trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009

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trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009

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trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009

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 trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009

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 trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009

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 trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009

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 trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009
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22
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23
trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009

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vGef;vSygw,f? t"du &ifqkdifae&wJh jy\emuawmh od&ygw,f?
vlom;&JŒ 0doravmu/ twW/ rme/ 'dÏd qdw k hJ qd;k &Gm;vSwhJ
w&m;awG&JŒ ESdyfpufr_udk tnHhcHjcif;ygyJ? cufcJvSwJh b0 rdef;wuUodkvfausmif;awG[m urRÏmef;ausmif;
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tvSw&m;/ aoG;awG/ toufawG/ ay;qyfra_ wGe‹J a&;jcpf óud;/ *dwv f ufarmif;wHawG ydwq f ‹kd xm;wm[m wuUov kd f
&wJh vlom;uAsm[m pmrsuEf mS ay: wufrvmbJ/ a&tdrf }uD;awGukd ppftpd;k &u axmiftjzpfavmuf oabmxm;
oHk; puULb0ukd a&muf=uwJh vlawG/ acgif;aqmifawG wmyg? 'gawGudk wuUodkvf q&m}uD;awG udk,fwkdifenf;
ae‹pOfeJ‹tr# jrifawG‹=um;ae&wmyg? aygif;pHkoHk;+yD; azmufxGufrSom ausmif;om;awG&JŒ tem
^m%feJ‹ 0D&d,udk pepfwus oif,lwwfajrmuf *wf b0awG vSyvmrSmyg? wjynfv;kH rSm &Sw d hJ q&mawG
ysKd;axmifrSom vlom;&JΠtem*wf tkd;tdrf touf&Sif/ [m ud, k u hf ,dk u
f dk u,fwifz‹kd / ausmif;om; vli,fawG&ŒJ
aexkid rf [ _ m vHòk cH/ at;csr;f / om,m0ajymrSm jzpfygw,f? tem*wfudk vrf;jyzdk‹/ enf;aygif;pHkeJ‹ óud;pm;zdk‹ tem*wf
'Dae&mrSm t"du wdu k ±f u
kd tf a&;ygwhJ ynma&;XmeawGukd EkdifiHawmf}uD;u awmif;qdkaeyg+yD?
tav;xm; aqmif&Guf&rSm jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmjynfrmS &Sw d hJ ynma&;XmeawG&ŒJ tajc tae ^m%f y nm&J Œ oabmtwG i f ; rS m +yD ; jynf h p H k j cif ;
uawmh “eifh td;k aeaeomom igawmif b,fusv‹kd us (Á'D<yg')/ pdk;rdk;Ekdifjcif; (Áuk+EdN,)/ wkdufzsufjcif; (Av)
&rSef;rod” qdkwJh pum;yHkvdk ausmif;om;awG&JŒ ynm pwJh twGi;f oabmawG yg&o dS vd/k 0D&,d &JŒ oabmrSmvnf;
a&;xuf q&m/ q&mrawG&ŒJ ynma&;/ pm;0wfaea&;u 'Doabmw&m;awG yg&ydS gw,f? tm;vH;k [m ^m%f}uD;}uD;/
yd+k yD;awmh rjynfph /kH rvHak vmuf jzpfae&ygw,f? pm;0wfae vHk‹v}uD;}uD;eJ‹ óud;pm;r,fqdk&if w&m;r#wwJh (orRm)
a&; rvHak vmufwt hJ wGuf ausmif;om;xk[m q&mawG&ŒJ 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiH}uD; wnfaqmufEkdifa=umif; a&;om;wif
aps;uGu}f uD; jzpfomG ;&w,f? rlvwef;ausmif;rS tjrifq h ;kH jyvdkuf&ygw,f?
wuUodkvf ynma&; Ph.D txd ausmif;ynma&;u
q&mawG&ŒJ tdyaf xmifxu J kd a&mufomG ;yg+yD? q&mawG&ŒJ OpP m abm*/ ZZDD 0 d w ES i f h ok c yG m ;&ef / Tvl x H Y /
ynma&;udk jr‡ifhwifray;EkdifwJhtwGuf ausmif;om;awG&JŒ ^m%f 0 D & d , / ya,m*wnf ; ?
25
 trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009

