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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
NGUYEN HAM

VAN E 1: TM HO NGUYEN HAM BANG NH NGHA:
N
1
: F(x) la mot nguyen ham cua f(x) trong (a; b) F(x) = f(x); x (a; b)
N
2
: F(x) la mot nguyen ham cua f(x) tren [a; b]
x a
x b
F'(x) f(x); x (a; b)
F(x) F(a)
F' (a) lim f(a)
x a
F(x) F(b)
F' (b) lim f(b)
x b
+

= =

= =

Ky hieu hnh thc goi la mot ho nguyen ham cua ham so f(x) hay tch
phan bat nh cua ham f(x).
f(x)dx = F(x) +C

VAN E 2: BO SUNG VI PHAN - DANG VI PHAN HAM HP:
y = f(x) dy = d[f(x)] = f(x)dx (1)
Gia s ton tai y = f(t) ma trong o t = g(x); e cho ham hp y = f[g(x)] co vi phan c viet:
dy = d[f(t)] = f(t)dt (2)

NHOM HAM LUY THA NHOM HAM LNG GIAC NGC
d(x
n
)=nx
n-1
dx
*Cac trng hp ac biet:
d(ax+b) = adx
2
1 d
d = -
x x



x

( )
dx
d x =
2 x

2
dx
d(arc sinx) =
1- x

2
dx
d(arc cosx) = -
1- x

2
dx
d(arc tgx) =
1+x

2
dx
d(arc cotgx) = -
1+x

NHOM HAM LNG GIAC NHOM HAM MU & LOGARITHM
d(sinx) = cosxdx
d(cosx) = -sinxdx
2
2
dx
d(tgx) = = (1+tg x)dx
cos x

2
dx
d(cotgx) = -
sin x

dx
d(lnx) =
x

a
dx
d(log x) =
xlna

d(e
x
) = e
x
dx
d(a
x
) = a
x
lnadx
A. BANG CAC TCH PHAN C BAN:
NHOM I: DANG HAM LUY THA

1/ ( )
n+1
n
x
x dx = +C n -1
n+1

Trng hp ac biet cua nhom I
3/ dx = x +C

2/ ( )
-1
dx
x dx = = ln x +C x 0
x



4/
2
dx 1
= - +C
x x

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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
5/
m m+
n n
n
x dx = x +C
m+n

n

7/
n n+1 n
n
xdx = x +C
n+1

6/
( )
n n-1
dx -1
= +
x n- 1 x

C
8/
n n-1
n
dx n
= x +
n- 1
x

C

NHOM II: DANG HAM LNG GIAC

9/ sinxdx = -cosx +C

11/
2
dx
= tgx +C
cos x

13/ tgxdx = -ln cosx +C

10/ cosxdx = sinx +C

12/
2
dx
= -cotgx +C
sin x

14/ cotgxdx = ln sinx +C

NHOM III: DANG HAM MU LOGARITHM

15/
x x
e dx = e +C

17/ ( )
x
x
a
a = +C 1 a > 0
lna

16/
-x -x
e dx = -e +C

18/ ( ) ( lnxdx = x lnx- 1 +C x > 0)

NHOM IV: DANG HAM PHAN THC (a > 0)

19/
2
dx
= arctgx +C
x +1

21/
2 2
dx 1 x
= arctg +C
x +a a a

20/
2
dx 1 x- 1
= ln +C
x - 1 2 x +1

22/
2 2
dx 1 x- a
= ln +
x - a 2a x +a

C

NHOM V: DANG HAM CAN THC (a > 0)

23/
2
dx
= arcsinx +C
1- x

24/
2 2
dx x
= arcsin +C
a
a - x

25/
2
2
dx
= ln x + x 1 +C
x 1

26/
2 2
2 2
dx
= ln x + x a +C
x a

27/
2
2 2 2 2
x a x
a - x dx = a - x + arcsin +C
2 2 a

28/
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
x a
x a dx = x a ln x + x a +C
2 2

B. BANG THAM KHAO CAC TCH PHAN M RONG:

NHOM I: DANG HAM LUY THA M RONG ( 0)
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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
1/
n+1
n
(ax +b)
(ax +b) dx = +C (n -1)
a(n+1)

2/
-1
dx 1
(ax +b) dx = = ln (ax +b) +C (ax +b 0)
(ax +b) a



Cac trng hp ac biet cua nhom I
3/ 4/ d(ax +b) = ax +b+C
2
dx -1
= +
(ax +b) a(ax +b)

C
5/
m m
n n
n
(ax +b) dx = (ax +b) +C
a(m+n)

+n
6/
n n
dx -1
= +
(ax +b) a(n- 1)(ax +b)
-1
C
7/
n+1
n n
n
(ax +b)dx = (ax +b) +C
a(n+1)

8/
n-1
n
n
dx n
= (ax +b)
a(n- 1)
(ax +b)

+C

NHOM II: DANG HAM LNG GIAC M RONG ( 0)

9/
1
sin(ax +b)dx = - cos(ax +b) +C
a

10/
1
cos(ax +b)dx = sin(ax +b) +C
a

11/
2
dx 1
= tg(ax +b) +C
cos (ax +b) a

12/
2
dx 1
= - cotg(ax +b) +C
sin (ax +b) a

13/
1
tg(ax +b)dx = - ln cos(ax +b) +C
a

14/
1
cotg(ax +b)dx = ln sin(ax +b) +C
a

NHOM III: DANG HAM MU - LOGARITHM M RONG ( 0)

15/
(ax+b) (ax+b)
1
e dx = e +
a

C 16/
(ax+b)
(ax+b)
a
a dx = +C (1 a > 0
alna

)
17/
1
ln(ax +b)dx = (ax +b)[ln(ax +b) - 1]+C (ax +b > 0)
a

NHOM IV: DANG HAM PHAN THC M RONG ( 0; a > 0)

