PPU 960 Physics Note (Sem 1: Chapter 2 - Kinematics)

00
STPM

2012
About Author:

Facebook: www.facebook.com/groups/josh.lrt
Email: rtcoolman@live.com [Mr. Josh]
Contact No: +6018-397 6808 [Mr. Josh]

By : Josh, LRT

2012 LRT Documents Copyrighted. All rights reserved. Page 1 of 14

Chapter 2 Kinematics
2.1 Linear motion
Kinematics is the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, bodies (objects)
and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without consideration of the forces that cause it. It deals
with the concepts that are needed to describe motion.
Dynamics deals with the effect that forces have on motion. Together, kinematics and dynamics
form the branch of physics known as Mechanics.
1D Kinematics Basics:
a. Displacement

= final position
=
0
= displacement
0
= initial position

By : Josh, LRT


SAMPLE QUESTION:

By : Josh, LRT


b. Velocity & Speed

Speed is a scalar quantity and defined as the rate of change of distance.
=

SI units for speed meters per second (
)

=

Velocity is a vector quantity and defined as the rate of change of displacement.

=

SI units for velocity meters per second (
)

=

By : Josh, LRT


SAMPLE QUESTION:

Instantaneous velocity, v is defined as the instantaneous rate of change of displacement. (Velocity
at a particular instant)
= lim
0

By : Josh, LRT


c. Acceleration & Deceleration

Acceleration is a vector quantity and defined as is defined as the rate of change of velocity.
=

SI units for velocity meters per second (
)

Deceleration is a negative Acceleration which decreasing it speed with time.
=

By : Josh, LRT


Lets understand the graph and the concept of S, V and A.

** This is the way to get the equation!
Going Down, using differentiates function, opposite for the integrate function.

Example:
1. To find V,
=
or =

2. To find A,
=
or =

3. To find S,
=
or

By : Josh, LRT


** This is the way to find values from graph!
Going Down, using differentiates function, opposite for the integrate function.

Example:

1. To find V,
=
or =

Graph of v against t, gradient = , Area =

2. To find A,
=
or =

Graph of a against t, gradient = , Area =

3. To find S,
=
or

Graph of s against t, gradient = , Area =

By : Josh, LRT


** This is the formulas to calculate 1D!
Using Linear Motion formulas:

This only applied for a body that travels along the straight line.
Defining symbol:
=
=
=
=

From acceleration,
=
Acceleration = rate change of velocity

=

= (
) Displacement = Product of average velocity and time

= (
)
=

From, = and =

( )( ) =

By : Josh, LRT


2.2 Projectile
Projectile, is when a particle is projected under gravity at a velocity u at an angle to the horizontal
(neglecting air resistance, due to what we learn now is VACUUM PHYSICS) it follows the
curve of a parabola.
This motion Projectile is a 2D motion due to exist of 2 components in the action of kinetic
projectiles. The components are vertical (y-axis) and horizontal (x-axis).

Diagram below is Oblique Projectile:

At Fy, the motion should be constant
acceleration (due to GRAVITY).

At Fx, the motion should be constant
velocity (due to linear).
What we can saw in the diagram is:
1. The
is constant, because there is no

any force [horizontal] acting on it.
2. The
is changing, because the height

of motion per second is different.
[Decreasing towards maximum point and
increasing towards same level of initial
point]
3. At highest point of the trajectory:

= 0 but
= .
4. Acceleration is constant and vertically
downwards. Therefore, = .

By : Josh, LRT


Projectile Equations and Formula:

Symbol define:
1. = acceleation
2. = gavit
3. = initial velocit
4. = angle of pojectile
5. = maimum height of pojectile
6. = ange of pojectile

Since, the gravity is equal to acceleration and it is always towards to the earth. Therefore the
equation is derived as: = .

To calculate Y component, informations needed is:
a.
= sin
b. =
c. =

Given that,

Since, maximum point is reached, final velocity of
= 0.
0
= ( sin )

=
( )
. used to calculate MAXIMUM height for component Y.

=

R

By : Josh, LRT


d. Since, an object is projected from a starting time and end with a ending time.
Therefore,

Given that,
=
0 = sin
=
used to calculate time of HALF projectile for component Y.

e. Instantaneous
can calculate at any time by using the formula below:

Given that,
=
= ( sin)
used to calculate any time of projectile for component Y.

f. To calculate FULL TIME of an object projectile, just simply take answer of

=

= time of FULL projectile.

To calculate X component, informations needed is:
a.
= cos
b. Instantaneous horizontal displacement at any time is
= ( cos )
c. To find Range, R which is the total distance from start point X to end point.
= ( cos )
= ( cos ) (
sin
)
= (
sin
)

By : Josh, LRT


By : Josh, LRT


Let
= = cos 0
= = sin0
The displacement of the ball in horizontal axis,
=

00 = (
cos 0)
ituation =

=
00
= (
sin0)
= (0 00)
=

(0) = (
sin 0) (
00
cos 0
)
() (
00
cos 0
)

0 = (0tan 0)
() [
00
(cos 0)
]
0 (0tan 0)
()
= [
00
(cos 0)
]

By : Josh, LRT


(cos 0)
=
[
00
0(0tan0)
()
]
=
{
00
0(0tan0)
()
]
(cos 0)
=0
=0
[** DUE TO DIRECTION, MOVING TO RIGHT!]

PPU 960 Physics Note (Sem 1: Chapter 2 - Kinematics)

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Acceleration = rate change of velocity

) Displacement = Product of average velocity and time

is constant, because there is no

is changing, because the height

. used to calculate MAXIMUM height for component Y.

used to calculate time of HALF projectile for component Y.

can calculate at any time by using the formula below:

used to calculate any time of projectile for component Y.

= time of FULL projectile.

[** DUE TO DIRECTION, MOVING TO RIGHT!]

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