MT S CNG THC GII NHANH BI TI TRC NGHIM HA HC Vic nm vng cc cng thc ny s gip gii nhanh cc bi ton .

Nu gii theo cch thng thng th mt rt nhiu thi gian.Vy hy hc thuc nh. 1. Cng thc tnh s ng phn ancol n chc no, mch h : Cn H2n+2O2 S ng phn Cn H2n+2O2 = 2n- 2 ( 1< n<6) V d : S ng phn ca ancol c cng thc phn t l : a. C3H8O = 23-2 = 2 b. C4H10O = 24-2 = 4 c. C5H12O = 25-2 = 8 2. Cng thc tnh s ng phn anehit n chc no, mch h : Cn H2nO S ng phn Cn H2nO = 2n- 3 ( 2< n<7) V d : S ng phn ca anehit n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l : a. C4H8O = 24-3 = 2 b. C5H10O = 25-3 = 4 c. C6H12O = 26-3 = 8 3. Cng thc tnh s ng phn axit cacboxylic n chc no, mch h : Cn H2nO2 S ng phn Cn H2nO2 = 2n- 3 ( 2< n<7) V d : S ng phn ca axit cacboxylic n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l : a. C4H8O2 = 24-3 = 2 b. C5H10O2 = 25-3 = 4 c. C6H12O2 = 26-3 = 8 4. Cng thc tnh s ng phn este n chc no, mch h : Cn H2nO2 S ng phn Cn H2nO2 = 2n- 2 ( 1< n<5) V d : S ng phn ca este n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l : a. C2H4O2 = 22-2 = 1 b. C3H6O2 = 23-2 = 2 c. C4H8O2 = 24-2 = 4 5. Cng thc tnh s ng phn ete n chc no, mch h : Cn H2n+2O S ng phn Cn H2n+2O = a. C3H8O b. C4H10O c. C5H12O =
( n 1).( n 2) 2

( 2< n<5)

V d : S ng phn ca ete n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :

(3 1).(3 2) =1 2 ( 4 1).( 4 2) = = 3 2 (5 1).(5 2) = = 6 2

6. Cng thc tnh s ng phn xeton n chc no, mch h : Cn H2nO S ng phn Cn H2nO = a. C4H8O b. C5H10O c. C6H12O
Th.Hung0905054408

( n 2).( n 3) 2

(3 < n < 7)

V d : S ng phn ca xeton n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :

( 4 2).( 4 3) =1 2 (5 2).(5 3) = = 3 2 (6 2).(6 3) = = 6 2

7. Cng thc tnh s ng phn amin n chc no, mch h : Cn H2n+3N S ng phn Cn H2n+3N = 2n-1 ( n<5) V d : S ng phn ca anin n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l : a. C2H7N = 22-1 =1 3-1 b. C3H9N = 2 = 3 4-1 c. C4H12N = 2 = 6 8. Cng thc tnh s trieste ( triglixerit ) to bi glixerol v hn hp n axt bo : S tri este =
n 2 ( n + 1) 2

V d : un nng hn hp gm glixerol vi 2 axit bo l axit panmitic v axit stearic ( xc tc H2SO4 c) th thu c bao nhiu trieste ? S trieste S ete =
2 2 ( 2 + 1) = =6 2 n ( n + 1) 2

9. Cng thc tnh s ng phn ete to bi hn hp n ancol n chc : V d: un nng hn hp gm 2 ancol n chc no vi H2SO4 c 1400c c hn hp bao nhiu ete ? S ete =
2 ( 2 + 1) =3 2 nCO2

10. Cng thc tnh s C ca ancol no, ete no hoc ca ankan da vo phn ng chy : S C ca ancol no hoc ankan = n n ( Vi nH 2 O > n CO 2 ) H O CO V d 1 : t chy mt lng ancol no n chc A c 15,4 gam CO 2 v 9,45 gam H2O . Tm cng thc phn t ca A ?
2 2