18/
2 2
dx 1 ax +b
= arctg +
(ax +b) +a aa a

C 19/
2 2
dx 1 (ax +b) - a
= ln +
(ax +b) - a 2aa (ax +b) +a

C

NHOM V: DANG HAM CAN THC M RONG (( 0; a > 0)

20/
2 2
dx 1 (ax +b)
= arcsin +C
a a
a - (ax +b)

21/
2 2
2 2
dx 1
= ln (ax +b) + (ax +b) a +C
a
(ax +b) a

22/
2
2 2 2 2
(ax +b) a (ax +b)
a - (ax +b) dx = a - (ax +b) + arcsin +C
2a 2a a

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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
23/
2 2 2 2 2 2
(ax +b)
(ax +b) a dx = (ax +b) a ln (ax +b) + (ax +b) a +C
2a

VAN E 3: THUAT PHAN TCH HAM TRONG DAU TCH PHAN VE DANG CHUAN
TRONG BANG TCH PHAN C BAN:
Bien oi ham tch phan ve dang: [Af(x) Bf(x) +...]dx = A f(x)dx B g(x)dx +...

BB
1
: Cu the phai
1/ Nhan phan phoi: (a + b)(c - d) = ac - ad + bc - bd
2/ Khai trien cac hang ang thc:

2 2 2
3 3 2 2 3
(AB) = A 2AB+B
(AB) = A 3A B+3AB B ;...
3/ Them bt hang t:
Xb
X = (X+B) - B; X = (b 0);...
b

4/ Nhan lng lien hp:
llh
A B A m B; ...
5/ Bien oi lng giac s cap bang cac cong thc:
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
3 3
sinx cosx
1 = sin x +cos x; tgx = ; cotgx = ;
cosx sinx
1 1
= 1+tg x; = 1+cotg x; tgxcotgx = 1;
cos x sin x
1- cos2x 1+cos2x
sin x = ; cos x = ;
2 2
3sinx- sin3x 3cosx +cos3x
sin x = ; cos x = ; v.v...
4 4

BB
2
: Muc ch la ham so trong dau tch phan c bien oi:
Tch thanh tong; ac biet mot ham phan thc phai co t la tong va mau la tch.
Can thc thanh luy tha; ay ta ap dung cac tnh chat luy tha sau:



x
m x
n -m m m n mn x x x
n
m x
1 A
= A ; A = A ;(A ) = A ; A B = (AB) ; =
A B
A
B

BB
3
: Mot viec quan trong la s dung c cong thc tch phan ham hp
f[g(x)]d[g(x)]= F[g(x)]+C

vi F la mot nguyen ham cua f th bai toan giai quyet nhanh va

gon.
Ghi chu: Khi tnh toan ta dung ham y = f(x) = sgn(x) e thay dau () cho gon. Ta co nh
ngha:
m rong
1 khi x > 0 1 khi f(x) > 0
sgn(x) = sgn[f(x)]=
-1 khi x < 0 -1 khi f(x) < 0

VAN E 4: HANG SO C TRONG HAM NGUYEN HAM VA NG DUNG CUA TCH
PHAN BAT NH:
Dang 1: Tm hang so C trong ham nguyen ham
Nguyen ham F(x) cua ham so f(x) tren [a;b] khi no thoa mot gia thiet nao o tai x
0
[a;b].
( )
0
0
tai x
f(x)dx = F(x ) +C

(1)
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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
Ghi chu: Thc te ta viet mot ho nguyen ham cua f(x) la F(x) = f(x)dx

ma van khong mat

tnh tong quat cua nguyen ham so vi nh ngha ho nguyen ham.
Dang 2: Phan tch bieu thc thanh tch
Dung nh ngha nguyen ham va ng dung cach xac nh hang so C qua 4 bc:
Xem bieu thc A(x, a, b, c,...) a cho la mot a thc mot bien (gia s bien o la x) va
at f(x) = A(x, a, b, c,...).
Tnh f(x) va a no ve dang tha so.
Tnh f(x) la mot nguyen ham cua f(x).
Tm hang so C bang cach thay x = x
0
la gia tr cu the nao o vao nguyen ham tren,
luc o xuat hien cac nhan t va ta ket thuc bai toan bang cach at nhan t chung.
Ghi chu: Hang so C bc 4 khong phu thuoc vao x nen viet C = g(a; b; c...).
Dang 3: Tnh tong hu han
BB
1
: Xet mot tong f(x) co nguyen ham la tong lien tiep cac hang t cua mot cap so nhan ma
so hang au la a
1
, co n hang t va cong boi q th:
n
1
1- q
F(x) = a
1- q
.
BB
2
: So sanh f(x) = F(x) ta c tong can tm.


VAN E 5: THUAT OI BIEN SO:
f(x)dx = f[ (t)] '(t)dt

. Vi x = (t)
f[ (x)] '(x)dx = f(t)dt

. Vi t = (x) la bien mi.

A. BIEN OI NGHCH AT t = (x)

DANG CACH BIEN OI
1. f(ax +b)dx

at t = ax + b dt = dx
2.
n+1 n
f(x )x dx

at t = x
n+1
dt = (n + 1)x
n
dx
3.
dx
f( x)
x

at
dx
t = x dt =
2 x

4. f(cosx)sinxdx

at t = cosx dt = -sinxdx
5. f(sinx)cosxdx

at t = sinx dt = cosxdx
6.
2
dx
f(tgx)
cos x

at t = tgx
2
dx
dt =
cos x

7.
2
dx
f(cotgx)
sin x

at t = cotgx
2
-dx
dt =
sin x

8.
x x
f(e )e dx

at t = e
x
dt = e
x
dx
9.
dx
f(lnx)
x

at t = lnx
dx
dt =
x

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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
10.
2
2
1
f(arc tgx) dx
1+x
1
f(arc cotgx) dx
1+x