ordik ;f onf rqH;k

'*kefwm&m
(u)
ordik ;f onf b,frmS qH;k rnfv?J ordik ;f acwf qdo k nfrmS cJ&h m trsKd ;om;ae@ukd qifE cJG &hJ onf? ,if;trsKd ;om;ae@ trsKd ;
wacwfEiS w hf acwf qufpyfarG;zGm; }u;D jyif;vm&onf? rsKd ; quf om;ausmif ; qd k o nf r S m 1920 ausmif ; om;oyd w f ES i f h
[laom pum;jzifh jcm;em;xm;aomfvnf; rsKd ;qufw@kd onf qufpyfaeonf? xdt k wdwu f kd uGseaf wmfw@kd ud, k w f ikd cf pH m;
qufpyfaeonf? yxr rsKd ;quf onf 'kw, d rsKd ; qufukd arG;zGm; xdawG@onfr[kw?f od@k aomf ordik ;f acwfrsm;udk jzwfoef;&if;u
onf? 'kw, d rsKd ;qufonf wwd,rsKd ;qufukd arG;zGm;onf? od@k twdwu f akd vhvm&onf? xdt k cg twdwf umvudk rDaomuGsef
aomf arG;zGm;ay;onft h wGuf acwfw@kd onf xyfwl xyfrsS tr$m awmfx h uf toufrsm;pGm}uD;aomolrsm;xHrS ar;jref;&onf?
yHo
k ¿efawmh rjzpfeikd ?f urBm}u;D wGif ordik ;f acwfw@kd onf ajymif; twdw. f ordik ;f acwfrsm;udo k &d onf? 1939-40 avmufwiG f
vJvsS u&f o dS nf? txl;ojzihf 'kw, d urBmppf t+y;D wGif ajymif;vJr_ rl uGseaf wmfonf q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f ESihf rsu0f g; xif
rsm;jzpf ay:aeonf? xif xdawG@&onf? wuUov kd o f r*~wiG f qifEaJG om trsKd ;om;
ordkif;acwfwdk@onfvnf; ajymif;vJr_rsm;jzpfay:ae ae@ w&m;yGt J +y;D wGif uGseaf wmfonf q&m}u;D ocifu, kd f awmf
onf? ordik ;f acwf ajymif;vJonfq&kd mwGif vsiv f sijf refjref rdi_ ;f / 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd / ocifepk aom uGseaf wmfx h uf touf}uD;
ajymif;vJjcif;ESihf av;av; aES;aES;ajymif;vJjcif;om uGmjcm;onf? aom edik if aH &; acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk armfawmfum; jzifh w&m;yGo J @kd
txl;ojzifh tm&SEiS hf tmz&du wdu k w
f @kd wiG f tajymif;tvJ jref yd@k ay;&efwm0efusonf? uGseaf wmfu um;a&Sc› ef;u xdik o f nf?
qefonf?zswcf eJzswcf eJ ,if; tajymif;tvJukd avh vmvdu k f olw@kd pum;ajymoHukd uGseaf wmf =um;&onf? xdak emufwiG u f m;
vSsiof rdik ;f wacwfEiS w hf acwf qufpyfaeonfuakd wG@eikd o f nf? olw@kd EiS chf ifrif &if;ES;D vmonf/olw@kd xrH S twdwo f rdik ;f acwfrsm;
onfawmh usaemfu ordik ;f onf rqH;k [k ajymaejcif;jzpfonf? udo k ad e&onf? uGseaf wmfw@kd rrDcahJ om 1920 ausmif;om;o
ydwaf cwf/ trsKd ;om;wuUov kd af cwf/0Homekacwf/ *spD b D aD t
(c) acwfrsm;ta=umif;udk q&m}uD;xHrSod&onf? *syefacwf
tpwkef;uawmh rsdK;qufta=umif;udk odyfrod? wGifvnf; q&m}uD;ESifhuGsefawmf eD;eD;uyfuyf ae&onf?
ordik ;f acwfrsm;udk jzwfoef;oGm;aomtcg tajctaersm;udk 1952wGif w&kwjf ynfo@kd csp=f unfa&;ud, k pf m;vS,f tzG@J 0iftjzpf
a0zefo;kH oyfro d nf? rsKd ;quf. cHpm;rlukd uGseaf wmf=u;D jyif;vm oGm;&m q&m }uD;ESihf ydrk &kd if;ES;D vm &onf?
&aom rsKd ;qu af cwfrsm;ESihf ,SOI f uGseaf wmf em;vnfvm& q&m}u;D rSm uGeaf wmhxuf touf 43 ESpcf ef@}u;D onf?
onf? 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyu kH pI uGsef awmf onf vlxk uGseaf wmfw@kd EiS rhf sKd ;qufjcif; qufrv d monf? tpu awmh rsKd ;
v_y&f mS ;r_EiS hf pwif awG@&v dS monf[k qdek ikd o
f nf? xd@k aemuf qufjcif; qufonf [laom tod odyrf &S/d xd@k aemuf rS ordik ;f
