NICOIAE P.

I,IiONiC

ISTORIA $I CONDITIILE LA LIMITA TIP DIRICHLET

IIistory and the Dirichlet bounderyconditions Prof.univ.dr. ins. N ICOLAE P.LEONACHESCU
Problema Dirichlet exista cuceririatatln dc In ltiinlclc exacte precum$i in cel al mcniul studiuluiproceselor metodelor careau pcrmiso reflectare maibuDi Cunoala reat6lii Ei au contribuitla progres. terea lor dc citrc istoflci ar pcrmite evitarea unor capcan, scmnalandcii inchisc$ impunAndsolulii cene unor problcmcdisputatela Nevomreferiincclecaurmeazd problema Dirichlet enunlat5in matematici!i fol6ita cu cum ar fi, spreexempu, succcs altedomenii !iin teoreticc aplicale. clal tcrmodinamicii $i I:i are un cnunlsimplu: daci pe conturul valorilePc carele ia o unui domeniusecunosc funclie, atunci funclia exist, in acel domeniu. ProblemaDirichlet estedecio cond4iela limita prin Se in unuidomeniu. intclcge, mod curent, domeniuspaliulde valori pc carele ia un paraspaliulgeomctric. mcrru (limp, rcmpcraturd. presiuni, vitezeetc). Existeti o cheiecarepermitesi se treaci de lavalorile funcllci pe un conlurlaexpresia dc domeniului. matemain funcliei interiorul din Causs-Ostrogradski retic6 [4], transformarea prczint5o asemcnca S FnsS:daci pe suprafala de a unui domcniu geometric, volum ,/ se $tie integralcbrestede funclia4, atunciechivalen!a forma: I a.dS=[ 9 u.dV foloselte opcratorul hamiltonian nabla Si [9]. Un cazparticularalaccstcirelalii de echivalcnl5fl constituieformula lui Green.Si admitem ci in domcniul D existedoud funclii: P(x,y)!i Q(x,y);notandcu C mnturul inchisal domeniulu! sc oblinc cgalitatca: D, dx J P(x,y). + Q(x,y).dy = I The Dirichlet problem in Exactsciences havebadfindiDgs the lield ofthe studyof procsses wellasin the fieldof as methods that havepermittedfor a betterreflection of realityand havemntributedto progtess. wereaware this.that wouldallow of If historians them to avoid so-me trapq poiDtingto closed ways and imposingcertain solutionsto some problems discussion. in We stiallnext refer to the Dirichlet proband successfully lcm stated in mathemathics uscd by other domainsaswell suchas, for example, theoretical applied and thermodynamics. lt hasasimple enunciatioD: theboundifon ary of a domain the valuesof a function are known,then the functioneists in tbat domain. Therefore,the Dirichlet problemis a domain's unboundary condition. domain,oneusually By derstands values the takenbya parameter(time, space. etc.). temperature. Seomel.ric Thcre is also a keJGllowingfor tbe inferenc of lhe function'sexpression insidethe domarn,from lhe lrlues of the functionon boundart. In matbematics [4], the causssucb Ostrogradski transformationrepresents anopporruniry: thesurface ofa geometric S ifon domainof volumeZ the function.4 is knqrn, thcntheequivalence ofthe integrals follows: isas t a.dS=l Y a.dV

Cunoscand integrala domeniuluiD, sc oblin ec

(nc. 1).

anduses hamiltonian the operatq rEbh [9]. reA particularcaseof this equivalenc lationshipis creen's formula. Admitting that two functions, namelyP(x,y)and Q(xJ) existin domain D andC is the closed outlineofdomain A thenwe obtainthe equality: /-' P(x,y). dx + O(xJ) . dy =

_ t x - dy P\.0*.ou 'i-tD \ da a O

f -f- D l Y * \dx

,1.\

Y'l.dx.dv oy )

AD,

Deci,daci intr-ui dor lia, ea nu are semnalep asemdnea constatare cap5 ale vielii tehnico-$tiinlifi forme specifice. Prin termografiain campurile temperaturi de sisteme energetice v {case, menteetc),putcm identifi ate proceselorinterne. Ir problemaDirichlet se folo condilii Ia limitd tip Diri( dupi care funclia existd0 dacAs cunoscvalorile e terioare[10] . Medicii pot identific bolnavuluiboala de care i seleinterne,biologice FN fi al speciei umaneau ecour p in mod special fate, Folclorulnostru refl lege: Inimo omului i se c coajd cunotti pomul Si d -e scris tn frunk |i-i Ws t Atragem atenlia cA , nulesaumnvenliooal nule corturului nu afiagedupd existenlei func(iei dome in

'

,] NICOIJ\E P. LT]ONACIIESCU
Cunoscand integralade pe conturql C al domeniuluiD, se obun echivalenti domeniu ln

33
KDowing integralon the do.irain,s the outfne C, Equivalents dotnainD, are obtained in

(nc.l).

