy, you stretch your legs : Ano? : I said, You stretch your legs. : Ano? : Darling, magtagalog ka. Ate Christy does not understand English. : Ah! Ate Christy, i-stretch mo among legs mo : (Laughing) Sabi ko, You speak in Tagalog. Tagalog bay an? : Oo, abi ko naman i-stretch nya ang legs nya, ah : Ate Christy, you stretch your legs. : What? : I said, You stretch your legs. : What? : Darling, speak Tagalog. Ate Christy does not understand English. : Ah! Ate Christy, stretch your legs. : (Laughing) I said, You speak in Tagalog. Is that Tagalog? : Yes, I told her to stretch her Legs.

The example above is considered as reiteration rather than quotation although the speaker (A and C) practically quote themselves. This was so because the span of time between the original and the repeated message is very short. As a matter of fact, both the original and the repeated message are contained in the text. This is not the case in quotations. The original message has been uttered by the speakers a long time before and they are just recalling them aloud.

(4) Interjection In other case the code-switch serves to mark an interjection or sentence filler. The switch to mark an interjection may either be form the we to the they code or from the they to the we code. Normally, subjects use or switch to first language when they utter interjections. This can be ascribed to the fact that interjections express strong feelings or emotions. 3) Here C was the act of eating As banana. A : Very bad! Akin Yan. (Trying to grab the banana from A) B : Hep, hep sa aming dalawa. A : Ay, nag-bell. B : Ibigay mo na. C : Hoy, hintavin nyo ako. A&B : Bilisan mo. C : Ang bilis noman mag-bell. 4) Here C was on the act of eating As banana. A : Very bad! Thats mine. B : Hold it, its ours. A : Hey, the bell is ringing for the next class. B : Let C have the banana C : Hey, wait for me A&B : Hurry up C : They rang the bell too soon! This example indicates that the choice of the English interjection is influenced by the setting. Very good and Very bad are among the first and the

most common interjections learned by the students in school since they are used by their teachers to assess their performance or behaviour. (5) Message Qualification Another large group of switches consists of qualifying constructions such as clauses, sentences and phrases (verb and noun complements). A considerable amount of switching under this category is meant to express the time concept. For instance: The two teachers were supposed to meet one day in school. Both of them claimed that they came, but for some reason they did not meet each other. 5) A B A B 6) A B A B : Nandito ako : Wala ka ditto : Nandito ako. Friday? Nandito ako : Not this Friday. Before All Saints Day. Yun ang usapan : I was here : You were not here : I was here, Friday? I was here : Not this Friday. Before All Saints Day. Thats the appointment day.

(6) Personalization and Objectivization In very large group of instances, function is somewhat more difficult to specify in purely descriptive terms. The code contrast here seems to relate to such things as: degree of speaker involvement in, or distance from, a message or an addressee; whether a statements reflects personal opinion, feeling or knowledge; whether it refers to specific instance, or whether it has the status of generally known fact. For example: The composition was about the coming basketball game two of the countrys most would certainly be disappointed if it did not. Popular basketball teams Crispa and Toyoto. 7) Its a Crispa-Toyota deal. Im one of Crispa die-hard fans. Sana manalo sila. 8) Its a Crispa Toyota deal. Im one of The Crispa die-hard fans. I hope they win.

The subject in example above used English to express what to him objective facts were. He switched into Pilipino to express a personal wish. Here the subject was not only stating the message. He was expressing his involvement in it. He would not only watch the game for fun. He would want his favourite team to win. (7) Facility of Expression Not all instances of code alternation convey (Gumperz and Hernandez, 1971, in Marasigan, 1983:90). The texts contains several instances where the shift from Pilipino to English or vice-versa can only be interpreted as difficulty in finding the right words at the time of speaking or writing or merely as a sign of the subjects lack of familiarity with the style he is using. 9) In this article, a movie star confessed her admiration for another movie star. Marami akong natutuhan sa kanya. Para syang sina Charito at Lolita kapag ngemote na sa kamera. Hindi magalaw ang katawan. Pero nandoon sa mukha ang regristration ng bigat ng feeling ng kenyang kina-Characterisze na role. 10) I learned many things from her. She emotes her role in the same way as Charito and Lolita. She hardly moves her body. But the strong feeling in the role she is characterizing is registered on her face.

2.3 Brief Description of RCT FM Semarang Many private radio broadcast stations operate in Indonesia. One of them is RCT FM in Semarang. The official address of this radio station is at Jl. Bukit Ratih number 1 Bukit Sari Semarang 50261 and group email addresses are post message:

rctfm@yahoogroups.com,

subscribe:

rctfm-subscribe@yahoogroups.com

and

RCTFM's URL: http://www.friendster.com/rctfm (www.friendster.com). Based on MURI (Museum Rekor Indonesia) in kompas.com/kompascetak/0401/03/natal/779973.htm, it is said that in January 2004 RCT FM Semarang is noted as the longest duration of announcer broadcasting, which defeated Indy Barends and Farhan who broadcasted almost 32 hours. The announcers were Ferry Irwansyah and Dayan Rusmianto helped by Dicky Dakosta as an operator. They wanted to break the record to celebrate RCT FM birthday. Since Juli 2004, RCT FM Semarang has been broadcasting and has had many listeners especially teenagers. The segment is young people community who have dynamic soul and open with news such as, music, infotainments, tips, talk forum, etc. It also has varied programs to attract the target group of listeners, the programs are: A. REGULAR PROGRAM 1. READY STUDY COOL (04.30 - 07.00 ; Monday - Saturday) with CJ Dicky & CJ Rio and the menu : request, zodiac, skool & campus info 2. MORNING STAR (07.00 - 09.00 ; Monday - Saturday) with CJ Awank and the menu : hits coolsonk, quick quiz 3. BEAUTY & CHARMING (09.00 - 12.00 ; Monday - Saturday) with CJ Lolla and the menu : request, product info, share & fun 4. LUNCH BREAK (12.00 - 14.00 ; Monday - Saturday) with CJ Ronny and the menu : b-day greeting, human interest 5. 100 % DOME (14.00 - 15.00 ; Monday - Saturday) with CJ Mayank and the menu : dome request

6. REQUEST TIME SIANK (15.00 - 17.30 ; Monday - Saturday) with CJ Skool and the menu : top 40 update request 7. MUSIC AREA (17.30 - 18.30 ; Monday - Saturday) Monday ~ CPP Powerhits Countdown with CJ Donna & CJ Rossa Tuesday ~ RCT 20 Cool Tracks with CJ Antie Wednesday ~ RCT 20 Cool Tracks with CJ Awank Thursday ~ RCT 10 Coolindo with CJ Chaca Friday ~ RCT Cool Action with CJ Billy Saturday ~ RCT On Stage with CJ Mayank 8. VOICE OF AMERICA (18.30 - 19.30 ; Monday - Saturday) live from Washington DC 9. REQUEST TIME MALAM (19.30 - 22.00 ; Monday - Saturday) with CJ Skool and the menu : top 40 update request 10. CAMPUS CLUB (22.00 - 23.00 ; Monday - Saturday) with CJ Billyand the menu : campus event board, mind spot 11. NITE ACTION(23.00 - 00.00 ; Monday - Saturday) with CJ Sonya and the menu : dome ; top 40 B. SUNDAY PROGRAM 1. SUNDAY WORK OUT (05.00 - 10.00) with CJ Areeef and the menu : top 40 hits request 2. SUNDAY BRUNCH (10.00 - 15.00) with CJ Anna and the menu : top 40 hits request 3. SUNDAY LUCKY DAY (15.00 - 20.00)

with CJ 9C and the menu : top 40 hits request 4. SUNDAY LONK DRINK (20.00 - 00.00) with CJ Sonya and the menu : top 40 hits request Cool is a word for mentioning everything related to RCT FM Semarang. The motto is Ten Twelve RCT FM Cool Station and the announcers are called Cool Jockey (CJ). The songs played in RCT are called cool song and the listeners are called cool setters.

2.4 Brief Description of Cool-Jockeys Awangajiwarsita He is the one of RCT FM's cool jockeys. His name is Awang Ajiwarsita but you can call him Awang. He was born in Magelang, 25 years ago. Almost his studies are finished in Magelang that was elementary school until senior high school. After he finished his SMA, he went to Semarang to get more life experience. Therefore, he taken his college in UKSW, although it was far from Semarang but it did not matter for him. He graduated from English faculty of that college. Now, he lives on Ngesrep Semarang. He likes English very much since in junior high school. It is continue in his life and his job. He worked in entertainment for a long time. Moreover, in broadcasting, he could increase his English. According to him, English is like his life style. He always used English that was slipped in his speech when he talked. Not only in his study but also in his broadcasting and friend's conversation. Almost everyday, he hangs out with his friends who do same with him, do code-switching in their utterances. The reason is not for prestigious but he said that he done codeswitching is for finding the correct words to his speech condition that he thought

more suitable. This condition is influenced to him and always repeated up to and including in his utterances on radio broadcasting.

Source: "Awang's voice in phone on Monday, 3rd September 2007"

CHAPTER III RESEARCH OF METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methods The researcher needs method in making this thesis. It has two methods and the arrangement in doing research. They are methods how to collect data and the way of analyze data. Muhadjir states that methodology research is the science that studies about method and manner to do a research (1989:63). Metodologi adalah ilmu tentang metode atau uraian tentang metode. Metode adalah cara yang teratur dan terpikir baik-baik untuk mencapai maksud (dalam ilmu pengetahuan, dsb); cara kerja yang bersistem untuk memudahkan pelaksanaan suatu kegiatan untuk mencapai tujuan yang ditentukan (Fatimah, 1993:1). She adds that method of research forms tool, procedure, and techniques which are chosen in doing research (in data collection).