1938ckEpS w f iG f wuUov dk f a&mufvmonf? xdt k cg trsKd ;om; acwfrsm;ta=umif; a&;zG@J &if;u od&v dS monf? ,if;onf rsKd ;
vG w f v yf a &;ord k i f ; wG i f ta&;}uD ; vS o nf h 2938-39 qufjcif; qufro d nfh ta=umif;jzpf onf? opfyif yef;yifw@kdonf
taxGaxGoydw(f 0g) 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfy}kH uD;udk xdawG@ rsKd ;aphrw S qifh tqifq h ifh ayguyf mG ;vm um yGm;rsm;cJ=h u onf?
cJh&onf? 1936 ausmif;om;oydwfonf 'kwd,oydwf[k ,if;oabmyif? ordik ;f acwfw@kd onf rsKd ;aph rS ayguyf mG ;vmo
ordik ;f q&mwd@k u trSwt f om; jyKcJoh nf? 1920 ausmif;om; uJo h @kd qifyh mG ;vmonf[k em;vnf&onf?
oydwfudkawmh uGsefawmfwdk@ rrDvdkuf? uGsefawmfarG;+yD;
aemufwpfEpS w f iG f ,if; 1920 ausmif;om;oydwjf zpfco hJ nf? (*)
od@k aomf uGseaf wmfonf trsKd ;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif pmoif=um; 1940 ckEpS af vmufu &efuek t
f a&›yS ikd ;f rufo'pf ausmif;
26
 trSwfpOf-95
txufwef;wGif ayguzf mG ;pwifaom yxrOD;qH;k pma&;q&m
tzG@J jzpfaom jrefrmjynfpma&;q&m tpnf;t&H;k wGif 'D;'kwOf ;D
bcsKd EiS thf wl tr_aqmiftzG@J wGiyf g0if cJzh ;l onf? 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd u
OuUX/ uGseaf wmfu tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if/ uGseaf wmfu ausmif;
om;tzGJ@0if/ OD;&efatmif/ OD;odef;azjrifh(xdktcguawmh
wufbek ;f }uD; ode;f az)wd@k rmS tr_aqmiftzG@J wiG yf g0if=uonf/
uGseaf wmfx h uf touf t&G,}f uD;olrsm;jzpfonf?
,if;yxrOD;qH;k jrefrmjynf pma&;q&m tzG@J zG@J pnf;
&mwGif ocifp;kd vnf;ygonf? uGseaf wmfw@kd onf ,if;pma&;
q&m tzG@J tpnf;}u;D . t pnf;ta0;udk ocifp;kd ESihf twlomG ;cJh
=uonf/ xdktcg 35 vrf;teD;&Sd aumfruf&Sifvrf;ay:wGif
wnf&adS om ukvm;vufzuf&nfqikd w f iG f vuf zuf &nf twl
aomuf+y;D aemuf ausmif;od@k vmcJ=uonf? od@k aomf tr_aqmif
tzG@J zG@J aomtcg ocifp;kd onf tr_aqmiftzG@J wiG f olrygv[ kd k
ajym+yD;jyefoGm;onf? uGsefawmfwdk@xuf 10ESpfausmf ausmf
}uD;aom ocifav;armif / ocifvaS bmf polw@kd EiS hf xdawG@c&hJ
onf? jyefI=unfv h u kd af omtcg ,if;wd@k onf rsKd ;qufjcif;
jcm;onfo h abm? 1952 wGi+f idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J zG@J pnf;aomtcg
q&m}uD ; ocif u d k , f a wmf r d _ i f ; u OuU X ocif a v;armif /
uGseaf wmfw@kd onf olw@kd xuf i,fonf?olw@kd xrH S ordik ;f acwf
yHjk yif trsm;}uD;&onf?
xdt k cgu q&m}uD;rSm touf 65 ESp?f 'D;'kwOf ;d bcsKd
uawmh 50cef@jzpfonf? uGseaf wmfu xdt k cgu touf 20?
q&m}uD;u acgi;f aygi;f udk cyfzzG aG v;rSsom aygi;f wwfonf?
q&m}uD;udk awmif&Snfykqdk;ESifh uGsefawmfawG@&wwfonf?
q&m}u;D OD;bcsKd uvnf; acgi;f aygi;f ESi?hf yife&D ifz;Hk / a,mvHck snf
uwˆyD gyed ;f wef;zdeyfp;D wwfonf? cyfE@JG E@JG tr_t&m/ ESKwfcrf; ar$;
a&;a&;/ uGseaf wmfonf q&m}uD; OD;bcsKd xHo@kd vnf; a&muf
vmwwfonf? apmif;wD;onfukd uGseaf wmf=um;zl;onf/
q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;xHrS edkifiHa&;&mESifh
ordik ;f acwfrsm;ta=umif; od&onf? q&mOD;bcsKd xrH mS awmh pm