(fic. u

xPS

. Figltra . 1 Deci,dAcS intr-ud domenil nu exisrd funo [ia, ea nu are semnalepe contur, la limite. O asemenea constatare capdta diferiteseotdare rn ale vie(ii tehnico-$iiinlifice, biotogice sociale !i forme specifice. Prin termografiain infrarosu [8], ciiind campurile tempraturi pe suprafalaunor de de s$temeenergetic(case, vietdli, mqini, echipamenteetc),putemidentifi multe caracteristici ca ale proceselorinterne, ln transfcrul cildurii, pfoblerna Dirichlet s foloselte sub forma unei condilii la limiri tip Dirichlet sau ile spela I, dupAcare func(iaexistd$i se poatedetermina daca se cunoscvalorile ei p,suprafelele exterioare[10] . Medicii pot idenrificadupi aspctulfeFi bolnawlui boaladp care acesta sufrd.proceseleinteme,biologice psihic unui individ ale !i umaneau ecourip suprafala pieliigi , al speciei in mod spialpe falE. ' Folclorul nostru reflec6 [20] $i el aceasta leget Ininw omului i se citetk pe fal* Dupd cotjid cunofi pornul ti dupd haind omut Ce Ii-e sc'is in lrutue f-i Ns etc. Atragem atenlia cA existenlaundr valo nule.sau mnvelllionalnulepe uDete'porliuni ale conturuluinu atrage dupdsineautomat negarea existenlei funclieiln domenniu. Faptulci despre Thus,if inside domain,the functiondoes a not exist, thenit hasno signats the outline,at on boudary. such a findingtakesspecific torms in rhedifferenr ficldsoftechnical-sciendfic. biolosicalandsociallife. Witb the help of infra-red rhermography by readingrhe temperatur lieldsftom the [8], surfaces of some energelic systems (houses, livingcreaturgs, machines, equipmentetc.),we caD idendry many characteristics thei nternal of procsses. Inileat transfer,the Didchlet problem is usedasa Dirichlet or species boundary t condirion,statingthat tbe function existsand can be determined its values tbe boundary if on are knovn [10] . Pb)6icians dre able ro identiry $eir pacieDas'diseass from the look on.thek faces. Intemal biological and psychicprocessesof a buman bing sendtheir echosoll the surfacof $e skin and especially the face. on This lax is reflecrd[20] byqlr tclkbre, too: You catl tell orv's htal by mc! frce; One can b1a! rle tue btits b@kandtlte nunbyhis clotlvs; Orc\ fau is ehgavedon me's forcluaa etc. We shall oow drdw specialattention to the fact that the existerce of some null or,collventionallynullvalues certain on partsofthc outline doesn'tautomatically imply that the function inside tbe domain does not exist. The fact that

34
uo poPor nu s-a vorbit o Perioaddde timp n-a anutai existenta!i evolulia aclui poPor:Zroul' fDcrea unei origini, esteo coDvenlie' Punctele singulare (notate PS trl fig' 1) o metodologie clasici de rezolvare' au IatA doar cAtevaexmpleale.unei legite$ Preluadescoperitd9i aplicat5in Stiinieleexacteistorici rlu poa' rea acsteicucriri ln cercetarea te fi decatfolositoare{i cu catmai repede,cu atat mai bine. Continuitstea funcJiei Daci se considere un domeniu temporal condiliei la limi6 din viala unui popor, aPlicarea tio Diiichlet iezbkd probtemacontinuitaliiis" domeniuldetimp t&i.". sa ludt,tpr. "iemplu, alanalizei cuorinslnt re anui l00e.n.$ anul 1993, domeniuconstatSm l: no'astre. limiteleacestui existenFmultor valori delinindtunclii specifice x = tlmpul!l y = arla poporuluiromen(lig. 2"cu'100 e.n'a unei tunclii din anul btnici). lmaginea elnice-,o relict6 esGo ,,conserve "nal#rc

Istoria li condiliile la limiti tip Dirichlet

one certain peoplehasn't beenmentioqedmuch not spanof time dos m6andenial overa soecihc Zero. the setand of its existence development. ofan origin,is a convention. tins The isodledpoints(calledPSin Ii8.1) have a classicmethodolosf for soMng. of Here follow only a few e(amPles tbis law, disco\,trdand apPliedin the field of exEt sciences.The taking over of tbis frrding by researdes in tl domainof historycanonly be usefulandthe the soonerit isapPlied, betterresultsit will render' The continuitJr of a function a If one considers time tumain in a people's life. the amlicationof the Dirichlet boundary of iiauteto sdvetheproblem hi$orical conoition AsanEumple,letus consdertlle 0me continuiw, At ,A'D. 100and 1993. the limits domainberltseen of this specificdomainr t cnascerbin the exrstto pculiar functions defining ofmanyvalues enc people (fi9.2 with x = tlme anoy $e Rcrnanian = ethnicarea).Th-eimagefrom AD lm of an fundioo is an ,,ethnicalcan', a rclict' analized