3.2 Type of the Study The writer tries to analyze the announcers speech which contains codeswitching during broadcasting run. The analysis would include description about forms of code-switching and the factors of its background. The method of this study is descriptive research since the study involves the collection of data on the purpose of describing certain condition. According to Arikunto, descriptive research is a non-hypothesis research. As a result, in the step of its research, the descriptive research does not need to make the

formula of hypothesis (2002:22). Therefore, the writer does not use the hypothesis but he uses explanation in his analysis in the descriptive one with using qualitative data analysis. Fatimah in her book says that qualitative method becomes the starting point of qualitative research that emphasizes the quality (originally data) according to descriptive understanding and originally itself. This method presents the reality of relationship between the researcher and respondent directly (1993:13). From the explanation above, the writer concludes to use it that qualitative research methods are developed in social sciences to enable researchers to study social and cultural phenomena and events. Some typical examples are action research, case study research and ethnography. Qualitative data sources include observation and participant observation (fieldwork), interviews and questionnaires, documents and texts, and the researchers impressions and reactions.

3.3 Object of the Study The object of the study of this final project is the utterances of Cool Jockeys in broadcasting of Morning Star program on RCT FM Semarang.

3.4 The Type of Collecting Data In gathering data, the writer used radio, tape recorder, and blank cassettes which were meant to record utterances of Cool Jockey. Afterwards, the writer wrote the transcription of their utterances on a sheet of blank paper to really understand the utterances.

3.5 Method of Data Collection In doing this research, the writer has to collect and looks for the data so he uses library research and field research that can support the objective of the study. According to Semi in his book it is explained that library research is a research that is done in the researchers room or in the library, where the researcher sets the data and information about his or her object or research through books or other visual instruments. Meanwhile, field research is a research that is done in field or some place (1993:8). This method can be used in data preparing phase for sociolinguistic research. The writer takes any sources such as books, references and internet media for analyzing the data. Next, the writer quotes some theories which are related with the subject of the study. In field research, the writer uses free observation technique. Metode simak dengan teknik simak bebas libat cakap (SBLC) dimaksudkan si peneliti menyadap perilaku berbahasa di dalam suatu peristiwa tutur dengan tanpa keterlibatannya dalam peristiwa tutur tersebut, jadi peneliti hanya sebagai pengamat (Mahsun, 2005:219). Therefore, the writer has recorded some broadcasts of RCT FM Semarang program. The steps for gathering the data: 1. Record the announcers broadcasting. 2. Edit the record from songs, news and commercial break or quiz. 3. Transcribe the record in a paper. 4. Identify their utterances in sentences that contain code-switching. 5. Analyze the identified data.

3.6 Method of Data Analysis According to Anshen in Mahsun, data analysis is an effort done to classify, categorize data (Analisis data merupakan upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengklasifikasi, mengelompokkan data) (2005:229). The descriptive analysis is chosen to analyze the data obtained from recording. Those data could not be described in numbers, but in the form of sentences as same as with the object of the research. In this research, the writer uses qualitative data to explain the data without using any calculation or percentage. According to Amirin qualitative data is the data, which cannot be measured or calculated by numbers directly (1985:134). It is almost same with Arikuntos opinion, qualitative data is the data that there is not in numbers but just words. (1992:2). The method is used to analyze the data obtained from recording. Those data is not described in numbers they would be described in the form of sentences according to the utterances of object in this research. Having been transcribed, codeswitching act and their background factors and the meaning are then evaluated. The last step is the result of the analysis in some description and explanation. As follows:

3.6.1 Identifying Identifying the transcribed data including on code-switching act is done by making special signs in utterances to distinguish from the others which were typed in italic form. The title of English Song and The Capital Names are not included in code-switching research. These selections are considered as the proper ones to be

analyzed. Speech is utterances spoken by announcer and line is a term for place or row where utterances are spoken. For example: - Ten twelve RCT FM okeabis kamu ngikutin kuis Tiban sekarang Awang bakal ngasih satu cool song yang lagi diandelin di RCT FM buat minggu ini. Ini adalah cool song andalan RCT FM dari soundtracknya D Bijis ini adalah Ezzy dengan cool soongnya kamu nyata jadi kamu jangan kemana-mana tetep aja disini, di RCT Morning Star from ten twelve RCT FM a cool station. Once again this is Ezzy, Kamu Nyata. The utterance is Awang Ajiwarsita in third speech (see transcribing in appendix), line one is Ten twelve RCT FM okeabis kamu ngikutin kuis Tiban sekarang Awang bakal, line two is ngasih satu cool song yang lagi diandelin di RCT FM buat minggu ini. Ini adalah, etc.

3.6.2 Classifying Classifying is grouping the data according to the question being raised. It is to make easier to see the differences one to the others and it is presented in the table with its group. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Function Of Code-switching Quotation Addressee Specification Repetition Interjection Message Qualification Line 1a 1b 12 5 10a Speech 1 1 10 1 7 Utterances of Code-switching Ten twelve RCT FM a cool station selamat pagi Selamat pagi cool setters kok satpam sih ya jadi security hati pokoknya Hei apalagi ini weekend wow!!! Alright RCT.com got problem get solution.