aya&;&m/ *Dwa&;&mrsm; udk =um;&onf? q&m}u;D wd@k . 0wfy/kH
pm;yHk / qif,ify/kH pum;ajym[ef/ pum;vH;k wd@k onf xdak cwfu
xl;jcm;aeonf[k uGsefawmfcHpm;rdonf? trsdK;om;[ef&dS
=uonf? ocifrsm;. yHpk u H awmh wpfrsKd ;/ yifezD si=f urf;rsm;
0wfonf? vHck sncf yfww kd ?kd *syefacwfwiG f ocifoed ;f armifu
xrif;pm; zdwfIuGsefawmfygoGm;onf? ocifA[def;uac:I
ygomG ;jcif; jzpfonf? udAk [de;f rSm olomG ;wdik ;f uGseaf wmfu h akd c:
onf? ocifodef;armifrSm xdktcgu tif;vsm;uefab;&Sd
tdrfwpftdrfwGifaeonf? bDtdkifatacwf (*syefacwfac:)/
Armhvw G vf yfa&; wyfrawmf acwfu ocifrsm;onf ,if;od@k
Zefe0g&D 4-2009
aom tdrrf sm;wGif aexdik =f uonf? olu taemufwikd ;f 0wfpkH
0wf xm;onf/ auí;arG;yHrk mS taemufqefonf?olonfvnf;
t*Fvef wGif ynmoif=um;zl;onf?
udkvdkeD twGif;0ef t*Fvdyf ppfAdkvfESifh pum;rsm;+yD;
xD;ESi&hf ukd of nf[ f k =um;&zl;onf? yHjk yifvm;/ wu,fvm;awmh
uGseaf wmfrod? u|eaf wmfu awmh ocifrsm;ud=k unfnKd aeonf/
ocifatmifAvqdak om ocifwa,mufukd jrifz;l onf/ olu
awmh taemufwikd ;f 0wfpEkH iS ahf wG@&wwf onf?olua&Sa› e?
ocifav;armifudkawmh t+rJyifeDtusF DESifhawG@&
wwfonf? olonf uGseaf wmfxuf 10 ESpaf usmaf usm}f u;D onf?
olonfuv kd ekd aD cwfu tapmqH;k bDtufppf aD c: odyb H` @JG &ynm
wwfwpfO;D jzpf+yD;vSsif edik if aH &; tapmqH;k aqmif&u G o f x l w
J iG f
yg0ifow l pfO;D jzpfonf? tifrwef oabmxm;}uD;onf? ol@
xuftoufrsm;pGm i,faomolrsm;u a0zefaomf vnf; ol
bmrSjyefrajym/ b,fawmhrS pdwq f ;kd onfr&S?d od@k aomf wpfcg
wpf&H awmh pdww f w kd wfonf?
ocifp;kd udu k m; tay:tuFsED iS hf rawG@&wwf/olu &d;k &d;k
yif 0wfqifonfuakd wG@&onf? r0,feikd af om vuf0pJ mtkyrf sm;
udk pmtkyq f ikd wf iG yf if &yfIzwfavh&adS =umif; od&onf/ ol@ukd
pdwf0ifpm;onf/txif}uD;cJh&onf/ ocifoef;xGef;uawmh
wpfrsdK;/ ol@udkt+rJwrf; ydk;tay:tusô/ ydk;vHkcsnfESifhvSvSyy
awG@&wwfonf? vlu cyfE@JG E@JG / uGseaf wmfw@kd ausmif;om;rsm;rSm
'dk@Armtpnf;t&Hk;rsm;rS ocifrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;+yD; olwdk@
vGwv f yfa&;twGuf ud, k uf sKd ;rzuf aqmif&u G jf cif;udk tm;us
rdcJhonf? ESpfoufpGJvrf;rdcJhonf/ ocifwifarmifqdkvSsif
qHyifaumufaumuf/ t+rJwrf; yifezD si=f urf;ESi?hf uGseaf wmfw@kd
ausmif;aqmifrsm;od@k vmum pum;ajymjzpf=uonf? olonf
ausmif;om;b0wGif &mZ0if*% k x
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uGseaf wmf cifrif&if;ES;D tm;usrcd ahJ om 'd@k Armtpnf;t&H;k 0if
ocifrsm;. udk,fusdK;rzuf aqmif&GufyHkudk jyefay:vm
um ,ae@trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmf/ vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHtjzpf
wnf&SdcJhonfrSm olwdk@.}udK;yrf;aqmif&Gufr_yguvm;[k
aus;Zl;udk owd&rd aeao;awmhonf?
ppft+yD; ppfESifhawmfvSefa&;udk uGsefawmfjzwfoef;
t+yD;wGif pmayavmuok@d 0ifa&mufpjyKvmonf? xdt k cgu
uGseaf wmfjzwfoef;cJah om ppfEiS ahf wmfveS af &; tawG@t}uKH rsm;
jzifph mayrsm;udzk @JG E@JG ro d nf? r*~Zif;xkwaf 0cJ@onf? ordik ;f onf
rqH;k æ æ æ?
&mjynfhtawG; aqmif; yg;rsm;pmtkyf (1997)rS
27
 trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009