NICOI-{E P. LEONICI

Exact aceleasicuvinte avandacla9! clnlinut Sem dialectoccitandin Franla [: multe altele,dintrc care m nimul OL-T,al fluviului cur subiect admiraliepoetic de 7-nnaOcrild'nA,

donn ,,nom

rO E
OJ

onut 100 e-n

. Figurq 2 .

1998

a"i, rimu"-ro.ani'"ortiu. "1.'#i" *3lg*J*t'ffif#;|;ffi';'glgffii; "i"t'ti' as In hmbea unor cuvintecu marEPutereoe crr- wirb grea(pour of circulaaion, we[ as lottoculatieprer:um toponimeori hidronimeconli ciEm,6re un critenu semrat65ito documeDte. anume:a:fuma,auzit, bou, cap,car, ceP,dos, el, eo, iag, grou,ou, tar, ras, sac,secetc. rhat nrmi& and'hrdronvmics areFesntin doqi6erns asweil,suchas the follciring,m!,,ii1!9 raodcanv:afurna,auzit,boll ' caP,car' cp,doi, el, at, fa& gms,ou, rar, !as,sac'sq eE'

Una dinre acestetunclii definitorii este -

Ory

"!!1::-

9^tltins

is tunctions Soken

conserve opt localit5( contineOltul: SainthureD d'Olt, SaintEulaliede rive ( "I'OLT" a devenit,prin el doilal, LOT$ideci:Villene moron-sur-lnt,Saintl-iwa O metateziclasici. Cuvinte din spaliul pontic identicecu cledin Au venit romaDiicu acest atunci,de le au acum, aici numeledat de occitani? Sa diversepoci istoriceln ac exemplu) au introdus in plecat el romane$tiliau cu limbS!? Iatd expresia unor c poralede tip Dirichlet. O alti sursS [14] cons berl din Algeriaafricand sr haicea ciror origindester acestg cuviDte cidm: brau limbaromaoS vorbitdastiz Cildtofi contempora care au lucrat in Algeria cuvinteberberecare dese ganelorgenitaleberbdtes identiccu cle existente Oti, aceste cuvinte trans se de la tata la fiu gi de la man Iati uri lucru foarte diclioaarele lnregistrea nu mare putere de circulalieI special semantica in istoric Urmelefunc!ieiltzba deci prezentepe conturul ( ln diferite momenteistoric vate !i la populalii care ar nostru!i au preluatde la a vocabularul ior.

-1

NICOI-{E P. LEONICIIESCU
Exact acelea$i cuvinte,in acea$i grafie$i avandacelaEi conlinut semantic apar in vecltiul dialectoccitandin Franla [7] . in afaralor, inci multe altele,dintre care mai semnal5m hidro" nimulOL f. al fluviului cunoscut dragnoua. li subiect admiraliepoetici la Octaviancosa. de 'I:nna Occi]@n', -llc

35

verv samcwords,in the very samespe ing and_having unchanged an semairtic urnrenq in ll{y] foundn lhe otd OAirandiatect Franc I he thercaremany olherwords [/J . tJestdes above aswell.ofwhichweshalldraw sDeclalaltenlion to lhe hldrorrymic OLT, the nameot the river so known dearto us,subjectof Octrlian Goga3 and deeppctical admiratigI. The OccitaDe area

'nom donn6au MoyenAge a l'cnsenbledespals de lengucd.oc,, [13]