3.6.3 Describing the function Based on identifying and classifying, the data will be explained in some descriptions following the group of function. Line 1a Speech 1 Utterances of Code-switching Ten twelve RCT FM a cool station selamat pagi Reason of Code-switching The code-switching is a slogan of RCT FMs greeting, so cool jockey have to say that during broadcasting. It is functioning quotation in his code-switching because cool jockey switched to quote it selves directly or simply to state the slogan in beginning of his speech. The code-switching is a caller for RCT FMs listeners. In that utterance cool jockey wants to say greeting to listeners with special caller that only RCT FM has it. The addressee is according to just people who hear RCT FM Semarang. And it makes listeners become the special one and they will love this radio. The code-switching is as serve to clarify what is he said, amplify or emphasize a message when he wanted to say satpam he repeat again in English security.

1b

Selamat pagi cool setters

12

10

kok satpam sih ya jadi security hati pokoknya

3.7 Techniques of Reporting the Result of Analysis Best (1981) states that the descriptive method involves the description, analysis, and interpretation of condition that exist. The writer chooses use qualitative method in his study as his discussion. Description, analysis and interpretation are the most suitable for this research. It also attempts to find out relationship between the theories and analyses.

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS In this chapter, the writer discusses code-switching act occuring in RCT FM Semarang especially in Morning Star program broadcasted by Cool Jockey Awang Ajiwarsita on 19 January 2007. This study analyzes language function spoken by announcer, function of code-switching raised up, and the background of that codeswitching. The language function is divided into six categories. Those are personal/emotive, directive, interpersonal, representational, metalingual, and imaginative (Wardhaugh, in Chaer 1972:3-8). Function of code-switching is divided into seven categories, they are quotation, addressee specification, interjection, repetition, message qualification, personalization and objectivization (Gumperz, 1992:82), facility of expression (Marasigan, 1983:95). The backgrounds of codeswitching are degree of involvement, anger, emphasis, and change in focus (Marasigan, 1983:38). The data are classified and described according to the categories.

4.1 General Finding There are 87 utterances of code-switching found on Cool Jockeys speech in broadcasting of RCT FM Semarang, Morning Star program. The utterances had been classified and analyzed to decide to which category each utterance belongs. In analyzing the data, one utterance might occupy some categories of one subject. It

happens because one utterance can raise up the other functions or background factors too. One utterance of their speech below illustrates it: (From Appendix 54) Ten twelve RCT FM a cool station. Selamat pagi cool setters. (Ten twelve RCT FM a cool station. Good morning cool setters.)

That utterance has two categories of function of code-switching; they are quotation and addressee specification. When a cool jockey says Ten twelve RCT FM a cool station, it is to give information to listeners that the sentence is a slogan of the radio and that is often spoken by cool jockeys during broadcasting to make listeners familiar with the motto. The subjects quoted themselves and others directly to sound more credible to the addressees. Addressee specification function is for working out a closer relationship and showing friendly feeling or social solidarity, when a cool jockey says cool setters. This switching recognizes to interact with the listeners and as a matter of role relation between announcer (cool jockey) and listeners. Cool setters in appendix 54 is as a term for RCT FMs listeners, cool is identical with everything in RCT FM Semarang. Not only for calling the station but the word cool is also for calling its mobile, its listener, its topic, etc. The announcer (cool jockey) does code-switching act because he wants to give special impression to listeners in order to attract more listeners. Because of that, the listeners will get special treatment and then they will remember it in their mind and will love the radio. In this study, the fact that one utterance of code-switching may have more than one category of one subject or function. There are 94 language functions, 96

function of code-switching and 87 background of code-switching in the 87 utterances of code-switching.

4.2 Language Function The number of language functions that are found in cool jockeys utterances: Language function Personal/emotive Directive Interpersonal Representational Metalingual Imaginative Total Amount 8 32 10 38 0 6 94 Percentage 8.52 % 34.04 % 10.64 % 40.42 % 0% 6.38 % 100 %

From the table above, we can know that language functions which are analyzed in classified, the most is representational function. It happens because half of the utterances give information or make denotative of his speech as appliance for talking object or moment that has been generally in the culture to the listeners. It is same with the purpose of radio broadcasting.

4.2.1 Personal/emotive The language functions personally (Halliday 1973, Finnocchiaro 1974, Jakobson 1960, they called it emotive), which means that the speaker expresses behaviour to what he or she says. The speaker is not only lying open emotion through language but also showing that emotion when conveying his speech. In this case, the listener can also expect the speakers feeling such as sad, angry, happy, etc. 1. (From Appendix 37) Alright RCT.com get problem get solution.

2. (From Appendix 56) oh it is so sweet

The cases above from appendixes 37 and 56 are seen that the speaker (Cool jockey) wants to lay open emotion through his language. The expressions are agreement and exciting. Agreement expression the announcer shows when he speaks alright stably convinces the listeners about that information which he speaks. Exciting expression the announcer shows when he speaks oh it is so sweet shows his feeling that he also drags on the poetry before (see appendix 55) in order to influence his feeling to listeners.