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trdajrtwGuf &vmcJw h t hJ awG;tac:
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wcgwavrSmaygh æ wud, k af umif;tCw}uD;olawGe@J
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 trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009

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29
 trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009

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30
 trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009
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31
 trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009
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vdu k \ f / pkpak ygif; av;a':vm usygonf [kqakd omtcg &ma&mufw,f/ ud, k uf apmifah e&awmhrmS ud;k / wpfcgu
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wpfa':vmyg? oH;k a':vmu b,fu ydv k mwmvJ} xGuv f mw,f/ ]Ok, my son, Mr. San, Come in} wJ?h 'Dt
pm;yGx J ;kd u pm;yGaJ b;odYk vufñ;Id ñTejf y\/ oliMYkH unfh csed rf mS wHcg;acgufwm b,foq l w kd m ol odNy;D om;av}
vdu k \ f / pm;yGaJ b;abmifwiG w f yfqifxm;onfh tcsed rf w S f Ny;D cJoh nfh arvxkwf uvsmr*¾Zif; wGiyf g½Sad om ywåjrm;
em&Dwpfv;kH / cif\ aqmif;yg; wpfy'k f zwfvu kd &f mwGif tar&duefoYkd
]wuwnf; aomufusKd ;enf;Asm? ußeG af wmfu ud, k q hf D tvnf a &muf v monf h tqd k a wmf a':rmrmat;\
wke;f uvdk warh warm xdik cf hJ rdwmud;k As? olwYkd qDrmS u tjrifukd awGUvdkuf&onf/
MumwJt h csed f twGuf tcay;&w,f? ud, k x f ikd af ewJh tcsed f ]ußeG af wmfu (a':rmrmat;) jrefrmhtoHrmS 0efxrf;vkyf
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ajymjyygonf/ 'D vufywfem&D yJ ywfwmyJ/ bmjzpfvYkd tcsed af wGu jrefae
xdt Yk wlyif a&qif;wuúov kd uf q&mOD;armifarmifpH &wmvJvYkd wpfcgwpfcg pOf;pm;rdw,f? jrefrmjynfrmS vdk vl
(pma&;q&m Munfrif;? ausmaf pmrif;) Mopaw;vsoYkd bGUJ aw 0G wå&m; rausEikd Mf uwm [m tcsed f ray;Edik Mf uvdq Yk kd
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wkef; 0ifawGYOD;rnf[laom tawG;ESifh½Hk;xJ0if awGUav t*FveftawGUtBuHKudkjyefajymif;ajymjyygonf/
onf/ rpöwm b,fob l ,f0gESihf awGUvdyk gaMumif; ajymjy ]xl;qef;wm wpfck ½Sw d ,fAs? t*FvefrmS aqmif;wGi;f us
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wm? 'DvAkd s [krd mS aqmif;wGi;f us&if ½Spef m&Davmufxd ae olwdkYqDu qufoG,fa&;pHepfrSm acsmarGUatmif?
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ae&wmyJ? 'gayrJh ußeG af wmfu 5 rdepfavmuf aemufus xyf0ifvmwmud;k ? c&D;a0;awGrmS qd&k if Oyrm tdq k mum
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Case wpfca k vmufawmh vGwo f mG ;a&m? aemufr usatmif ]Ny;D awmh vufrw S pf pfwmu tqifjh rifw h ,f? blwmt0if
BudK;pm;&w,f} 0u vufrw S pf pfwhJ taygufav;xJukd vufrw S x
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nae 5 em&DtwGi;f rSm em;csed f 2 csed ½f w dS ,f/ tJ't D csed rf mS wpfapmifeYJ 0ifomG ;&if b,fEh , S v f yk rf vJ} qdak wmh olwu Ykd