conserv, opt localititi a cdror denumire preserves eigbtlocalitieswhose Dames con. conline Oltul:Sainr Laurent d'Olt,Saint Geniez lain the,,Olt":Sainrl-aurentd'Olt, SaiorGeniez d'Olt, SaintEulaliede rived,Olt etc.,ift timp ce d'Olt, Saint Eulalie de rive d,Olt, etc., while "I'OLT'a dcvenit, prin eiiminarea celuide-al ,.I'Olt" has bccome,by the eliminationof the doileal, LOT $ideci:Villeneuve-sur-l,or, C-asrel_ second I-OT; hence: l, Villeneuve-sur-Lot, Casmororl-sur-I-ot, Saintl_ivrade-sur-]_ot3] etc. telmorcn-sur-l_ot, Saint Livrade-sur_Lot Il [13], O metareziclasicS. elc.A classic metathesis. Cuvinte dit spatiul carpatodanubiano_ Wordsfrom the carpatodanubiano-pontic ponticidenticecu celedin occitana areathat are idcnticalto thosefrom mediaeval medieval Au venit romanii cu acestccuvintcdin Franla Occitanel llave Romanians come with these atunci, le au aclrm, de they aici,io uz? Ol(uli$i are wordsfrom Francsinc usethemhercand no\ ? Docsthe OI1riverhaveits.name numele dc occitan!? ceicarc locuit dat from the Sau au in diverseepoci istoriceln acestspaliu (cel{ii,de Occiraosl Or is it that those who, at various iimes.inhabitedtbis area ftbe Celts. exernplu) au introdus in limba lo!. cuvinrale historrcal for eiample) havc i11se6ucc6 Romanian the romeneitiqiau plecal elc?Sru avehu cu afccali words rn.lheirtanguage left with tbem!? and limbi!?latdexprcsia unorcondilii limitetcm_ la I Iercrsrheerpressron o[someDirichlettvDe of poralede tip Dirichlet. temforatllmtlcondttion. . O alt5 sursd[14] consrar,c] in limba berAnolhei source [14] ascertainsthat in beri din AlgeriaafricanA suntdstizicuvintear. no\xadays Bcrbcr language spokenin African haicea ciror origin5estenecLiiroscuti. Dintre Algeria lherc are ancientwords of unKDown acste cuvintecirim: brau gi fotd, arhaic! $i in origin.suchas:brauand fotd,that areancient in limbaromani vorbiti as6zi. today's spokcnRomanian well. as CilAtori contcmporani, cotegiuniversitari Contcmporary travellers or professors care au lucrat in Algeria, relatcazi c.dmulte havlng riorkedin Algeriatell us that mostofthe cuvinteberbcrecare descmoeazipa4i ale or_ llcrbr \\ords signirying the male and female ganelor genitalc bdrbilegti sau fcmeie$ri suntr gcnrulparrs identical those are to presenlly exidenticecu celecxistentcazi io limba romana.' r:rentIn Komanian. And suchwotdsare con_ Ori, aceste cuvinre transmitdiscrct, urecrle, veved se u ralhersecretely whispered bythe fatherto de la tate h fiu $i de la mamdla fiici! hrslon andhy the motherto herdaughrer! IatS url lucru foarte curios: cic ce oare Ard it isa strange thatdicliooaris not fact do dic!ionarele tnrJgistrcaz5 nu cuviDte cu enllEthesewuds aswell,althoughlhry are wq6 li acestc mare putere de circulaliedar cu un rratament lhat have greatcirculating po,tr{ but arEsjbFd to special semanlica in isto.ici? y'{rciaitrealmentin histonczl sema ks. 'I'hus, Ilrmele funcliei/i)rra rotnartd |orbitd sri:;tt, tbe traces of rhe funltion ,rokta deciprezente conruruldomeniului pe tcmporal Romanian prcsenon the boundary arc ! dntour in diferite momentistorice$i ele sunt conser- ot rhe temporal domain at different historical vate fi la populalii care au trecut prin spaliul timesandtbeyarealsopreservedby Fopulations Eostru de cuvinte $iau preluat la autohloni din thal havepassd o\/erour areaarid havetaken vocabularul lor. overv/ordsfrom the natives, vocabulary.