4.2.2 Directive The language functions directively that manages listeners behaviour (Finnocchiario 1974, Halliday 1973, they called it instrumental function). Here, the language does not only make the listener do something but also do activities as what the speaker wants. This case can done by the speaker by using sentences that express command, urge, request and also persuasion. 3. (From appendix 53) so lebih asyik kalau Awang bakalan kasih kamu kesempatan (so its more fun if Awang give you opportunity) 4. (From appendix 77) Ok dont go away dont little think about it karna abis ini bakal Awang mainin Juliet (Ok dont go away dont little think about it because after this Awang wants to play Juliet) Case 1 and 2 are included in directive function because they are utterances that express persuasion and command. From appendix 53, it is called directive

persuasion because Awang invites the listeners that they will have more fun if Awang give them opportunity. It is like a persuasion to the listeners to follow the topic until the end. From appendix 77, it is called directive command because the speaker (Cool jockey) gives command to the listeners to do something the speaker wants. By saying Ok dont go away dont little think about it karna abis ini bakal Awang mainin Juliet, cool jockey wants the listeners to keep listening his speech in that program without changing the channel. The meaning is for managing the listeners behaviour. The amount of this function is in the second position after representational function. It is because this function is used to get attention of the listeners, which is one of broadcastings purpose.

4.2.3 Interpersonal The language functions fatically (Jakobson 1960, Finnocchiaro 1974, they called it interpersonal and Halliday 1974 called it interactional). This function is for working out a closer relationship and showing friendly feeling or social solidarity. 5. (From appendix 3) hai cool setters hai apa khabar pagi ini (Hay cool setters hay how are you this morning) 6. (From appendix 52) bikin kamu sendiri bahagia gitu manoke..oke.. (To make happy by yourself mano.k...) In the cases above, language functions fatically or interpersonally. It is shown that the speaker (Cool jockey) wants to work out a closer relationship and show

friendly feeling to listeners. Cool jockey uses utterance cool setters to call the listeners, he intentionally calls by name because he wants to be closer to the listeners and to build the friendly relationship. In the utterance in appendix 52 bikin kamu sendiri bahagia gitu man oke..oke.., the speaker also shows his social solidarity by entering the word to say the listeners, it makes broadcasting more fun and friendly close to listeners.

4.2.4 Representational The language functions referentially (Finnocchiaro 1974, Halliday 1974, they called it representational and Jakobson 1960 called it cognitive function, the other says it denotative functions or informative function). Here, the language functions as appliance for talking object or moment that has been in the culture generally. It usually presents the facts that are known by many people.

7. (From appendix 1) Ten twelve RCT FM a cool station selamat pagi (Ten twelve RCT FM a cool station good morning) 8. (From appendix 6) Hei apalagi ini weekend wow!!! (Hay even less this is weekend wow!!!) In appendixes 1 and 6, the speaker (Cool Jockey) gave information to listeners. Therefore, the utterances were included in representational function. Cool jockey was talking object known by listeners of RCT FM Semarang, when he spoke Ten twelve RCT FM a cool station selamat pagi. For listeners of RCT FM Semarang that slogan is familiar to their ears, because it has a unique, different slogan.

Appendix 6 also shows referential function of language, i.e. a moment, that is a day. Almost every young people know the meaning of that utterance Hei apalagi ini weekend wow!!! The speaker wanted to inform about the enjoyable time that was on Saturday and Sunday called weekend.

4.2.5 Metalingual The language functions metalingually or metalinguistically (Jakobson 1960, Finnocchiaro, 1974). They say that the language is used for talking language itself as it is seen in process of language study when the methods or rules is explained by language too. None of the utterances in this analysis shows metalingual function, because in radio broadcasting especially RCT FM Semarang, it is a common thing to discuss language itself.

4.2.6 Imaginative The language functions imaginatively (Halliday 1933, Finnocchiaro 1974, Jakobson 1960, they called it poetic speech function). It is usually work of arts forms (poetry, story, fairy tale, humour), which are used just for pleasure of speaker and also the listeners. 9. (From appendix 24) nggak melulu hujan cuman its like apa ya cuaca ni cuaca yang nggak (not always rain just its like what is it this weather is the weather that not) 10. (From appendix 67) secara sometimes nyewa villa sama orang-orang terdekat juga having a kind park party, I guess

(if sometimes rents villa with close persons also having a kind park party, I guess) The cases above, appendix 24 and 67 are included in languages that have imaginative function because they are used just for pleasure of speaker and also of the listeners. In appendix 24, the speaker (Cool jockey) was hypothesizing about the weather that would happen that day. His language functions imaginatively because it was not true yet. In appendix 67, it is called as having imaginative function because Cool jockey only guessed what would happen; he did not know what was the truth next. If somebody just estimates moment that will happen and it is just perhaps so their languages have imaginative function.

4.3 Function of Code-switching The number of function of code-switching that are found in cool jockeys utterances: Function of Code-switching Quotation Amount 11 Percentage 11.45 %

Addressee Specification Repetition Interjection Message Qualification Personalization and Objectivization Facility of Expression Total

24 1 13 11 12 24 96

25 % 1.05 % 13.55 % 11.45 % 12.5 % 25 % 100 %

From the table above, we can know that functions of language which are analyzed in the classification, the most is Facility of Expression and Addressee Specification. It happens because they form the purpose of radio broadcasting which are for sending massages from the announcer to listeners through their utterances and ,in its broadcasting, many of specific addressees can be found too as a particular instance. It is also as facility of announcers to express their feeling or expression when he or she speaks about the massages.