S C ca ancol no = n n = =2 0,525 0,35 H O CO Vy A c cng thc phn t l C2H6O V d 2: t chy hon ton mt lng hirocacbon A thu c 26,4 gam CO 2 v 16,2 gam H2O . Tm cng thc phn t ca A ? ( Vi nH 2 O = 0,7 mol > n CO 2 = 0,6 mol ) => A l ankan
2 2

nCO2

0,35

S C ca ankan = n n = =6 0,7 0,6 H O CO Vy A c cng thc phn t l C6H14 11. Cng thc tnh khi lng ancol n chc no hoc hn hp ankan n chc notheo khi lng CO2 v khi lng H2O :
2 2

nCO2

0,6

mancol = mH 2 O -

mCO2 11

V d : Khi t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol n chc no, mch h thu c 2,24 lt CO2 ( ktc ) v 7,2 gam H2O. Tnh khi lng ca ancol ? = 7,2 - 11 = 6,8 11 12. Cng thc tnh s i, tri, tetra..n peptit ti a to bi hn hp gm x amino axit khc nhau :
Th.Hung0905054408

mancol = mH 2 O -

mCO2

4,4

S n peptitmax = xn V d : C ti a bao nhiu ipeptit, tripeptit thu c t hn hp gm 2 amino axit l glyxin v alanin ? S ipeptit = 22 = 4 S tripeptit = 23 = 8 13. Cng thc tnh khi lng amino axit A( cha n nhm -NH2 v m nhm COOH ) khi cho amino axit ny vo dung dch cha a mol HCl, sau cho dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va vi b mol NaOH. mA = MA
ba m

V d : Cho m gam glyxin vo dung dch cha 0,3 mol HCl . Dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va vi 0,5 mol NaOH. Tm m ? ( Mglyxin = 75 ) m = 75
0,5 0,3 = 15 gam 1

14. Cng thc tnh khi lng amino axit A( cha n nhm -NH2 v m nhm COOH ) khi cho amino axit ny vo dung dch cha a mol NaOH, sau cho dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va vi b mol HCl. mA = MA
ba n

V d : Cho m gam alanin vo dung dch cha 0,375 mol NaOH . Dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va vi 0,575 mol HCl . Tm m ? ( Malanin = 89 ) mA = 89
0,575 0,375 = 17,8 gam 1

15. Cng thc xc nh cng thc phn t ca mt anken da vo phn t khi ca hn hp anken v H2 trc v sau khi dn qua bt Ni nung nng. Ni , c Anken ( M1) + H2 t A (M2) ( phn ng hiro ha anken hon ton )
o

S n ca anken (CnH2n ) = 14( M M ) 2 1 V d : Cho X l hn hp gm olefin M v H2 , c t khi hi so vi H2 l 5 . Dn X qua bt Ni nung nng phn ng xy ra hon ton c hn hp hi Y c t khi so vi H2 l 6,25 . Xc nh cng thc phn t ca M. M1= 10 v M2 = 12,5 Ta c : n = 14(12,5 10) = 3 M c cng thc phn t l C3H6 16. Cng thc xc nh cng thc phn t ca mt ankin da vo phn t khi ca hn hp ankin v H2 trc v sau khi dn qua bt Ni nung nng. Ni , c Ankin ( M1) + H2 t A (M2) ( phn ng hiro ha ankin hon ton )
o

( M 2 2) M 1

(12,5 2)10

S n ca ankin (CnH2n-2 ) = 14( M M ) 2 1 17.Cng thc tnh hiu sut phn ng hiro ha anken. H% = 2- 2 My H% = 2- 2 My
Th.Hung0905054408

2( M 2 2) M 1

Mx

18.Cng thc tnh hiu sut phn ng hiro ha anehit no n chc.