at
2
t = arc tgx
dx
dt =
t = arc cotgx 1+x

11.
2
2
1
f(arc sinx) dx
1- x
1
f(arc cosx) dx
1- x

at
2
t = arc sinx
dx
dt =
t = arc cosx
1+x

12.
2
1 1
f x 1 dx
x x

at
2
1 1
t = x dt = 1 dx
x x

B. OI BIEN SO THUAN AT x = (t)

DANG CACH BIEN OI
1.
( )
2 2
f x, x +a dx

2
a
x = atgt dx = dt
cos t

2.
( )
2 2
f x, a - x dx

x = asint dx = acostdt
3.
( )
2 2
f x, x - a dx

2
a asi
x = dx = dt
cost cos t

nt


VAN E 6: THUAT TNH TCH PHAN RIENG PHAN:
udv = uv- vdu

(*) hay uv'dx = uv- u'vdx

Cac dang tch phan tng phan:

Dang 1:
n
(ax+b)
sin(ax +b)
cos(ax +b)
P (x) dx
e
...

. Trong o P
n
(x) la a thc bac n.
Ta at u = P
n
(x) va
(ax+b)
sin(ax +b)
cos(ax +b)
dv = dx
e
...






Ch so (n): cho ta so lan tnh tch phan tng phan phai thc hien cho dang nay.
Dang 2:
n
ln(ax +b)
arcsin(ax +b); arccos(ax +b)
I = P (x) dx
arctg(ax +b); arccotg(ax +b)
...

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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
Ta at va dv = P
ln(ax +b)
arcsin(ax +b); arccos(ax +b)
u =
arctg(ax +b); arccotg(ax +b)
...






n
(x)dx



TCH PHAN

CHUYEN E 1: IEU KIEN KHA TCH:

I. DIEN TCH HNH THANG HON TUYEN:
1. nh ngha:

y
x
a b
A
A'
B
B'
y=f(x)
O
Cho ham so y = f(x) lien tuc, khong am
xac nh tren oan [a;b]. Khi o hnh
phang gii han b truc hoanh, ng
cong y = f(x) va cac ng thang co
phngtrnh x = a v x = b c goi la
hnh thang cong (Hnh thang hon
tuyen AABB).


2. Dien tch hnh thang cong:

nh ly: Neu ham so y = f(x) xac nh, lien tuc, khong am tren oan [a;b], th dien tch S
cua hnh thang cong gii han bi o th y = f(x), truc hoanh va cac ng thang x = a v
x = b co gia tr la: . Vi F(x) la mot nguyen ham cua ham so y = f(x) tren
[a;b].
b
a
S = F(b) - F(a) = S

II. NH NGHA TCH PHAN XAC NH:
III.
Cho ham so y = f(x) lien tuc tren [a;b] chia oan [a;b] thanh n phan tuy y bi cac iem
chia: a = x
0
< x
1
< x
2
< ... < x
n
= b. Tren moi oan [x
k-1
;x
k
] vi 1 k n lay mot iem
k
bat
ky. Ky hieu: x
k
= x
k
- x
k-1
. Ngha la: x
1
= x
1
- x
0
, x
2
= x
2
- x
1
, ...
Lap tong c goi la tong tch phan cua ham so
y = f(x) tren [a;b].
n
k k 1 1 2 2 n
k 1
f( ) x f( ) x f( ) x ... f( ) x
=
= + + +
n
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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
Ta goi tch phan xac nh cua ham so y = f(x) tren [a;b] la gii han (neu co) cua tong tch
phan khi maxx
k
0.
Gii han nay khong phu thuoc vao cach phan hoach oan [a;b] va viec chon
k
. Ky hieu:

k
b
n
k k
0
k 1
a
f(x)dx lim f( ) x

=
=

Luc o ta bao ham f kha tch theo Riemann hay kha tch.
Chu y:
a c goi la can di va b c goi la can tren.
Y ngha hnh hoc cua tch phan xac nh: Neu f(x) > 0 tren [a;b] th chnh la
dien tch cua hnh thang cong gii han bi cac ng:y = f(x), truc hoanh, x = a, va
b
a
f(x)dx

x = b.
T tren ta co cong thc Niutn - Lepnit (Newton -
Leibnitz):
b
b
a
a
f(x)dx = F(b) - F(a) = F(x)

. Trong o: F(x) = f(x).

VAN E 1: TNH TCH PHAN BANG NH NGHA (PHAN HOACH) VA S KHA
TCH:
Dang 1: Tnh tch phan

bang phep phan hoach va bai toan ngc

b
a
dx ) x ( f
1) ieu kien can: Neu ham so y = f(x) kha tch tren oan [a;b] th no b chan tren oan
[a;b] o.
2) ieu kien u: Neu ham so y = f(x) lien tuc tren oan [a;b] th no kha tch tren oan
[a;b] o.
Khi tnh tch phan bang nh ngha can thc hien:
BB
1
: Chia oan [a;b] thanh n oan bang nhau bi cac iem chia
k
b- a
x = a+k
n
. Vi k = 0, 1, 2,
..., n.
BB
2
: Chon
k
bang x
k
(hoac x
k-1
) trong oan [x
k-1
,x
k
].
BB
k
3
: Lap tong tch phan
n
n k k-1
k=1
S = (x - x ).f(x )

BB
4
: Ta co
b
n
n
a
xf(x)dx limS

Can nh mot so ket qua:

1)
n(n+1)
1+2 +3 +... +n =
2

2)
2 2 2 2
n(n+1)(2n+1)
1 +2 +3 +... +n =
6

3)
2
3 3 3 3
n(n+1)
1 +2 +3 +... +n =
2




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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
4) x [a;b], ham so y = f(x) lien tuc tren [a;b] va F(x) = f(x).