4.3.1 Quotation In many instances, the subjects of code-switched are to quote themselves and others directly or indirectly or simply to state a slogan or maxim, the subjects are to quote themselves and others directly or indirectly to sound more credible to the addressees. Seemingly, a quotation served as proof that what they were saying were facts and that the addressees had to believe them. 11. (From appendix 51) Ten twelve RCT FM a cool station. Hai selamat pagi (Ten twelve RCT FM a cool station. Hay good morning) 12. (From appendix 58) cause he told me kalau ternyata dia sudah (cause he told me if turned out he was)

The cases above are included in Quotation function in utterances of codeswitching because the reason is cool jockey states the slogan and proofs that what he was saying was facts and the addressees had to believe listeners. From appendix 51, in utterance Ten twelve RCT FM a cool station. Hai selamat pagi there is code-switching that functioning quotation. It is because the announcer (cool jockey) states a slogan Ten twelve RCT FM a cool station directly to listeners which it is a slogan of RCT FMs radio station that is often spoken by cool jockey during broadcasting run to make familiar with the listeners ears. The subjects quoted themselves and others directly to sound more credible to the addressees. Besides that, Appendix 52 also has quotation in his utterances of code-switching. When the speaker (cool jockey) said, cause he told me kalau ternyata dia sudah, the code-switching words he told me forms a quotation that is quoted by cool jockey from other person indirectly to sound more credible to the listeners to believe him.

4.3.2 Addressee Specification This type of switching serves to direct the message a specific person. This type of switching recognizes not only the interacting members of speech events but it also recognizes that their language behaviours may be more than merely a matter of individual preference or facility, but also a matter of role relations. 13. (From appendix 2) Selamat pagi cool setters (Good morning cool setters)

14. (From appendix 15) Lidya Pratiwi akhirnya divonis empat belas tahun man (In the last Lidya Pratiwi is vindicated for fourteen years man) Both of the appendixes are included code-switching functioning addressee specification. This switching recognizes to interact with the listeners and as a matter of role relation between announcer (cool jockey) and listeners. Cool setters in appendix 2 is as a term to call RCT FM listeners, cool is identical with everything related to RCT FM Semarang. The announcer (cool jockey) does code-switching act because he wants to give special impression to listeners in order to attract more listeners. Because of that, the listeners will get special treatment and than they will remember it in their mind and will love the radio. In appendix 15, the utterance Lidya Pratiwi akhirnya divonis empat belas tahun man, the speaker (cool jockey) switched in English with slipped man into his speech. He switches because he wants to make closer with the listeners. The code-switching is a word to call close friend. Cool jockey says it because he wants to get closer with the addressee and give special impression by saying man. The addressees are the listeners. 4.3.3 Repetition Sometimes a message is regarded in the other code, either literally in somewhat modified for, repetition may serve to clarify what is said, amplify or emphasize a message, or mark a joke. 15. (From appendix 59) kok satpam sih ya jadi security hati pokoknya (Is he the security, yes he become the heart security. Isnt he)

In appendix 59, the code-switching serves to clarify what is said, amplify or emphasize a message when he said satpam he repeated again in English security. He repeated the same meaning in different word to give emphasis on the topic and to enable listener to receive the message.

4.3.4 Interjection In another case, the code-switch serves to mark an interjection or sentence filler. The switch to mark an interjection may either be form the we to the they code or from the they to the we code. Normally, the subjects use or switch to first language when they utter interjections. This can be ascribed to the fact that interjections express strong feelings or emotions. 16. (From appendix 6) Hei apalagi ini weekend wow!!! (Hay even less this is weekend wow!!!) 17. (From appendix 10) This is Awang Ajiwarsita and Im presenting you Tahta 18. (From appendix 86) Lets just make it alright and the last cool song Missy Cola Tino dari Gery Haward In appendix 6, the code-switching served to mark an interjection, cool jockey in his code-switching wants to show his strong emotion with happiness because weekend came and he shouted. In appendix 10, the code-switching served to mark an interjection, although there is no exclamation point cool jockey meant to emphasize that there was him and he wanted to present a song. He speaks louder to attract listeners attention to the song.

In appendix 86, the code-switching served to mark an interjection, although there is no exclamation point cool jockey meant to emphasize and to show strong feeling that he wants to urge listeners to do the same, and to give attention to change the topic into the song.