Mx

19.Cng thc tnh % ankan A tham gia phn ng tch. %A = M - 1 X 20.Cng thc xc nh phn t ankan A da vo phn ng tch. MA = V M X A 21.Cng thc tnh khi lng mui clorua khi cho kim loi tc dng vi dung dch HCl gii phng kh H2 mMui clorua = mKL + 71. nH 2 V d : Cho 10 gam hn hp kim loi gm Mg, Al, Zn tc dng vi dung dch HCl thu c 22,4 lt kh H2 ( ktc). Tnh khi lng mui thu c . mMui clorua = mKL + 71 nH 2 = 10 + 71. 1 = 81 gam 22.Cng thc tnh khi lng mui sunfat khi cho kim loi tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long gii phng kh H2 mMui sunfat = mKL + 96. nH 2 V d : Cho 10 gam hn hp kim loi gm Mg, Al, Zn tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 ( ktc). Tnh khi lng mui thu c . mMui Sunfat = mKL + 96. nH 2 = 10 + 96. 0,1 = 29,6 gam 23.Cng thc tnh khi lng mui sunphat khi cho kim loi tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c to sn phm kh SO2 , S, H2S v H2O mMui sunft = mKL +
96 .( 2nSO 2 + 6 nS + 8nH 2 S ) = mKL +96.( nSO 2 + 3 nS + 4nH 2 S ) 2 VhhX MA

* Lu : Sn phm kh no khng c th b qua * n H 2 SO 4 = 2nSO 2 + 4 nS + 5nH 2 S 24.Cng thc tnh khi lng mui nitrat khi cho kim loi tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 gii phng kh : NO2 ,NO,N2O, N2 ,NH4NO3 mMui Nitrat = mKL + 62( n NO 2 + 3nNO + 8nN 2 O +10n N 2 +8n NH 4 NO 3 ) * Lu : Sn phm kh no khng c th b qua * n HNO = 2nNO 2 + 4 nNO + 10nN 2 O +12nN 2 + 10nNH 4 NO 3 25.Cng thc tnh khi lng mui clorua khi cho mui cacbonat tc dng vi dung dch HCl gii phng kh CO2 v H2O mMui clorua = mMui cacbonat + 11. n CO 2 26.Cng thc tnh khi lng mui sunfat khi cho mui cacbonat tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long gii phng kh CO2 v H2O mMui sunfat = mMui cacbonat + 36. n CO 2 27.Cng thc tnh khi lng mui clorua khi cho mui sunfit tc dng vi dung dch HCl gii phng kh SO2 v H2O mMui clorua = mMui sunfit - 9. n SO 2 28.Cng thc tnh khi lng mui sunfat khi cho mui sunfit tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long gii phng kh CO2 v H2O mMui sunfat = mMui cacbonat + 16. n SO 2 29.Cng thc tnh s mol oxi khi cho oxit tc dng vi dung dch axit to mui v H2O
Th.Hung0905054408
3

nO (Oxit) = nO (H 2 O) = 2 nH ( Axit) 30.Cng thc tnh khi lng mui sunfat khi cho oxit kim loi tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long to mui sunfat v H2O Oxit + dd H2SO4 long Mui sunfat + H2O mMui sunfat = mOxit + 80 n H 2 SO 4 31.Cng thc tnh khi lng mui clorua khi cho oxit kim loi tc dng vi dung dch HCl to mui clorua v H2O Oxit + dd HCl Mui clorua + H2O mMui clorua = mOxit + 55 n H 2 O = mOxit + 27,5 n HCl 32.Cng thc tnh khi lng kim loi khi cho oxit kim loi tc dng vi cc cht kh nh : CO, H2 , Al, C mKL = moxit mO ( Oxit) nO (Oxit) = nCO = n H 2 = n CO 2 = n H 2 O 33.Cng thc tnh s mol kim loi khi cho kim loi tc dng vi H2O, axit, dung dch baz kim, dung dch NH3 gii phng hiro. nK L=
2 nH 2 a

vi a l ha tr ca kim loi

V d: Cho kim loi kim tc dng vi H2O: 2M + 2H2O 2MOH + H2 nK L= 2nH 2 = nOH 34.Cng thc tnh lng kt ta xut hin khi hp th ht mt lng CO2 vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2 . nkt ta = nOH - nCO 2 ( vi nkt ta nCO 2 hoc cho dd baz phn ng ht ) V d : Hp th ht 11,2 lt CO2 (ktc ) vo 350 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M. Tnh kt ta thu c. Ta c : n CO 2 = 0,5 mol n Ba(OH) 2 = 0,35 mol => nOH = 0,7 mol nkt ta = nOH - nCO 2 = 0,7 0,5 = 0,2 mol mkt ta = 0,2 . 197 = 39,4 ( g ) 35.Cng thc tnh lng kt ta xut hin khi hp th ht mt lng CO2 vo dung dch cha hn hp gm NaOH, Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2 . Tnh nCO 3 = nOH
2