=
b
a
dt ). t ( f ) x ( F

Dang 2: Nhan biet ham kha tch Riemann

L
1
: (ieu kien can: suy ra t nh ngha )

b
a
dx ) x ( f
Moi ham f khong b chan tren oan [a;b] th f khong kha tch tren oan [a;b] o.
L
2
: (k u) Moi ham f lien tuc tren oan [a;b] th f kha tch tren oan [a;b] o.
L
3
:Moi ham f b chan tren oan [a;b] va gian oan tai hu han cac iem
x
0
[a;b] ma (*) th f van kha tch tren oan [a;b] o.
0
0
x x
x x
lim f(x) R

Can nh: f lien tuc tren oan [a;b] th f b chan tren oan [a;b].
L
4
:Moi ham f b chan va n ieu tren oan [a;b] th f kha tch tren oan [a;b] o.
Dang 3: S dung ung an cong thc Newton Leibnitz. Cong thc Newton - Leibnitz:
khi no thoa ong thi hai ieu kien:
b
a
f(x)dx = F(b) - F(a)

Ham di dau tch phan f(x) lien tuc tren [a;b].

Ham nguyen ham cua F(x) cung lien tuc tren [a;b].
Ghi chu:
Trong mot so trng hp ham di dau tch phan co dang y = f(x) kha tch tren oan [a;b]
ta cha ap dung ngay cong thc Newton - Leibnitz tren [a;b] ma can x ly can trung gian c
(a;b) e xet dau f(x) va de dang tm F(x) chang han:
b c b
a a c
f(x) dx = f(x) dx + f(x) dx

(*) .(*) con s dung khi x
0
= c la iem gian oan cua f(x) va
F(x) tren oan [a;b] (tch phan suy rong).

Thuat oi bien so:
Khi a quan sat va thay ham f(x) kha tch tren oan [a;b]:
b
a
f(x)dx

PP
1
- OI BIEN SO THUAN: la s dung cong thc
( )
( )
f[ (x)] '(x)dx f(t)dt


=

)
)
Vi cac ghi nh:
) at t = (x); vi t la bien oi so mi.
) Trong o: va t = (x) la ham n ieu, lien tuc; kha ao ham
tren [;].
x t (
x t (
= =

= =

PP
2
- OI BIEN SO NGHCH: la s dung cong thc (2)
1
1
(b) b
a (a)
f(x)dx f[ (t)] '(t)dt

=


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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
Vi cac ghi nh:
) at x = (t) hay t = -1(x); vi t la bien mi.
) Trong o: va t lam ham n ieu, lien tuc; kha ao ham tren
[a;b].
1
1
x a t (a)
x b t (b)

= =

= =

Ghi chu: Tnh n ieu cua ham t = (x) < hay t =

-1
(x) > la quan trong nh tnh lien tuc va
kha ao ham cua t tren [;] < hay [a;b] >.
Chang han trong (1), ta gia s t = (x) khong n ieu tren [;] th se co trng hp
() = (); ma . Luc o (1) khong con ung!
(1)
(1)
VP 0
VT 0
=

VAN E 2 : TCH PHAN HAM PHAN THC

Dang 1: Cac dang tch phan ham phan thc c ban th nhat

Tnh tch phan
b
1 2
a
dx
I (
x x
=
+ +

0)
Ta lam 2 bc:
BB
1
: Kiem tra tnh kha tch cua
2
dx
f(x)
x x
=
+ +
tren [a;b].
BB
2
: a ve dang chuan e s dung mot trong ba cong thc sau vi va sau khi
at
2
4 =
1

ra ngoai dau tch phan:

1)
b
b
2 2
a a
dX 1 X
= arctg
X + A A A

Neu < 0
2)
b
b
2 2
a a
dX 1 X- A
= ln
X - A 2A X+ A

Neu > 0
3)
b
b
2
a a
dX 1
= -
X X

Neu = 0
b
b
a a
dx 1
= ln ax +b
ax +b a

Dang 2: Cac dang tch phan ham phan thc th hai
Tnh tch phan
b
2 2
a
mx n
I dx ( 0
x x
+
=
+ +

; m 0)
Ta lam 2 bc:
BB
1
: Kiem tra tnh kha tch cua ham di dau tch phan va a tch phan ve dang:
b b
2 2 2
a a
m 2 x m 2 n dx
I dx
2 x x 2 x x
+
=

+ + + +



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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
BB
2
: Tnh I
2
va I
2
phu thuoc vao 3 trng hp cua I
1
.
b
2
2 1
a
m m
I ln x x
2 2


= + +




2 n
I

Dang 3: Bai toan tch phan ham phan thc tong quat
Tnh tch phan
b
a
P(x)
I = dx
Q(x)

; trong o P(x) va Q(x) la nhng a thc.

Ta e y hai trng hp:
TH
1
: Bac P(x) bac Q(x) th em chia P(x) : Q(x) e a ve trng hp 2.
TH
2
: Bac P(x) < bac Q(x) th ta a co 2 phng phap nhan tch thanh tong cac tch phan
phan thc thanh phan ma phep giai kha thi nh sau:
Phan tch theo yeu cau e bai hng dan.
Phan tch theo nh ly Taylor.
TH
1
: Q(x) = 0 co cac nghiem n x
1
; x
2
; x
3
... th phan tch
3 1 2
i
1 2 3
A A A P(x)
...; A ; i 1; n
Q(x) x x x x x x
= + + +

la hang so.
Tm A
i
bang phng phap the gia tr rieng (nghiem mau).
TH
2
: Q(x) = 0 co cac nghiem boi x
1
; x
2
. Th ta phan tch, th du:
3 1 2 1 2
2 3 2 3 2
1 2 1 2 2 2 2
B A A B B P(x) P(x)
...
Q(x) (x x ) (x x ) (x x ) x x (x x ) (x x ) x x
= = + + + +

