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LANGUAGE, PROOF AND LOGIC
LANGUAGE,PROOF ANDLOGIC
JON BARWISE & JOHN ETCHEMENDY
In collaboration with
Gerard AllweinDave Barker-Plummer Albert Liu
Sections
« prev | next »- Introduction
- The special role of logic in rational inquiry
- Why learn an artificial language?
- Consequence and proof
- Essential instructions about homework exercises
- To the instructor
- Propositional Logic
- Atomic Sentences
- Individual constants
- Predicate symbols
- General first-order languages
- The Logic of Atomic Sentences
- Valid and sound arguments
- Constructing proofs in Fitch
- Demonstrating nonconsequence
- The Boolean Connectives
- Negation symbol: ¬
- Conjunction symbol: ∧
- Disjunction symbol: ∨
- Remarks about the game
- Ambiguity and parentheses
- Equivalent ways of saying things
- Tautologies and logical truth
- Logical and tautological equivalence
- Logical and tautological consequence
- Tautological consequence in Fitch
- Valid inference steps
- Indirect proof: proof by contradiction
- Disjunction rules
- The proper use of subproofs
- Strategy and tactics
- Conditionals
- Material conditional symbol: →
- Biconditional symbol: ↔
- Conversational implicature
- The Logic of Conditionals
- Informal methods of proof
- Formal rules of proof for → and ↔
- Valid arguments: some review exercises
- Introduction to Quantification
- Variables and atomic wffs
- The quantifier symbols: ∀,∃
- Wffs and sentences
- Semantics for the quantifiers
- The four Aristotelian forms
- Translating complex noun phrases
- The Logic of Quantifiers
- Tautologies and quantification
- First-order validity and consequence
- First-order equivalence and DeMorgan’s laws
- Multiple Quantifiers
- Multiple uses of a single quantifier
- The step-by-step method of translation
- Paraphrasing English
- Ambiguity and context sensitivity
- Some extra translation problems
- Methods of Proof for Quantifiers
- Valid quantifier steps
- The method of existential instantiation
- The method of general conditional proof
- Proofs involving mixed quantifiers
- Formal Proofs and Quantifiers
- Universal quantifier rules
- Existential quantifier rules
- Numerical quantification
- Proving numerical claims
- Adding other determiners to fol
- The logic of generalized quantification
- Other expressive limitations of first-order logic
- First-order Set Theory
- Modeling relations in set theory
- Mathematical Induction
- Inductive definitions and inductive proofs
- Inductive definitions in set theory
- Induction on the natural numbers
- Truth assignments and truth tables
- Completeness for propositional logic
- Advanced Topics in FOL
- First-order structures
- Truth and satisfaction, revisited
- The Completeness Theorem for fol
- Adding witnessing constants
- The Elimination Theorem
- The Henkin Construction
- The L¨owenheim-Skolem Theorem
- The Compactness Theorem
- The G¨odel Incompleteness Theorem
- First-order rules (F)
- Inference Procedures (Con Rules)
- Glossary
- General Index
- Exercise Files Index
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