- nCO 2 ri so snh nCa

2 3

2+

hoc nBa

2+

xem cht no phn ng ht

suy ra n kt ta ( iu kin nCO nCO 2 ) V d 1 : Hp th ht 6,72 lt CO2 ( ktc) vo 300 ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,1 M v Ba(OH)2 0,6 M. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c . nCO 2 = 0,3 mol nNaOH = 0,03 mol n Ba(OH)2= 0,18 mol => nOH = 0,39 mol nCO 3 = nOH
2+ 2

- nCO 2 = 0,39- 0,3 = 0,09 mol

2

M nBa = 0,18 mol nn nkt ta = nCO 3 = 0,09 mol mkt ta = 0,09 . 197 = 17,73 gam
Th.Hung0905054408

V d 2 : Hp th ht 0,448 lt CO2 ( ktc) vo 100 ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,06 M v Ba(OH)2 0,12 M thu c m gam kt ta . Tnh m ? ( TSH 2009 khi A ) A. 3,94 B. 1,182 C. 2,364 D. 1,97 nCO 2 = 0,02 mol nNaOH = 0,006 mol n Ba(OH)2= 0,012 mol => nOH = 0,03 mol nCO 3 = nOH
2+ 2

- nCO 2 = 0,03 - 0,02 = 0,01 mol

2

M nBa = 0,012 mol nn nkt ta = nCO 3 = 0,01 mol mkt ta = 0,01 . 197 = 1,97 gam 36.Cng thc tnh th tch CO2 cn hp th ht vo mt dung dch Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2 thu c mt lng kt ta theo yu cu. Ta c hai kt qu: - n CO 2 = nkt ta - n CO 2 = nOH - nkt ta V d: Hp th ht V lt CO2 ( ktc) vo 300 ml dung dch v Ba(OH) 2 1 M thu c 19,7 gam kt ta. Tnh V ? Gii - n CO 2 = nkt ta = 0,1 mol => V CO 2 = 2,24 lt - n CO 2 = nOH - nkt ta = 0,6 0,1 = 0,5 => V CO 2 = 11,2 lt 37.Cng thc tnh th tch dung dch NaOH cn cho vo dung dch Al 3+ xut hin mt lng kt ta theo yu cu . Ta c hai kt qu : - n OH = 3.nkt ta 3+ - n OH = 4. nAl - nkt ta V d: Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch NaOH 1M vo dung dch cha 0,5 mol AlCl 3 c 31,2 gam kt ta. Gii Ta c hai kt qu : n OH = 3.nkt ta = 3. 0,4 = 1,2 mol => V = 1,2 lt 3+ n OH = 4. nAl - nkt ta = 4. 0,5 0,4 = 1,6 mol => V = 1,6 lt 38.Cng thc tnh th tch dung dch NaOH cn cho vo hn hp dung dch Al3+ v H+ xut hin mt lng kt ta theo yu cu . Ta c hai kt qu : + - n OH ( min ) = 3.nkt ta + nH 3+ + - n OH ( max ) = 4. nAl - nkt ta+ nH V d : Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch NaOH 1M ln nht vo dung dch cha ng thi 0,6 mol AlCl3 v 0,2 mol HCl c 39 gam kt ta . Gii 3+ + n OH ( max ) = 4. nAl - nkt ta+ nH = 4. 0,6 - 0,5 + 0,2 =2,1 mol => V = 2,1 lt