4.3.5 Message Qualification Another large group of switches consists of qualifying constructions such as clauses, sentences and phrases (verb and noun complements). A considerable amount of switching under this category is meant to express the time concept. These cases below will explain it: 19. (From appendix 6) Hei apalagi ini weekend wow!!! (Hay even less this is weekend wow!!!) 20. (From appendix 45) Alright now aku bakal kasih kamu (Alright now I will give you) 21. (From appendix 47) meskipun it is past time gitu yah cukup lama juga (Although it is past time, isnt it, it is also old enough) From the appendixes, they show messages in special times like weekend, now and past time. In appendix 6, the English weekend is said by cool jockey, the code-switching is meant to express the time concept weekend. He wants to show and emphasize that today is weekend, to remind the listeners. It is more familiar to say weekend than Saturday and Sunday which have same meaning. Furthermore, appendix 45 also presents message qualification through the word now, the code-switching is meant to express the time concept, to sent a message to listeners that the time (at present) he will give something to them. Cool jockey gives

emphasize to his speech in beginning, it is for attracting the listeners to hear his message that he will say. Besides both of those appendixes, appendix 47 shows the function too. The English past time gives function of code-switching category message qualification in specialized time. The code-switching is meant to express the time concept when cool jockey says, it is past time. Cool jockey wanted to say that the song is old enough. He does not present the word in Indonesian because it will give impression the song is really too old and ruin the interest of listeners to the song. Thus, he chooses to switch into English.

4.3.6 Personalization and Objectivization In very large group of instances, function is somewhat more difficult to specify in purely descriptive terms. The code contrast here seems to relate to such things as: degree of speaker involvement in, or distance from, a message or an addressee; whether a statements reflects personal opinion, feeling or knowledge; whether it refers to specific instance, or whether it has the status of generally known fact. 22. (From appendix 5) and hopefully ketika kamu berada di RCT Morning Star semuanya bakal jadibakal jadi berhasil ya. (and hopefully when you are in RCT FM Morning Star everything becomesbecomes lucky alright) 23. (From appendix 64) seperti misalnya meet the friends atau having a date gitu ya (such as meet the friends or having a date, isnt it) The utterances above are included as personalization and objectivization function of code-switching because in appendix 5 cool jockey used Indonesian to

show what objective facts were to him. He switched into English to express a personal wish. Here the subject was not only stating the message. He was expressing his involvement in it. He would not only announce but also give prayer to listeners to be happy in weekend. In appendix 64, cool jockey switched into English to show a personal idea. Here the subject was not only stating the opinion. He was expressing his involvement in it too. He does not only announce but also gives opinion that refers to the topic before weekend. He will be happy if the listeners follow the opinion that he said.

4.3.7 Facility of Expression Not all instances of code alternation convey (Gumperz and Hernandez 1971 in Marasigan 1983:90). The texts contains several instances where the shift from Pilipino to English or vice-versa can only be interpreted as difficulty in finding the right words at the time of speaking or writing or merely as a sign of the subjects lack of familiarity with the style he is using.

24. (From appendix 4) bakal jadi pagi yang sempurna cause youre listening to me (will be prefect morning cause youre listening to me) 25. (From appendix 14) Anyway terus bareng Awang Ajiwarsita (Anyway keep on with Awang Ajiwarsita) 26. (From appendix 74) ada Tri juga thank you (...there is Tri thank you) From the utterances that include code-switching in English, there has function facility of expression for each appendix above. Like in appendix 4, Cool jockey

switched in English used words cause youre listening to me because he was difficult to find right words to express his feeling that he was rightfully proud of himself, if it is in Indonesian it will make bad impression for cool jockey in listeners side because it is seen too boasting or arrogant. In appendix 14, Cool jockey switched into English as he found difficulty in finding the right words at the time of speaking. When he wanted to change the topic, he was difficult finding right word besides anyway and it was like a habit to say anyway in every changing the topic. The word is familiar in youth community because it is usually used in their daily speech. Furthermore, in appendix 26, the word thank you is spoken by cool jockey for expressing his gratitude to Tri that the one of listeners who sent him an SMS (Short Message Service). Cool jockey switched into English as difficulty in finding the right words at the time of speaking. The code-switching is more expressive.

4.4 Background of Code-switching The number of background of code-switching that are found in cool jockeys utterances: Background of Code-switching Degree of involvement Anger Emphasis Change in focus Total Amount 18 0 56 13 87 Percentage 20.69 % 0% 64.37 % 14.94 % 100 %

Bloom and Gumperz observed that a wide variety of contextual meaning derived from the basic meaning inclusion (we) versus exclusion (they). This underlying meaning was interpreted by them in the light of the co-occurring contextual factors to indicate such things as: (a) degree of involvement, (b) anger, (c) emphasis and (d) change in focus (Marasigan, 1983:38). From the table above, we can see that emphasis background of codeswitching is the most. It is because many of code-switching which are used by speaker is meant to send a message that the message is important to be attention as the meaning of radio in Oxfords Dictionary, Radio is a process of sending and receiving messages, etc through the air by electrical waves (1995:340). There is no amount for anger background of code-switching because the cool jockey never shows his anger during broadcasting. For good service reason to listeners, it does not recommend to give bad impression to them like anger, abuse word, and so on. Because the purpose of broadcasting is to attract or entertain the listeners, cool jockeys have to give good service by choosing good words for their speech. Besides that background, there is also the other background that will be discussed below: 4.4.1 Degree of involvement The code-switching is done based on factor that indicates degree of speakers involvement. The speaker wants to show that he has been and he cares with the environment. 27. (From appendix 5) and hopefully ketika kamu berada di RCT Morning Star semuanya bakal jadibakal jadi berhasil ya.