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tvkycf iG rf mS awmh tqifq h ifh av;pm;rI½ydS gw,f? em;csed rf mS vufrSwfwpfapmif twGufavmufeJY 'Davmuf rvkyf
awmh r&bl;} Muygbl;wJhAsm}
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r,lcsiv f rYkd &bl;l /,lu, kd &l wm?tJ't D csed rf mS oGm;csi&f moGm;? *syefavhvma&; tawGUtBuKH wpfuu G jf zpfygonf/
vnfcsif&mvnf? vkyfcsif&mvkyf? aq;½HkeJYvlemawGt ......
aMumif; acgif;xJ rxnfeh YJ vH;k 0 arhxm;vdu k af wmh? olwYkd (5)
t,ltqu tvkyw f pfcu k kd Mum½Snf vkyaf e&&if Ni;D aiGUNy;D
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]armifrif; ½H;k wm0efawGeYJ yifyef; Ni;D aiGUaeNy?D tvkycf iG f bk;d udk trsm;Bu;D a[majymxm;wmyg} [k q&mwufw;kd u
pGr;f &nf jyefw f uf vmatmif c&D;xGuNf y;D tem;,lacsyg} [k ajymjyygonf/
cGijhf yKwu kd w f eG ;f vmrnfuakd wmh pd;k &drrf yd gonf/ taMumif; pOf;pm;zG,af umif;ygonf/ ußeG af wmfwo Ykd nf yk*aH cwf
rSm jynfwiG ;f c&D;oGm;&rnfukd ußeG af wmfveG pf mG aMumuf½UHG uwnf;u Ak'b ¨ mom tqH;k tratmufwiG f aexdik Bf u;D
aeí jzpfygonf/ c&D;xGufjcif;onf tyef;ajzjcif;[k jyif;vmcJhMuonf/ tcsdefESifh ywfoufaom bmoma&;
r,HkMunfawmhonfrSmvnf; MumygNyD/ tyef;rajy½Hkru tqHk;trrsm;udkvnf; wjrnfjrnf oiftHcJhMu&onf/
½Spd rk phJ k tm;awGyif ukev f mEdik yf gao;onf/ xkjYd yif ordik ;f wpfauGUü pepf pnf;urf;Bu;D í tcsed f wdus

33
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vSonf[k emrnfBu;D aom t*Fvyd Ef iS v hf nf; ESpaf ygif; wpf t&m½Sad ½SUUxdik rf cd sed w
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jyufv;kH wpfck ay:aygufc&hJ ygoenf;/ ]bmpmtkyv f }J
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bl;As? bmjzpfvdkYvnf; qdkawmh r,lcJhMuvdkY? ,lEdkifpGrf; vkt d yfwahJ e&mrSm ußEG yfk u f v kd nf; toH;k jyKEikd yf gw,f/ ½H;k csed f
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pdru hf eJ jzpfomG ;&ygonf/ xdpk um;onf e,fy,fwikd ;f ESihf (6)
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pma&;u armhMunfv h u kd cf sed rf mS awmh bmwpfceG ;f rS rajym ]pD r H c ef Y c G J r I bmom&yf r S m tcsd e f u d k x nf h p Of ; pm;
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34
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 trSwfpOf-95
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36
 trSwfpOf-95
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37
 trSwfpOf-95
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38
 trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009
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 trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009

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 trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009

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trSwfpOf-95 Zefe0g&D 4-2009

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