36

Istoria Sicondiliile la limiti tip Dirichlet

NICOI-AE P, LEONI(

2312 ln canealui Bakc Ferenc[1] figureazd Bakos Ferenc shows[1] that Maryar bordin cuvintelnprumutate d limba maghiara limba ro\ryed2312 words from Romanian during the rornarg in perioadade h inceputul secolului al period startingwith the beginning the 14th of '1687 sunt cotury up to 1900.Among them 1687 are Dinre elc, )Cvlea $i pani lll anul 1900. 235 290 sub6tanti!'e, adjective, !Itle etc. Pebngd nouDs, are adjectives,190are verbs,etc.The 225 carenca acestea, @rcbtftorul Gabril Gheorghe, researchercobricl cheorghe who has pointed semnalatsursa,annna ci a gisit numcr,ose alte out this source to us, has found many other Incep Romanian words borrolved by MaSlar. Thus cwinte maghiareqr etimcne romSnegti. oaspeliinogri de alt5datdsAreqlnescS, deci,cA, our formerguests admittilg that,in havestarted trccard pe la noi $ilocuindo veme aici,au tnprupalisingover our territory and lMng here for a mutat multc olvinte pe carEui le folGesccu o while, they have bdrrowed manywords they are grafe ulor modilicati. usiBgtoday with a slighttychangedsplling. Fdri un studiu de caz,kjos Tamas(fost cseVy'hithout derivingit from tbe ne&ssary Treml) afirm6 [15] cA romanii ar fi preluat study,I-ajc Tamas (former Tremt) asseds[15] cuvinteleorqJ gi vand din maghiarelevaraJ that Rornanianshad taken over the lrord 04{ (varos) respectivvam. Cerctatoarea Aurelia &om the Magyarvarar (varos)and the\rDrdvdna Gh. Bdtan-Mihailovici,arat5 [2] ci in limba tom van. The rcsearcherAurelia Gh. Bilatr greac5 veche cuvintul rordanesc orao are Mihailovici shows[2] that ancientGreet h6 the corr6pording HORAS for the Rsnanian crag mrespondeDtul HORAS iar vamaaparetot la and ttle ancientGreek VAMMA con.spanding vechii greci sub forma scrisdVAMMA, dar to the Rcmanianvamd,tbe form beingalsorneofigurandli in Biblie. timed in the Bible. NegareaevidenlelorSi a principiuluiconThe denialof evidnces qf tbe principle and : strucliei morfo-semanticegeneread situatii of morpbosemantic geoerates emconstruction jenante. positions, barassing Limitele spatialeale dcmeniului spalioThe Watial limits of the Watial-temporal poliar to any seial spcific unei colectivitdli so- domain under aoalysis, temporalanalizat, on pe gio-umane,pot varia, semnalele vechea arie bumangroup,canalsovary and thesignals the $i sepot conserva. Ecoulproccselor alt6data de se former area can be prsenrd Tb echo of the former processs attenuatesin time without corncomplet;se atenueaze timp fArI s5 disparS h \anishingjtt is mDcealed under Dew forrns ascunde sub forme noi !i aparaturgde inves- detely improlrd idvestigatim apparatus. can and lbe cu tigalieperfeclionatlfl poatedepista ulurinF. easdy ddect it. Thg sametfinrs canb usedwhen puneproblema cuvalorile it cDmesto the sematlticvalues of the ryokn ln acialitermenise $i language. smantic limbii vorbite. ale RomaniancitizeN ofJewistiorigin ha! emiau . C-et5lenii romeni de origineevreeascd emigrat Israelpurtandcu eivalorilclingvistice grardto l$ael carryingwith them tbe linguistic ln They haveproduced produs alespaliului romAnesc.Au $ivorproduce alalus of ttle Rsnanian area" deumeols in Rcrnanian induding de inclusiv ziare. andwiI Froduoe documente limbaromancascS, though tbe ne\\ipapersThe river DambovilaruDs Naha(iya trece rlul DAmbovilq Prin localitatea Naharilacity,a namgivenby theoolmistscoming nume dat de colonii venili din Romania-Un in A viitor analist mileniulalMeava trebuisd-Si ftcm RcrnaDia. futureanaryst tbe4h millenium din AD. will hare to work bard in frder to ontrol his analitice struDeasci bine emo(iile$i procedurile emotiorN anallticalprocedures to drawtlre and iot ci sprea nu trageconcluzia limba idi! se trage coDclusion tbat Yddisil is rmted in the frmer diDromanayechecare se vorbeain 1993de o of Rqnanian Wokenin 1993byan imponantmass mas6importanti dc oamenidinIsrael! peoplelivingin Israel! 'Ile migrat$y peodes are carrying with , Migratoriiduccueivalorilespaliilorstrib5tute !i locuite. B4tinagii spaliuluicarpato-da- them thevaluesd the areas wherctheyba\ liv.d iubind in and gone owr. The nativsof tbe carpatonubiano{bntic li-au coDsen"tzestrea pAmantulcarele ofereaenergie,apd qi sare, danubiancpontic area have prcsrvedtheii

mndilii indispensabile viel PACURA aresta,daci rn adevEr [19]. Vomreveni alt prile cu a car ,,vitalitateunuipopotl,, erclusivprin viEza de mi!c! deplaseazi, prin insiste sau violenlagi crima.Valorile trebuiesi s regeseasci in c.ealia spirituali materiat $l popoarele audispirut? ( care aufolositceicarcmigrau cl pe legalide at6tee tehnologiI feclionate continuu milenii in Pe linia valorilor de limbaromanavorbiGesteI Giugliano Bonfante [3]: a deci,asemendrile lingvisti menapresupun originec o timp p un domeniuspalia Daci amavea numai putul $isfar$irul domeniulu re3ti smnificalia fun lor, definitd gi continuS. Prob spaliul carpatodanubian care folose$te limba roma esteo problemi fals6, expr torului subiectiv a releii sau Serecomanda reciclarea g lareasolulieila problema I Pentru istoriaunui sis lorile pe conturalefuncliil( sub forma unui Irozaic.S( domeniuluitemporalanal valori crtepeotrufuncfiic 1 etnografia; 2 folclorul; 3 instituliile juridice; 4 ritualul agrar; 5 obiceiuri Ei pracucl re gtoas

