190 Fioure63 Settle A fluid jet exiting a nozzle. ees : Pressure ofthe anbient i uid isp, Letersndiete } é} | ‘rs sections. —@— i ‘Typical Applications ‘This section discusses four common applications of the momentum equation: fluid ts, nozzles, vanes, and pipes. Fluid Jets & Rid Jet leaving a nozzle is shown in Fig. 63. I is conventional to assume that pres. {ure is Constant across any cross-section of the jet, e.g, sections B, C, etc. Since presaure is uniform ccross the jet, the pressure will equal the pressure of the surrounding fi, Pe Thus Pa = Pe = Ps. Because of this result, a fluid jet does not exert a surface forse When it passes across a control surece. Finally, we typically assume that uid velocity i Uniform across the cross section of a jt Oe i “The sketch below shows a 40-g rocket, ofthe type used for model rocketry, being fired na test stand in order to evaluate thrust. The exhaust jet from the rocket motor has a diameter of d= 1 cm, a speed of v = 450 m/s, and a density of p=05 kg/m’, As- ume the pressure in the exhaust jet equals ambient pressure, and neglect any momen. {um changes inside the rocket motor. Find the force Fy acting on the beam that supports the rocket. soit Ssumption i valida jet is subsonic, meaning the speed ofthe jets Tess than the local speed of Sound in the uid, Otherwise, the exit pressure canbe higher than atmospheric pressure, Supersonic js are discussed in Chapter 12id jets, pres sssure fluid, force siyis 4 Solution The sketch below shows the control volume, and defines the y coordinate axis. A stationary reference frame was selected. Because this problem involves only ‘one direction, the momentum equation in the z direction (6.8) will be used. ‘The force diagram (FD) shows a body force that is the weight W, and a surface force that isthe force of the beam F, acting at the control surface. From the force diagram, - Fe-W) ‘The momentum accumulation term is zero because the structure is stationary and ‘any momentum changes of the gases within the motor are neglected. As shown on the ‘momentum diagram (MD), there is no inflow (1; = 0) and only one outflow of mo- ‘mentum. The momentum flow terms in Eq. (6.86) may be evaluated using the momen- ‘um diagram: Dion Dao where the minus sign on the right side of the equation denotes that the outward momen- tum flow is negative with respect tothe z direction, as shown on the momentum diagram. ‘Subs ig force and momentum terms into the momentum equation gives -F,- ‘The weight is W = mg = (0.04 kg)(9.81 m/s) = 0.392 N ‘The magnitude of the momentum flow is pAvyv = (0.5 ke/m®)(ar x 0017/4 m?)(450? m?/s*) = 7.__________ MOMENTUM PRINCTPL: The force is Py = tiv W = 7.95 N-0.392.N = 7.56 N 4 and the direction of F,(on the beam) is upward, ‘The thrust force of the rocket motor is rity = 7.95 N (1.79 Ibf); this value is typi- cal of a smnall motor used for model rocketry. The force F.,acts downward at the control surface, yet acts upward on the support ‘beam, as shown in the sketch below. This is an example of an action and reaction force, as described by Newton's third law of motion. For solving this problem, we used two separate diagrams: the force and the mo- mentum diagram. The rationale for this approach is to regard forces and momentum, flows as separate phenomena. This facilitates writing the equations and provides a sys- tematic approach to more complex problems. ‘As shown in the sketch, concrete is flowing gto a cat sitting on a sele. The stream of concrete has a density of p = 150 lbm/ft’,an area of A=1it’,and a speed of v= 10 ft/s, At the instant shown, the weight of the cart plus the concrete is 800 Ibf. Determine the tension in the cable and the weight recorded by the scale. Assume steady flow.