+
Tm A
i
; B
j
bang phng phap gia tr rieng (nghiem mau) va phng phap gia tr tuy y;
j 1, 3 va i 1,2
TH
3
: Q(x) cha cac tam thc bac hai
1
x
2
+
1
x +
1
co nghiem x
1
; x
2
hay co nghiem kep hay

2
x
2
+
2
x +
2
(vo nghiem) th ta phan tch, th du:
1 2
2 2
1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
A A P(x) P(x) Bx C
Q(x) (x x )(x x )( x x ) x x x x x x
+
= = +
+ + + +
2
+
1 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A A P(x) P(x) Bx C Ex F
Q(x) (x X) ( x x ) (x X) x X x x ( x x )
+ +
= = + + +
+ + + + + +
2


CHUYEN E 2: TCH PHAN SUY RONG

I. TCH PHAN SUY RONG LOAI 1:

Cho ham f xac nh tren [a;+) va kha tch tren oan hu han a x b < +. Ta nh
ngha: . Khi gii han ve phai hu han ta noi hoi tu,
ngc lai ta noi phan ky.
b
b
a a
f(x)dx lim f(x)dx
+
+
=

a
f(x)dx
+

a
f(x)dx
+

Tng t

{
b b b
b a
a a
a
f(x)dx lim f(x)dx ; f(x)dx lim f(x)dx
+
+


= =

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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
Hay
c
c
f(x)dx f(x)dx f(x)dx; c R
+ +

= +

Viec s dung cong thc Newton - Leibnitz cung khong khac may khi goi F(x) la
nguyen ham cua f(x), ta co:
b
b a
a
f(x)dx lim F(b) F(a) f(x)dx F(b) lim F(a)
+
+

= =

II. TCH PHAN SUY RONG LOAI 2:

Cho ham f gii noi va kha tch trong oan [a + ; b] nhng khong gii noi hoac khong kha
tch trong toan bo [a; b] ta nh ngha: khi .
b b
0
a a
f(x)dx lim f(x)dx

+
=

x a
limf(x)

=
Hay:
b b
c a
a c
f(x)dx lim f(x)dx; c (a; b]

=

Tng t tren [a;b) ta co:
b b
0
a a
f(x)dx lim f(x)dx
+

=

Hay: khi
b c
c b
a a
f(x)dx lim f(x)dx; c [a; b)

=

x b
limf(x)

=
Ghi chu:
Co loai tch phan va la tch phan suy rong loai 1 va la tch phan suy rong loai 2. Chang
han:
1
2 2
0 0 1
SRL2 SRL1
lnx lnx lnx
I dx dx
1 x 1 x 1 x
+ +
= = +
+ + +


2
dx . Va ta chng minh c I = 0.

III. TCH PHAN HAM LNG GIAC:
Dang 1:
b
m n
a
sin xcos xdx

1) Neu t nhat mot trong 2 so m hay n le:

m le () at t = cosx
n le () at t = sinx
m; n eu le
m n ( ) at t sinx
m n ( ) at t cosx
m n ( ) Ha bac nang cung
=

2) m; n chan (m; n > 0) Dung cong thc ha bac nang cung.

2 2
3 3
1 cos 2x 1 cos 2x
sin x cos x
2 2
3sinx sin3x 3cos x cos 3x
sin x cos x
4 4
+
= =
+
= =

3) m; n chan (m;n < 0) at t = tgx.

Dang 2: (Trong o R la 1 ham hu ty)
b
a
R(sinx; cos x)dx

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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
S dung cac phep the sau:
1) Phep the tong quat (Phep the van nang):
at
2
2
2 2
2dt
dx
x 1 t
t tg
2 2t 1 t
sinx va cos x
1 t 1 t

+
=

= =

+ +

2) Ba phep the ac biet:
R(-sinx; cosx) = -R(sinx; cosx) () at t = cosx
R(sinx; -cosx) = -R(sinx; cosx) () at t = sinx
R(-sinx; -cosx) = R(sinx; cosx) () at t = tgx


Dang 3: Cac dang khac
1)
b
a
sin( x ) cos( x )
Cong thc bien oi
sin( x ) sin( x ) dx
tch thanh tong
cos( x ) cos( x )
+ +

+ +



+ +

2) Bien oi tong thanh tch.

3) Cac dang khac tren ...

IV. TCH PHAN HAM CHA CAN THC:
Dang 1:
p b r m
q
s n
a
R(x; x ; x ;...; x )dx

1) at
k k
t x t = = x vi k = MSC (n; q; ...; s). Nh e y tnh kha tch cua f tren [a;b].
2) Phng phap van kha thi khi gap cac ham hp cua ham:
p
r m
q
s n
f(x) R(x; x ; x ; ...; x )dx =

k
f( x ) at t x + = +
k
x x
f at t
x x
+ +
=

+ +



Dang 2:
b b
2 2
a a
dx Ax B
( 0) va d
x x x x
+

+ + + +

x
BB
1
: Kiem tra tnh kha tch va bien oi
2
2
x x x k
2


+ + = + +

BB
2
: Phan biet ba trng hp sau khi a
1

ra ngoai dau tch phan va at X x

2

= +

1)
b
b
2
2
a
a
0
dX
Ap dung: ln X X k
k 0
X k
>
= +

+

+
2)
b
b
a a
0
dX
Ap dung: sgn x ln X
k 0 2 2
x
2
>
= +

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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
3)
b
b
2 2
a a
0
dX X
Ap dung: arcsin (H 0)
k 0 H
H X
>
=

<
+

>
Ghi chu: Bang phep phan tch them bt ta co the tnh c
b
2
2
a
Ax B
I d
x x
+
=
+ +

x vi dang
nen la
b
1
2
a
dx
I
x x
=
+ +

sau khi at
2
t x x = + + .