6 a 7 c 8 d ( 9 tr c

George Fotino den yal4fttcuJ estetributar n nu niciceluibizantin cAeste a 0i fl.s valahict8le reglsim Qiz romanca acumcgteva mile

NICOL{}i I'. LEONACIIESCU

co,ndiliiindispnsabile vielii$icrealiei. Cuventul PACURA atesti, dac6 mai esrenevoie,acest adevdr[19]. Vomreveni alt prilejasupru cu conceptului de a care sepoale nu ,,vilalitate unuipopor", identifica exclusiv viteza mi$crre cailorcu carese prin de a deplaseaz.i, prin insistenla carepromoveazi sau cu violenla crima.Valorile vitalilalii unui popor li lrebuiesi se regiseascd canlilate calitate, in in $i crealia spiritualillmateriale. deviguroaseau Cal aost popoarele audisperut? cuvinte crea( care Cate au !i aufolosit care cei migra pecsi in raport sedentarii u cu legalide atateatehnologii palnice, cre3te per, Si feclionate conlinuu milenii !ir? in Pe tinia valorilor de contur ale fuDcliei limbaromani vorbitdestctentanta concluzia lui Giugliano Bonfante [3f: albaneii sunt daci Si, deci, aseminari!c lingvisrice albanczeicu alc romanapresupun originecomuni la o limiti de o tlmp p un domeniuspalialextins. Daci am aveanumaicateva cuviote incela putul ti sfarqilul domeniului, indifcrenldevaloarea !i semnificalia funcliain domeniu lor, esle definiri $i conrinud.Problcmacontinuitdlii,in spaliul rpatodanubiano-pontic,a populaliei care foioseltelimba romendvorbita nu existA; estec problemi fals5, expresie suficienlei a factoluluisubiecriv a relciintcn!ii. sau caluriincare se rccomanddreciclarea pcntru asimiEcolard lareasolulieila problemaDirichlet. Pentru isloriaunuisistemsoaio,uman, valorile pe conturals fuoctiilorinternesprezintd sub forma unui mozaic. constatd limitele Se Ia domeniul,titemporalanalizatexistenia multor valori certepenlru functiica: 6 arhitectul" 2 folclorul: 7 costumulpopular 3 instirutiile 8 dansul juridice; (caluEarii) 4 ritualulagrar: 9 tehnica tehoologia li etc 5 obiceiuri ii prac- construcliilor tici religioase

37
do*ry, lovingthe landwbidl offercd them eDergy, water and salt, iDdispeNableconditions for life and creatim. The word PACURA w i certifr/.if it's necssary,lhis rhrulhagarnIt9]. un some otheroccasion shallresume we our issue srressing concpl ,,apeople's lhe of virality,. whichcanl bee(clusively identified thespeed to of lhehorses areriding to theirinsistence the they or in promotion violence crime, of and The values a of people'svitality befound quantityand arust in quality, spirilual material and creation. strong How wercthe peoples have that disappeared? many How wordsdid theridingmigiators crete use and cobpared those to whowere loso many tied paceful technologies. conlinuously created and improved, thousand$ for of years? On the outline of the valuesof tbe fundicn spoken Rcrnanian the condusioalof Giugliano Bonhnte [3] is ccrtainty remp ng:,4lbanians an Ihcians, utd as such the linguigic similitudesof Albanianto Romanianassume some commm orl8n at a timc limtt on ans(tendedspatial domain. -begrnnrng lf we hadmly a fewwods at ihe andat theendofthe domain, matterwhattheir no values and significance were,the functioninside the dornain definedand continual. tbe caris In patodanubiano-pqltic arEathe problemof tbe cootinuiryof the populationthat usesSoken Romanian dcs not arise; a fatse problem, it's an s(pression thesufficiency a subjedive ot of fador o of lackof goodwill,c6ps in whichwe stmngly rcmmmendgoingbackto sdloolin orderto as. slmilate solution tbeDirichletDroblem. the to For thehistory social-human ofa sptem,the !"lues of the internalfuDctions tbe boundary oo are underthe form a mosaic. the limitsofthe At anatlzedremporaldomainone mayascertain the o(isterr of manycrtainvaluesof fundioDssucn
:6:

1 ethnography 6 2 folklore 7 3 juridical 8 Instltullons 4 agrarian ritual 9 5 religious customs and practices

architecture populararray dance (,,cilu$arii") construction ted)nique andrcchnology etc.

