Name : DEWI ZULFA NPM : 1064437 Class : PBI/A Topick : DEFORESTATION Deforestation is the permanent destruction of indigenous forests

and woodlands. The term does not include the removal of industrial forests such as plantations of gums or pines. Deforestation has resulted in the reduction of indigenous forests to four-fifths of their pre-agricultural area. Indigenous forests now cover 21% of the earth's land surface. Consequences of Deforestation * Alteration of local and global climates through disruption of: a) The carbon cycle. Forests act as a major carbon store because carbon dioxide (CO2) is taken up from the atmosphere and used to produce the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that make up the tree. When forests are cleared, and the trees are either burnt or rot, this carbon is released as CO2. This leads to an increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration. CO2 is the major contributor to the greenhouse effect. It is estimated that deforestation contributes one-third of all CO2 releases caused by people. b) The water cycle. Trees draw ground water up through their roots and release it into the atmosphere (transpiration). In Amazonia over half of all the water circulating through the region's ecosystem remains within the plants. With removal of part of the forest, the region cannot hold as much water. The effect of this could be a drier climate. * Soil erosion With the loss of a protective cover of vegetation more soil is lost. * Silting of water courses, lakes and dams This occurs as a result of soil erosion. * Extinction of species which depend on the forest for survival. Forests contain more than half of all species on our planet - as the habitat of these species is destroyed, so the number of species declines (see Enviro Facts "Biodiversity"). * Desertification The causes of desertification are complex, but deforestation is one of the contributing factors. Causes According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat, the overwhelming direct cause of deforestation is agriculture. Subsistence farming is responsible for 48% of deforestation; commercial agriculture is responsible for 32% of deforestation; logging is responsible for 14% of deforestation and fuel wood removals make up 5% of deforestation.

Experts do not agree on whether industrial logging is an important contributor to global deforestation. Some argue that poor people are more likely to clear forest because they have no alternatives, others that the poor lack the ability to pay for the materials and labour needed to clear forest. One study found that population increases due to high fertility rates were a primary driver of tropical deforestation in only 8% of cases. Other causes of contemporary deforestation may include corruption of government institutions, the inequitable distribution of wealth and power, population growth and overpopulation, and urbanization. Globalization is often viewed as another root cause of deforestation, though there are cases in which the impacts of globalization (new ows of labor, capital, commodities, and ideas) have promoted localized forest recovery. The last batch of sawnwood from the peat forest in Indragiri Hulu, Sumatra, Indonesia. Deforestation for oil palm plantation. In 2000 the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) found that "the role of population dynamics in a local setting may vary from decisive to negligible," and that deforestation can result from "a combination of population pressure and stagnating economic, social and technological conditions." The degradation of forest ecosystems has also been traced to economic incentives that make forest conversion appear more profitable than forest conservation. Many important forest functions have no markets, and hence, no economic value that is readily apparent to the forests' owners or the communities that rely on forests for their well-being. From the perspective of the developing world, the benefits of forest as carbon sinks or biodiversity reserves go primarily to richer developed nations and there is insufficient compensation for these services. Developing countries feel that some countries in the developed world, such as the United States of America, cut down their forests centuries ago and benefited greatly from this deforestation, and that it is hypocritical to deny developing countries the same opportunities: that the poor shouldn't have to bear the cost of preservation when the rich created the problem. Some commentators have noted a shift in the drivers of deforestation over the past 30 years. Whereas deforestation was primarily driven by subsistence activities and government-sponsored development projects like transmigration in countries like Indonesia and colonization in Latin America, India, Java, and so on, during late 19th century and the earlier half of the 20th century. By the 1990s the majority of deforestation was caused by industrial factors, including extractive industries, largescale cattle ranching, and extensive agriculture.

Deforestasi adalah kerusakan permanen hutan adat dan hutan. Istilah ini tidak mencakup penghapusan hutan industri seperti perkebunan dari gusi atau pinus. Deforestasi telah menyebabkan pengurangan hutan adat untuk empat perlima dari pra-

pertanian daerah mereka. Hutan adat sekarang mencakup 21% permukaan tanah di bumi.

KONSEKUENSI DEFORESTASI * Perubahan iklim lokal dan global melalui gangguan dari: a) siklus karbon. Hutan bertindak sebagai penyimpan karbon utama karena karbon dioksida (CO2) diambil dari atmosfer dan digunakan untuk menghasilkan karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein yang membentuk pohon. Ketika hutan dibersihkan, dan pohonpohon baik dibakar atau membusuk, karbon ini dilepaskan sebagai CO2. Hal ini menyebabkan peningkatan konsentrasi CO2 di atmosfer. CO2 adalah penyumbang utama efek rumah kaca. Diperkirakan bahwa deforestasi menyumbang sepertiga dari semua rilis CO2 yang disebabkan oleh orang. b) Siklus air. Pohon menarik air ke atas melalui akar mereka dan melepaskannya ke atmosfer (transpirasi). Di Amazonia lebih dari setengah dari semua air yang beredar melalui ekosistem di kawasan itu tetap dalam tanaman. Dengan penghapusan bagian dari hutan, kawasan itu tidak bisa menahan air sebanyak. Pengaruh ini bisa menjadi iklim kering. * Erosi tanah Dengan hilangnya penutup pelindung tanah vegetasi lebih hilang. * Pendangkalan alur sungai, danau dan bendungan ini terjadi sebagai akibat dari erosi tanah. * Kepunahan spesies yang tergantung pada hutan untuk bertahan hidup. Hutan mengandung lebih dari setengah dari semua spesies di planet kita - sebagai habitat spesies ini hancur, sehingga jumlah penurunan spesies (lihat Fakta Enviro "Keanekaragaman Hayati"). * Desertifikasi Penyebab penggurunan sangat kompleks, namun deforestasi adalah salah satu faktor