Dang 3:
b
2
a
I x x = + +

dx
a) Phng phap 1:
BB
1
: Bien oi
2
2
x x x k
2

+ + = + +

; a ra ngoai dau tch phan va xem

X x
2

= +

.
BB
2
: Ta chia lam ba trng hp:
TH
1
:
b
b b
2 2 2
a a
a
0
X k
Ap dung cong thc: X k X k ln X X k
k 0 2 2
>
+ = + +

+ +
TH
2
:
b
b 2
a
a
0
x x
Ap dung cong thc : x dx sgn x
k 0 2 2 2 2
>
+ = +

=

+


TH
3
:
b
b 2
b
2 2 2 2
a
a a
0
X H
Ap dung cong thc: H X H X arcsin
k 0 2 2 H
>
+ = + +

<

X


b) Phng phap 2:
S dung phng phap tch phan tng phan
at
2
u x x
dv dx

= + +

Dang 4: Gii thieu phep the lng giac tnh
( )
b
2
a
I R x; x x d = + +

x
S dung mot trong 3 phep the sau khi bien oi va quan sat ieu kien kha tch:
TH
1
:
( )
b
2 2
a
I R x; (kx h) m dx (m 0) = + +

>
at
kx h
t arctg kx h m tgt
m
+
= +


=
TH
2
:
( )
b
2 2
a
I x; m (kx h) dx (m 0) = +

>
at
kx h
t arcsin kx h m sint
m
+
= + =



TH
3
:
( )
b
2 2
a
I R x; (kx h) m dx (m 0) = +

>
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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
at
m m
t arccos kx h
kx h cos t

= +

+

=
Dang 5: Gii thieu phep the Euler tnh
( )
b
2
a
I R x; x x d = + +

x
Mot cach khac phep the Euler nh sau to ra tien li:
at
2
x x x t neu + + = + > 0
at
2
x x xt c neu c 0 + + =
at
2
1 2 1
x x (x x )(x x ) t(x x ) ( 0) + + = = >
Dang 6: Gii thieu cac dang chuan va cac thuat oi bien ac trng
X ly ung thuat oi bien ac trng cho tng dang chuan c gii thieu sau: ta luon
c cach giai quyet tch phan bang phng phap tch phan ac trng cho cac ham can
thc a biet (chu y ieu kien kha tch).
1) Dang
b
1
2
a
dx
I
(x ) x x
=
+ + +

at
1
t
x
=
+

2) Dang
b
2
2 2
a
Ax dx
I
( x ) x
=
+ +

at
2
t x = +
3) Dang
b
3
2 2
a
Bdx
I
( x ) x
=
+ +

at
2
xt x = +
4) Dang
b b b
4
2 2 2 2 2 2
a a a
(Ax B) dx Ax dx B dx
I
( x ) x ( x ) x ( x ) x
+
= = +
+ + + + + +


5) Dang
b
2
5
2 2
a
(Ax B) dx
I Vi ( 4 0)
( x x ) x x
+
=
+ + + +

<
a ve dang
b
4
2 2
a
(Ax B) dx
I
( ' x ') ' x '
+
=
+ +

6) Dang
b
n
6
2
a
P (x) dx
I
x x
=
+ +

Vi P
n
(x) a thc bac n 2.
Bang cach bien oi Euler, tch phan I
6
tnh c mot cach tong quat nhng rat phc tap.
Ngi ta a chng minh c cong thc sau va neu ap dung no th viec tnh tch phan I
6
co
phan n gian hn:
b b
b
2 n
n 1
2 2
a
a a
P (x) dx
dx Q (x) ax bx c (*)
ax bx c ax bx c

= + + +
+ + + +


Trong o Q
n-1
(x) la a thc bac n-1 vi cac he so can c xac nh va la mot so thc
cung can c xac nh.
e xac nh va cac he so cua Q
n-1
(x) ta ao ham hai ve ang thc (*). Roi ong nhat he so
hai ve e suy ra he phng trnh ac trng ma viec giai he phng trnh ac trng o se
cho ta va cac he so cua Q
n-1
(x). (Goi la phng phap ao ham ang lap).


VAN E 3: CAN TRUNG GIAN:
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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
C s cua phng phap la ap dung hp ly cong thc (1): qua hai
bc (e tnh cac tch phan xac nh ma ham di dau tch phan co cha | |; max; min va ca
trng hp oan lay tch phan khong ap dung c cong thc Newton - Leibnitz).
b c b
a a c
f(x)dx f(x)dx f(x)dx = +

BB
1
: Chon can trung gian c thch hp (oi khi phai chon hai, ba... gia tr can trung gian khac
nhau tuy ieu kien bai toan).
BB
2
: Ap dung cong thc Newton - Leibnitz
c b
a c
f(x)dx F(c) F(a) va f(x)dx F(b) F(c) = =

e tnh tch phan (1).
Chu y: Than trong khi f(c) R (trng hp tch phan suy rong loai 2).

VAN E 4: CHNG MINH ANG THC TCH PHAN VA CAC THUAT OI BIEN SO
RANG BUOC HAI CC
Chng minh (VT = VP). oi khi ta can chng minh ang thc trung gian. V du:
* A B 0 A B = =
*
A C
A B
B C
=
=

*
2 2
A B ; A B
A B...
A B 0

= =
=

ay ta lu y en phep oi bien so ket hp can trung gian, tnh chan le tuan hoan - lien
tuc ... Ngoai ra tnh chat khong phu thuoc bien va tnh chat hoan oi cc cung rat thng
s dung:
b b b
a a a
b b
a a
b c b
a a c
f(x)dx f(t)dt ... f(n)dn
f(x)dx f(x)dx
f(x)dx f(x)dx f(x)dx
= = =
=
= +




Ghi chu: Khi hai ve khong cung cc ta phai oi bien so e tnh cc la ong nhat.