George Fotino demonstreazi cA IiJ Ceorge Fotino demonskates that ..' valahicu.s este nr trrbutar dreplului nict roman, volahicu.t is ti,h)tary rEither to the Rsnafl law, nor to tbe Btuntine orle,thatit is autochtonous niciceluibizantin autohrcn. Valorilelui lica este The valuesof,/u.r valahicus can be found even Ius valahicus rcgdsim le $iaziin vialapoporului today in the Romanian people'slife just as they romanca acumcateva milenii. werEthousnds )ars ago. of

! I

38
Iile femeilordacede pe monumentulTropaeum Traiani se poard li azi; continuitarca funcliei esteccrtt li stabilaprin forme, culori, organizarea spaliului$i plajdrematrcS. Practicidaciceprezente la'limita l80l am judelul Arge$[12] . constatat satulStroSti r'n DiscuIiape temacontinuitSIii absurda; este nu meri6 si se cosume atetaenergiepentru a demonstra ceea legicnu sepoate.Doar,cand ce unii o pun sprea contesta continuitatea vicluirii poporuluinostru pe spaliul sAude drept fi de fapt,trebuiereamintitacsrora au lipsitde la ca cands-apredatpJoblema Dirichlet. Woala Interacliuni la limite

Istoriagi condi(iile limiri rip Diri.hlet la

f)acian women's blouses ::: ::_c.paeumTmiani are in wear sr'entoda\: '----.1 :,:tinurtyolthefuncdoriscertain ssl :::-:,;-_ and -. forms. mlouri snaoe crrganEing r::r _and Lnemcs. I m)6elf haveascenained Dacian..5:::-. prescnto.l tlte 18Ol time limit in rhe S'-r:!: villagc. ArgE c1)unry [12]. Discussing coniinuitytopic is atrsurc: the l: certainlyisn'r \\o hwhileconsuming energ; ii ordgrto demonstrate something that is legtca,i) . impossible. Whcn somc peopleare posingrhrs problcm to debale on rhc continuity of our people itso\{n lerritorywemustremindthem on that they \r'ere a.$nt from schcrol when the I)iiichletprottler .,ias raught. 'lhc

NICOI-{E P. LEONIC

!l
(, l-l=l^ F|Ui-

Nrq< 'ERP

Interaction\ on the boundary n scond iI": :: -.. . \\ nh Ji\cussing is O a doua chestiune care, intr-adevdr, j::::. :: the tunction irse;: between meritd a fi discutatd este fuoclia in sinc, dcci, "lonship the internal aoi i:-: a\:aa:a:, i. lhc values inraportuldintreintem $iexrern, adici valorile din sidethe domain !:j ::.-a-a:'t ::l..rahzed spadomeniu$i celede p conturulspalio-tcmporal tial- temporal -::... a anallzat. Nobod\dcn.:\ :.i inicracliolt-\ th. lin.tils 3: . Nimeni nu neageinteracliunile limircle la is iiia i:: Romanian a svjient). sistemului(limba romand vorbita este un sis- of the syslcm lgnoring inlJ::.. thc profound t!a: \\ iihin \; tem). A ignoravaloriledin domeniu,interneli ".i a domain and l\i::;raitng lhc roieof lnteiacdeciprofunde!ia exagera rolul interaqiunilorla t i o n s a l l r d n i , c i : i : i - . : d t r \ ' el i m l t s l s a m l s i b ^ < limitetrecitoaresaurelative rcprezinte gre$ala o in method. de metod5. In cenai;l-ia:Jinian Venctianidioms and ln unele idiomuri sardesauvenetegdsim we can find ire Rc,l'ranian word mdmdligd16]. cuvantuf romanescruimaligd 16l. 56 tragem \Ie Shall aJc(rJ:tiir c.rnclude Ron-dn,a:.t\ Ihal conclulaci romaniivorbsc venela: limba inrr- spakVeoet l lo a givenspatial-tcmFrai ja:t uDdomeniuspalio-temporaldat,limitaspalialS domajn. lhesparr3l canbshifled tic r iite llmit u poatese ile deplasatisub acliuneaforlelor tari' actionof pflretiul internaland exreroal :Jf:.-s. internesau exterDe,lesAnd smnale timp.Este leatrng in signals rimc.It is possiblc a !.:rl in k.r posibilcauDgrup d9 dacidin spaliultor sAfi fosr of DaclanrL,'havebccn forcedt,,rrco': ::;. : .i . obligatprin fo(d sAlriiasci in zonalagunelor n $i t e r r i L oa ; l di t \ r i n l h el a g o o n a n d r o h . ! - \ i se fi dus cu ei zestrea lingvistica ciret urme alon-t ale tncr lrng,rislic dowry, whosc t:-;. -- :< se inlnesc asGzi actlo. found theretoday. Acastapentru ci ioteracliunea 1l1L( becausc interaction is are elethc h:!s.,.:::: s mentede conservare. Energiasociala se dis- meaDl ior preservation. nu Social eDer.:\ -r ::: truge; ea se conservd se transformi lugnd deslrc\ed. is prescrved lransir rl and -. -,<: !i forme noi. takrnS ne\\ forrns. T h c\ r o r dC R A C I U N a n c t e n:l : - J : _ : : , i CuvantulCR{CIUN, arhaic funclialimin Romanran is preseF,'J :-: i_ba romaod vorbitl [16], se conserva inter- tionspakcn It6] in the spalial* temporalinteraction -::.::; acltune spalio-remporala devenind KARACKAX-{CSONY or K^RATSONY ii:;.-i :-:; SONY sauKARATSONY cu Fsrrarea moduphonelic basrc modulusin a slightr -i-:..j lului foneticde bazi inr-ovariante lexiclgrafici lencrlogicai-graphical variaDt. The :-: x.<--:i putin mrupte. Fonduln-a dispdrutci a fo6tas- has nor disappeared but it hasjusr :i: ::::cunssub o nouehaind. caled undera newdisguise.

