Tbi{ i{ h sidga |g{~a`{g ta ^h{ta| Ega|eg%{ sidga a` C|ig`d{bi~. Tbg{g h|g tbg tgrt `atg{ ca|tbi{ tghkbi`e!sidga.C|ig`d{bi~{

O\hs. ^. OkDa`hfd

Oy < {bgmgf h`{ug| i{& ‖Ta og C|ig`d{bi~ i{ oy choify& h`d ly tbht I ogh` tbg choify tbht E/dbh{ ~|asidgd. ^ga~fg ubao E/d bh{ ~fhkgd i` oy ioogdihtg choify& L|atbg|{ h`d [i{tg|{ i` tbgOg{{ihb uba h|g kfa{g| tbh` gsg` oy `htw|hf choify uh{. Tba{g h{ it uh{ {thtgd h|aw`d tbgthlfg ht ^h{ta| Ega|eg{& tba{g uba uawfd " h`d {aog uba bhsg) tafd og tbg t|wtb uitb awt cgh|ac hèg| a| |gsgèg. ^ga~fg fimg Jg`ìcg|& uba i{ oy dgh| fittfg {i{tg| uba I uiff ~|atgkt ta oydghtb. Oi{{ La`ìg& h`d Ega|eg ubao I%sg màu àu ca| ubht {ggo{ fimg ca|gsg|. H`d àu `guhdditia`{ ta oy choify ubao I bhsg àt gsg` ogt chkg ta chkg ygt I fasg tbgo h{ tbaweb tbgybhsg lgg` tbg|g hff hfaè. H`d oy choify bg|g.‟I` Ohy ac <>>5 I bhd ta kbaa{g lgtugg` algdig`kg ta E/d a| h c|ig`d{bi~. IT uh{ h bh|d kbaikgca| og ta ohmg. H sg|y dgh| c|ig`d ac 2 ygh|{ tw|`gd c|ao E/d h`d lhkm ta {akigty h`d it%{dgsikg{. I t|igd h{ I kawfd ta egt tbgo ta {gg ubht tbgy ug|g daiè. Tbgy kba{g ta uhfm huhyc|ao E/d lgkhw{g ac c|ig`d{bi~& tbgi| ‖c|ig`d{‟ kba{g h sg|y {i`cwf ~htb h`d h ~g|{a` Ika`{idg|gd oy c|ig`d tafd og

‖I bhsg m`au` tbgo ca| ygh|{ h`d tbgy h|g oy lg{t c|ig`d{. Iua`’t fgt h`y tbi`e kaog lgtugg` og h`d oy c|ig`d{.‟

I h{mgd bio ic tbht i`kfwdgd E/d. H`dbg |g~figd

‖@ATBI@E‟

uiff kaog lgtugg` og h`d oy c|ig`d{. Tbht tafd og I uh{ `at h{ I bhdlgg` fgd ta lgfigsg ‖h c|ig`d‟.[a a` tbht `atg& ^h{ta| Ega|eg |gcg|g`kgd < Ka|i`tbih`{ 3:84& I uawfd fimg ta {bh|g it i` ka`tgrt.

< Ka|i`tbih`{ 3:84/82 MJS "84) Lg yg àt w`gxwhffy yamgd taegtbg| uitb w`lgfigsg|{: ca| ubht cgffau{bi~ bhtb |iebtgaw{`g{{ uitb w`|iebtgaw{`g{{1 h`d ubht kaoowìa` bhtb fiebt uitb dh|m`g{{1 "87) H`d ubht ka`ka|d bhtb Kb|i{t uitb Lgfihf1 a| ubht ~h|t bhtb bg tbht lgfigsgtb uitb h` i`cidgf1 "83) H`d ubht he|ggog`t bhtb tbg tgo~fg ac Ead uitb idaf{1 ca| yg h|g tbg tgo~fg ac tbg fisiè Ead= h{ Ead bhtb {hid& I uiff dugff i` tbgo& h`d uhfm i` tbgo = h`d I uiff lg tbgi| Ead& h`d tbgy {bhff lg oy ~ga~fg."85) Ubg|gca|g kaog awt c|ao hoaè tbgo& h`d lg yg {g~h|htg& {hitb tbg Fa|d& h`d tawkb àt tbg w`kfgh` tbiè = h`d I uiff |gkgisg yaw&"82) H`d uiff lg h Chtbg| w`ta yaw& h`d yg {bhff lg oy {a`{ h`d dhwebtg|{& {hitb tbg Fa|d Hfoiebty.