Th.Hung0905054408

39.Cng thc tnh th tch dung dch HCl cn cho vo dung dch NaAlO2 hoc Na [ Al (OH ) 4 ] xut hin mt lng kt ta theo yu cu . Ta c hai kt qu : + - nH = nkt ta + - nH = 4. nAlO 2 - 3. nkt ta V d : Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch HCl 1M vo dung dch cha 0,7 mol NaAlO2 hoc Na [ Al (OH ) 4 ] thu c 39 gam kt ta . Gii Ta c hai kt qu : + nH = nkt ta = 0,5 mol => V = 0,5 lt + nH = 4. nAlO 2 - 3. nkt ta = 4.0,7 3.0,5 = 1,3 mol => V = 1,3 lt 40.Cng thc tnh th tch dung dch HCl cn cho vo hn hp dung dch NaOH v NaAlO 2 hoc Na [ Al (OH ) 4 ] xut hin mt lng kt ta theo yu cu . Ta c hai kt qu : + nH = nkt ta + n OH nH = 4. nAlO 2 - 3. nkt ta + n OH V d : Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch HCl 1M cc i vo dung dch cha ng thi 0,1 mol NaOH v 0,3 mol NaAlO2 hoc Na [ Al (OH ) 4 ] thu c 15,6 gam kt ta . Gii Ta c hai kt qu : + nH (max) = 4. nAlO 2 - 3. nkt ta + n OH = 4.0,3 3.0,2 + 01 = 0,7 mol => V = 0,7 lt 41.Cng thc tnh th tch dung dch NaOH cn cho vo hn hp dung dch Zn2+ xut hin mt lng kt ta theo yu cu . Ta c hai kt qu : n OH ( min ) = 2.nkt ta 2+ n OH ( max ) = 4. nZn - 2.nkt ta V d : Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 1M cn cho vo 200 ml dung dch ZnCl 2 2M c 29,7 gam kt ta . Gii 2+ Ta c nZn = 0,4 mol nkt ta= 0,3 mol p dng CT 41 . n OH ( min ) = 2.nkt ta = 2.0,3= 0,6 =>V ddNaOH = 0,6 lt 2+ n OH ( max ) = 4. nZn - 2.nkt ta = 4.0,4 2.0,3 = 1 mol =>V ddNaOH = 1lt 42.Cng thc tnh khi lng mui thu c khi cho hn hp st v cc oxt st tc dng vi HNO3 long d gii phng kh NO. mMui =
242 ( mhn hp + 24 nNO ) 80
+

V d : Ha tan ht 11,36 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe 2O3, Fe3O4 trong dung dch HNO3 long d thu c m gam mui v 1,344 lt kh NO ( ktc ) l sn phm kh duy nht . Tm m ?. Gii mMui =
242 242 ( mhn hp + 24 nNO ) = ( 11,36 + 24 .0,06 ) = 38,72 gam 80 80

Th.Hung0905054408

43.Cng thc tnh khi lng mui thu c khi ha tan ht hn hp st v cc oxt st bng HNO3 c nng, d gii phng kh NO2 . mMui =
242 ( mhn hp + 8 nNO 2 ) 80

V d : Ha tan ht 6 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 trong HNO3 c nng, d thu c 3,36 lt kh NO2 (ktc ). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan. mMui =
242 242 ( mhn hp + 8 nNO 2 ) = ( 6 + 8 .0,15 ) = 21,78 gam 80 80

44.Cng thc tnh khi lng mui thu c khi ha tan ht hn hp st v cc oxt st bng HNO3 d gii phng kh NO v NO2 . mMui =
242 ( mhn hp + 24. nNO + 8. nNO 2 ) 80

V d : Ha tan ht 7 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 trong HNO3 d thu c 1,792 lt (ktc ) kh X gm NO v NO2 v m gam mui . Bit dX/H 2 = 19. Tnh m ? Ta c : nNO = nNO 2 = 0,04 mol mMui =
242 242 ( mhn hp + 24 nNO + 8 nNO 2 ) = ( 7+ 24.0,04 + 8.0,04 )= 25,047 gam 80 80