lntr-un fel interaclion Basarabia, altfel cu Marca veciD. Reddm in fig.3, cr valorilede interacliune ! cu cuvanrul cRAcluN, dup fabulaliilc de .forma [17] { mntur ale funcliei limba I litoralulMirii Negre,duc la nuli,fluxurinule cuvinte dc inleriorul domeniului. Spre au alte valori $i scmnede il turul spalio{emporal provi Semnal5m faprul ci $i cctarea istorici poate folo careatipurilorde condiliiI domeniulrermocincricii I [1 motiv foartc simplu: orice estecaracterizat printr-o en legilor ei spcifice. Diferen renle;energiile conscrvS se $ getice se exp.ima sub forr clase. Pentruaceasta prop ne In sc{ipulreflectAriiadec\" tonc!i a unui progrcsin cu nostrueuristicsevreao invi

I
i

NICOI.{E P. LEONACIIESCU

39

BOZE NARODZENIE ,IANOCE

4^-"

"9;
no

A\

^^C \\t lvu . :\ \N

AEnEUUl\J

46: ')-o

g;s";
Y]

Nlri<

{B: i ; z trpH
U

-h.

l IRA w - '

U) F

Bni;^

soiio

xnncut eo iic
.Figru3.

lntr-un fel interaclioneaza Romaniacu azi Basarabia, altfel cu Marea Neagri sau cu alt vecin. Redam in fig.3, cu titlu de exemplu, valorilede interacliune gradienuilor pentru cu cuvantul CRACIUN, dupa [16] $i ignorand fabulaliile de.forma [17] !i [18]. Valorile de mntur ale funcliei limba romAra vorbir5, pe liioralul Mdrii Negre,duc la gradienU lingvislici nuli,fluxurinulede cuvinte, func[iaexistiin dar iDterioruldomeniului,SpreBasarabia fluxurile au alte valori 0i semnede interacfiune conpe turul spalio-temporal provizonu. Semnalam faprul ce, metodologic. cer_ !i cetareaistorici poate folosi cu succes clasificaretipurilor de condilii ta limite stabilitein domeniulrermocinericii dintr-un [11]. Aceasta motiv foarte simplu: oricb sistemicrcio-uman estec:racterizat printr-o energie socialisupusA legilorei specific. Diferenletegenereazd diferenF; energiile conservA se ener_ Siinreracliunile getrcese exprimSsub forme structurabileln clase. Pentruac.easta propuncmlnsi a reveni. ne In scdpul reflecgrii adeavata proceselor istonceti a unui progres cunoagtcre, in demersul nostrueuristic wea o invitaliela dialog. !e

Romania'sinteractioni*ith Bessarabia is one thingand Romania interaction s with lhe Black Sca or some other neighbourN qutre anothcf.As an example, fig:3 we showthe in Interactlonvalucswith their gradieotsfor the wordCRACIUN Il6l , rghorinq fabulalions lhe -me in [17] and [tt]. oirtinelatucswirh rhe function spokenRomaniah,on the Black Sea coast, leading null linguistic are to gradients, null streams words,but the functionexists of inside thedomain.On thc provisional spatiat-temporat outline, the streamsbward Bessarabia have otbervalues and interaction sipns. - We also pcint out the iact that, methoftrbgrcallyspeakin&the hislorical rcsearclcan slccesslully th classifrcation th tvDes use of ot boundary condirions establ|shed lhc fii:ld of In uernokynelrcsI I I I and thisis Tora verySmple rcaso: anysogidl-hirman syscms chara-cterizcd Ut somcsoqalcnergy subiect its sDecific l0 lars Dfferences generate'diffeiences; enerryprethe serrtsilsclfandtheenergetic interadions exDrss thenrselves under forma that can be dividedin clisses It is our intentionto resumeihe Droblem on some later occasion. order to adiquatelv In reflectlhe histoncat processes ttre progress and ,n knowledge, eudsticstepwasmeantasan our invitationto dialogue.