10 ANG THC TCH PHAN ANG NH
1
[ ]
2a a
0 0
f(x)dx f(x) f(2a x) dx = +

biet
f lien tuc tren [0; 2a]
a 0

>

2
b b
a a
a b
xf(x)dx f(x)dx
2
+
=

biet
f lien tuc tren [a; b]
f(a b x) f(x)

+ =

3
b b
a a
f(x)dx f(a b x)dx = +


(HQ):
b b
0 0
f(x)dx f(b x)dx =

biet f lien tuc tren [a; b]
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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
4
a a
a 0
f(x)dx 2 f(x)dx

=

biet
f lien tuc tren [-a; a]
f chan; a 0

>

5
a
a
f(x)dx 0

biet
f lien tuc tren [-a; a]
f le; a 0

>

6
a T T
a 0
f(x)dx f(x)dx
+
=


(HQ):
nT T
0 0
f(x)dx n f(x)dx =

biet
f lien tuc tren R
f co chu ky T

7
2 2
0 0
f(sinx)dx f(cos x)dx

=


biet f lien tuc tren [0; 1]
8
2
0 0
f(sinx)dx 2 f(sinx)dx

=


biet f lien tuc tren [0; 1]
9
2
0 0
xf(sinx)dx f(sinx)dx

=


biet f lien tuc tren [0; ]
10
t t
x
t 0
f(x)dx
f(x)dx
a 1

=
+

biet
f lien tuc tren [-t; t]
f chan; a 0; t R

>

VAN E 5: THUAT TNH TCH PHAN BANG TCH PHAN PHU TR VA HAM PHU
TR
Dang 1: Tnh tch phan bang thuat tch phan phu tr
Muon tnh tch phan I ta s dung tch phan phu tr J va viec chon J (kha tch) nh cac
tieu chuan sau a to ra la tien li:
1) He phng trnh la giai c.
g(I;J) 0
h(I;J) 0
=

2) Chng minh I = J va giai phng trnh: 2I = I + J I = ...

(Hien nhien tnh c ca J v J = I)
Cung co the chon J sao cho: (1) va (2) ... vi chu y ca hai
tch phan (1) va (2) eu kha thi.
b
a
I J h(x)dx + =

b
a
I J g(x)dx =

Dang 2: Tnh tch phan bang thuat ham phu tr
Muon tnh tch phan ma trong o ham f(x) kha tch tren [a;b] nhng khong
tnh c nguyen ham bang cac phng phap a neu (hay khong tnh c mot cach
n gian bang tnh chat ham s cap). Ngi ta chon mot ham phu tr g(x) kha tch cho
f(x) nh sau to ra hieu qua:
b
a
I f(x)d =

x
(1) h(x) f(x) + g(x) = const; x [a; b]
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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
(2)
b
a
b
a
h(x)dx (const)(b a)
g(x)dx : Kha thi theo cac phng phap trc

Thong thng tm f(x) e d oan g(x) can tm.

VAN E 6: BAT ANG THC TCH PHAN

Dang 1: Chng minh bat ang thc bang ai so va giai tch
Cho cac ham lien tuc trong oan [a; b]; b > a, nh sau:
b b
a a
f(x) g(x); x [a; b] f(x)dx g(x)dx


Neu tm c (; ) [a; b] ma f(x) > g(x): (dau ang thc khong
xay ra)
b b
a a
f(x)dx g(x)dx >

Trng hp g(x) = 0 tren oan [a; b]; ta co:
b
a
f(x) 0; x [a; b] f(x)dx 0; x [a; b]

b b
a a
f(x)dx f(x) dx (dau " " xay ra f(x) 0; x [a; b]) =



b
a
m f(x) M; x [a; b] m(b a) f(x)dx M(b a)

Xet mot bat ang thc ma ca hai ve eu cha dau tch phan ta lu y:
) Khi hai can hai ve nh nhau ta ch can chng minh bat ang thc xay ra gia hai
ham di dau tch phan.
) Khi hai can hai ve khac nhau ta can chon bien so e oi mot trong hai ve e hai
can hai ve nh nhau va lam tng t nh tren.
Vay muon chng minh . Ta tm ham g(x) thoa
b
a
f(x)dx A

b
a
f(x) g(x); x [a; b]
g(x)dx A

oi khi con s dung dau cua tam thc bac hai, quy nap, ao ham ... e chng minh

b b
a a
f(x)dx g(x)dx


Dang 2: Chng minh bat ang thc bang bai toan hnh thang hon tuyen (PP hnh hoc)
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IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
y
x
a b
B
1
B
2
A
1
S
A
2
y=f(x)
y=g(x)
x=a x=b
O
Cho hai ham f(x) va g(x) lien tuc tren
[a;b], dien tch hnh phang gii han
bi cac o th y = f(x); y = g(x) va hai
ng tung x = a va x = b (a < b) nh
trong hnh ve c tnh bi:
( )
b
a
S f(x) g(x) dx =

VAN E 7: TCH PHAN VA CONG THC TRUY HOI (QUY NAP)
Xet . Neu lap c mot quan he gia cac I
b
n
a
I f(x; n)d =

x
t

0
hay I
1
hay I
2
;... vi I
n
cua day (I
n
)
th c cong thc truy hoi cua I
n
.
Thong thng ta s dung:
1) Phng phap tch phan tng phan; Phng phap oi bien.
2) Phng phap lui dan cac so hang cua day (I
n
) e rut gon cac so hang khoang gia
cua day, e roi t o tm ra so hang tong quat tuy y cua day (I
n
).
Ghi chu:
1/ n! = 1.2.3...(n-1).n
2/ (2n)!! = 2.4.6...(2n-2).(2n)
3/ (2n + 1)!! = 1.3.5...(2n-1)(2n+1)
4/ 0! = 1! = 1
5/ (-1)!! = 0!! = 1