45.Cng thc tnh khi lng mui thu c khi ha tan ht hn hp Fe, FeO, Fe 2O3, Fe3O4 bng H2SO4 c, nng, d gii phng kh SO2 . mMui =
400 ( mhn hp + 16.nSO 2 ) 160

V d : Ha tan ht 30 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 bng H2SO4 c nng, d thu c 11,2 lt kh SO2 (ktc ). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan. Gii mMui =
400 400 ( mhn hp + 16.nSO 2 ) = ( 30 + 16.0,5 ) = 95 gam 160 160

46.Cng thc tnh khi lng st dng ban u, bit oxi ha lng st ny bng oxi c hn hp rn X . Ha tan ht X vi HNO3 long d gii phng kh NO. mFe =
56 ( mhn hp + 24 nNO ) 80

V d : t m gam st trong oxi thu c 3 gam cht rn X . Ha tan ht X vi HNO3 long d gii phng 0,56 lt kh NO ( ktc) . Tm m ? Gii mFe =
56 56 ( mhn hp + 24 nNO ) = ( 3 + 0,025 ) = 2,52 gam 80 80

47.Cng thc tnh khi lng st dng ban u, bit oxi ha lng st ny bng oxi c hn hp rn X . Ha tan ht X vi HNO3 c , nng ,d gii phng kh NO2. mFe =
56 ( mhn hp + 8 nNO 2 ) 80

V d : t m gam st trong oxi thu c 10 gam hn hp cht rn X . Ha tan ht X vi HNO 3 c nng, d gii phng 10,08 lt kh NO2 ( ktc) . Tm m ? Gii mFe =
56 56 ( mhn hp + 24 nNO 2 ) = ( 10 + 8. 0,45 ) = 9,52 gam 80 80

48.Cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch axit yu HA.

Th.Hung0905054408

pH = - (logKa + logCa ) hoc pH = - log ( . Ca ) vi Ka : hng s phn li ca axit Ca : nng mol/l ca axit ( Ca 0,01 M ) V d 1: Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1 M 250C . Bit KCH 3 COOH = 1,8. 10-5 Gii pH = - (logKa + logCa ) = - (log1,8. 10-5 + log0,1 ) = 2,87 V d 2: Tnh pH ca dung dch HCOOH 0,46 % ( D = 1 g/ml ). Cho in li ca HCOOH trong dung dch l = 2 % Gii Ta c : CM =
10.1.0,46 = 0,1 M 46 2 pH = - log ( . Ca ) = - log ( .0,1 ) = 2,7 100 10.D.C % = M 1 2 1 2

1 2 : l in li

49.Cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch baz yu BOH. pH = 14 + vi

1 (logKb + logCb ) 2

Kb : hng s phn li ca baz Ca : nng mol/l ca baz V d : Tnh pH ca dung dch NH3 0,1 M . Cho KNH 3 = 1,75. 10-5 pH = 14 +
1 1 (logKb + logCb ) = 14 + (log1,75. 10-5 + log0,1 ) = 11,13 2 2 Ca

50. Cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch axit yu HA v mui NaA pH = - (logKa + log C )
m

V d : Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1 M v CH3COONa 0,1 M 250C. Bit KCH 3 COOH = 1,75. 10-5 , b qua s in li ca H2O. pH = - (logKa + log C ) = - (log1,75. 10-5 + log 0,1 ) = 4,74
m

Ca

0,1

51. Cng thc tnh hiu sut phn ng tng hp NH3 H% = 2 - 2 M vi

MX
Y

MX : hn hp gm N2 v H2 ban u ( t l 1:3 ) MY : hn hp sau phn ng V d : Tin hnh tng hp NH3 t hn hp X gm N2 v H2 c t khi hi so vi H2 l 4,25 thu c hn hp Y c t khi hi so vi H2 l 6,8. Tnh hiu sut tng hp NH3 . Ta c : nN 2 : nH 2 = 1:3 H% = 2 - 2 M
MX
Y

= 2 - 2 13,6 = 75 %

8,5

Th.Hung0905054408