(and hopefully when you are in RCT FM Morning Star everything becomesbecomes lucky alright) 28. (From appendix 64) seperti misalnya meet the friends atau having a date gitu ya (such as meet the friends or having a date, isnt it) Both of the utterances above show the degree of speakers involvement to the topic. In appendix 5, cool jockey was expressing his involvement in it. He prayed for listeners to their problem. He hoped directly to the listeners that they would be lucky after they listened to RCT FM Semarang. It showed his special attention to listeners. In appendix 64, cool jockey also shows his involvement through giving idea about spending the time in weekend. He would be happy if the listeners follow the opinion that he said and he would certainly be disappointed if it did not.

4.4.2 Anger Code-switching in other language that shows anger usually presents abused words. However, such words are seldom found in this broadcasting, because of recommendation to give good service to the listeners which becomes the main purpose. In this case, no found anger background in this cool jockeys code-switching because he wants to give good service, attraction, and entertainment to listeners so he was only choosing good words for their speech without abused words. That is precisely the opposite of our real environment in which sometimes we hear some

people saying abused words to do code-switching into another language for expressing their anger.

4.4.3 Emphasis The code-switching that has emphasized background forms code-switching is meant to make clearer and to give special impression and attention to the speakers speech. Sometimes the speaker switched into another language to give emphasis on his words when he is not heard by the listeners because his utterance is not interesting. 29. (From appendix 1) Ten twelve RCT FM a cool station selamat pagi (Ten twelve RCT FM a cool station good morning) 30. (From appendix 8) memulai hari ini dengan dengandengan something yang bener-bener fresh (starts today with withwith something that really fresh) 31. (From appendix 13) nggak pernah ada kata berpisah pokoknya alright (there is never good bye, isnt it alright) They are the utterances of code-switching that has emphasized background. Based on appendix 1, cool jockey switched into English in the beginning of his speech because he wanted to emphasize the slogan of RCT FM Semarang Ten twelve RCT FM a cool station which is in English and to give information and remind the listeners that they were listening RCT FM Semarang. In appendix 8, cool jockey wants to emphasize his speech about the topic in order to attract the listeners for listening what he says. By emphasizing in word something and fresh, he gives special impression and it makes the listeners be curious to find out what the meaning of his utterance is.

In appendix 13, his background to do code-switching in finishing his utterance is to emphasize his idea or opinion. English is used to make sure that the listeners also agree with his opinion.

4.4.4 Change in focus Code-switching also serves to change in focus or the topic. It may happen that formal situation is changed into informal situation so it can raise code-switching act, change the topic and focus of conversation. 32. (From appendix 23) ini terbukti pada Fredy..anyway buat kamu yang sekarang yang lagi bete (this is proven to Fredyanyway for you who are sad now) 33. (From appendix 77) Ok dont go away dont little think about it karna abis ini bakal Awang mainin Juliet (Ok dont go away dont little think about it because after this Awang wants to play Juliet) Both of utterances above are meant to change the focus to another. In appendix 23, the English anyway is used by cool jockey for changing the focus not to Fredy anymore but to the person who were sad at that time. English is used because if Indonesian is used, it may make bad impression to the person that becomes the focus of the conversation, who is Fredy. Thus, to keep good role relation, cool jockey switched into English. In appendix 77, cool jockey switched into English to announce the listeners that the topic before is not important again to listen further. He wants the listeners to change their focus in the next topic that is the song from Juliet.

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion Based on the analysis of data in the previous chapter, the conclusion can be formulated as follows: 1. There are 87 utterances of code-switching found on Cool Jockeys speech in Morning Star program broadcasting of RCT FM Semarang on January 11, 2007. The category mostly found related to language function is

representational. It happens because half of the utterances give information or make denotative of his speech as appliance for talking object or moment that has been in the culture generally to the listeners. It is exactly the same with the purpose of radio broadcasting. 2. The most frequently found categories related to function of code-switching are Addressee Specification and Facility of Expression. It happens because they form the purpose of radio broadcasting which are for sending messages from the announcer to listeners through their utterances and in its broadcasting many of specific addressees can be found too as a particular instance. It is also as facility of announcers to express their feeling or expression when he or she speaks about the messages. 3. Emphasis of background as causal factor of code-switching is the most frequently found. It is because many code-switching acts of the speaker is meant to send a message. The message is important to be paid attention as the meaning of radio in Oxfords Dictionary, Radio is a process of sending and receiving messages, etc through the air by electrical waves (1995:340). 4. Cool jockey of RCT FM Semarang never shows his anger during broadcasting in his utterances of code-switching because he wants to give good service, attraction, and entertainment to listeners. Thus, he is only choosing good words for their speech without abused words as a recommendation from his company.

5.2 Suggestion

This research can give input and contribution for the announcers and listeners of radio who use code-switching in their utterances to make better their language after they study of the function of code-switching. Good understanding between speaker and listener when they bring the message through a good mean, good word choice, minimal abused words usage, and good knowledge about language function will make communication more effective and successful.

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Appendices