VAN E 8: HAM TCH PHAN
Xet tch phan vi hai can a = a(x), b = b(x) th I khong la mot hang so thc. Luc
o I la mot ham so thc theo bien so thc x : I(x) goi la mot ham so - tch phan hay gon hn
ham tch phan. Thng ta xet:
b
a
I f(t)d =

x
a
I(x) f(t)dt =

hoac (f(t) lien tuc tren [a;x])

(x)
a
I(x) f(t)dt

=

Ta co: la mot nguyen ham cua f(x) thoa ieu kien I(a) = 0
x
a
I(x) f(t)dt =

x
a
I'(x) f(t)dt f(x)

= =

Nh vay ta co cac chu y: khi hai cc la mot ham so cua x:
1)


[ ]
(x)
a
f(t)dt f (x) . '(x)

=
hguyan Fhu khanh a LaI hIIp.llWWW.IoanIhpI.naI
20
IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
2)
2
1
(x)
2 2 1 1
(x)
f(t)dt f (x) . ' (x) f (x) . ' (x)

Ghi chu:
Khi tm gii han cua mot ham tch phan oi khi phai s dung quy tac Lhospitale. Tat ca
cac dang vo nh eu a c ve dang vo nh
0
0 ; - ; 1 ; ; va 0

0
0
0
hay

e s dung
quy tac Lhospitale th viec tm gii han mi chnh xac.

VAN E 9: GII HAN VA TCH PHAN
Dang 1: Day tch phan va gii han cua day tch phan
Xet
b
n
a
I f(x; n)dx; n Z
+
=

1
=
. Khi n thay oi ta co day tch phan (I
n
). e tnh gii han ta
lap cong thc truy hoi I
n
n
limI

n
va s dung cac tnh chat:

n n
n n
lim I limI

+
=

n n n
n n n
n n n
a I b
lim a lim b lim I
+ + +

= =

Dang 2: Gii han m rong cc tch phan
Muon tnh . Ta i tm mot nguyen ham F(x) cua f(x) va ap dung gian tiep cong
thc Newton - Leibnitz trong gii han
n
n
a
lim f(x)dx

n
n n
a
lim f(x)dx limF(n) F(a)


=

.

DIEN TCH HNH PHANG


y
x
a b
B
C
S(x)
A
D
(C):y=f(x)
x
=
a
x
=
b
O
1)
b
b
a
a
S S (x) f(x)dx = =

(1)
Ghi chu 1: Khi s dung cong thc tr tuyet oi (1) se
luon ung cho ca hai trng hp f(x) 0 hoac f(x) 0.

hguyan Fhu khanh a LaI hIIp.llWWW.IoanIhpI.naI
21
IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
y
x
a b
B
C
S(x)
A
D (C):y=f(x)
(C):y=g(x)
x
=
a
x
=
b
O
y
x
a
b c
B
C
E
A
D (C):y=f(x)
(C):y=g(x)
O
2) [ ]
b
b
a
a
S S (x) f(x) g(x) dx = =

(2)
Ghi chu 2: Khi s dung cong thc tr tuyet oi (2) se
luon ung cho ca hai trng hp f(x) g(x) hoac
f(x) g(x); x [a; b]

3) [ ] [ ]
c b
b
a
a c
S S (x) g(x) f(x) dx f(x) g(x) dx = = +

(3)
Ghi chu 3: Thc chat
c b
1 2 a c
S S S S (x) S (x) = + = +
Khi gap trng hp tong quat phai phan nho
S = S
1
+ S
2
+ S
3
+ ... + S
n
ta lam tng t cho (3).

Ghi chu 4: Khi phc tap ta co the chuyen sang tnh neu phan oan c no
n gian hn khi tnh .
b
a
S (x) S (y)

b
a
S (x)

Ghi chu 5: Khi dien tch gii han v tr phc tap, ta co the s dung tnh chat: Dien
tch S bat bien qua mot phep di hnh.

TNH THE TCH BANG
b
a
f(x)dx

Dang 1: The tch co the tron xoay

Ap dung cac cong thc sau:
y
x
a
b
(C):y=f(x)
O

y
x
a
b
(C):y=f(x)
O

[ ]
b
2
a
V f(x) =

dx dy
2

[ ]
b
2
a
V g(y) =

Ghi chu 1: Khi gap cac co the tron xoay phc tap th phng phap cong the tch thanh
phan la quan trong luc tnh the tch:
1 2 1
V V V V V V = + = . Trong o:
hguyan Fhu khanh a LaI hIIp.llWWW.IoanIhpI.naI
22
IaI Trh Toan hor 6huyan a hguyan ham Trh Fhan
V
1
: la the tch can tm trong gia thiet.
V; V
2
: la cac the tch lien i tnh no n gian hn V
1
.
Ghi chu 2: oi khi ta con ap dung tnh bat bien cua S va V qua 1 phep di hnh.
Dang 2: The tch co the do hnh thang hon tuyen ay Ox quay quanh Oy
Ta xet mot trng hp ac biet cua dang 1 khi cho hnh thang hon tuyen AA
0
BB
0
B (ay A
0
B
0
y
x a -a b
B B'
A' A
B
0
A
0
-b
O
y
x
(
C
)
:
y
=
f
(
x
)
a b
B
f(b)
f(a)
A
B
0
O
y
x
A
A
x
B
x
C
x
B
C
H
S
b
O
B
2
x

Ox) quay quanh Oy.

Luc o co the tao thanh co the tch: (1)
b
a
V 2 xf(x)dx =

Vay (1) thay co cach tnh phc tap hn cua phng phap tong the tch:
f (b)
2
2 1
f (a)
V b f(b) f (y) dy a f(a)

= +

Dang 3: The tch co the tuy y

S dung cong thc tnh the tch
b
a
V B(x)d =

B la ay (dien tch ay)
B(x) la dien tch thiet dien song
song vi ay B tai x tuy y trong
[a;b].
Ghi chu: Thng chon truc Ox hp ly
e bieu thc B(x) n gian.


a