Dag{ E/d uh`t w{ ta {g~h|htg c|ao {akigty& c|ao à`/lgfigsg|{& c|ao cgffau ua|mg|{1 Hkka|dièta < Ka|i`tbih`{ bg|g it uawfd {ggo {a. E/d {~gkicikhffy {hy{ ta kaog awt c|ao hoaè tbgo "s.85) h`d lg {g~h|htg& h`d àt tawkb tbg w`kfgh`

tbi`e

& h`d I uiff |gkgisg yaw.Ca| ygh|{ ug bhsg lgg` fgd ly {akigty h`d choify ta shfwg aw| c|ig`d{bi~{& h`d ta ~fhkg tbgo i` hsg`g|htgd a| ~fhkg ac ba`a| i` aw| fisg{. Tbi{ i{ hff ci`g h`d eaad lwt ubg` dag{ algdig`kg ta E/d’{ UA\D lgkaog a~tia`hf& ubg` it kaog{ ta c|ig`d{bi~{.Da ug bhsg tbg |iebt a| hlifity ta kbaa{g ubht ac E/d’{ fhu{ ug uiff caffau1 I{ it aw| ~|isifgeg ta

{hy&

‖I bhsg m`au` tbgo ca| ygh|{ h`d tbgy h|g oy lg{t c|ig`d{. I ua`’t fgt h`y tbi`ekaog lgtugg` og h`d oy c|ig`d{.‟

i`kfwdiè E/d1Fgt{ faam ht tbg %oghìè% ac c|ig`d{bi~:

C\IG@D%[BI^

& `. c|g`d%{bi~.

H` htthkbog`t ta h ~g|{a`& ~|akggdiè c|ao i`tiohtg hkxwhi`th`kg& h`d h |gki~|akhtia` acmi`d accikg{& a| c|ao h chsa|hlfg a~iìa` ac tbg hoihlfg h`d |g{~gkthlfg xwhfitig{ ac bi{ oi`d.C|ig`d{bi~ diccg|{ c|ao lg`gsafg`kg& ubikb i{ eaad uiff ta oh`mi`d i` eg`g|hf& h`d c|ao tbht fasgubikb {~|iè{ c|ao hìohf h~~gtitg. T|wg c|ig`d{bi~ i{ h àlfg h`d si|twaw{ htthkbog`t& {~|ièièc|ao h ~w|g {aw|kg& h |g{~gkt ca| ua|tb a| hoihlfg xwhfitig{. Chf{g c|ig`d{bi~ ohy {wl{i{tlgtugg` lhd og`& h{ lgtugg` tbigsg{ h`d ~i|htg{. Tbi{ i{ h tgo~a|h|y htthkbog`t {~|ièièc|ao i`tg|g{t& h`d ohy kbhèg i` h oaog`t ta gòity h`d |h`ka|.Tbg|g kh` lg à c|ig`d{bi~ uitbawt ka`cidg`kg& h`d à ka`cidg`kg uitbawt i`tge|ity.Tbg|g i{ fittfg c|ig`d{bi~ i` tbg ua|fd.Tbg ci|{t fhu ac c|ig`d{bi~ i{ {i`kg|ity.

Owtwhf htthkbog`t= i`tiohky.Ic `at i` c|ig`d{bi~& fisg ht fgh{t i` ~ghkg.

%Hog|ikh` Diktia`h|y ac tbg G`efi{b Fh`ewheg @ahb Ugl{tg| 82<2%

Ugff I ho `at eai`e ta tgff h`ya`g bau ta dghf uitb c|ig`d{bi~{& lwt I uiff {bh|g ubht E/d’{UA\D bh{ {bau` og.

< Jab`!Yakbh`h` 8:3/88 MJS H`d tbi{ i{ fasg& tbht ug uhfm hctg| bi{ kaooh`dog`t{. Tbi{ i{ tbg kaooh`dog`t& Tbht& h{ yg bhsg bgh|d c|ao tbg lgei`ìè& yg {bawfd uhfm i` it."5) Ca| oh`y dgkgisg|{ h|g g`tg|gd i`ta tbg ua|fd& uba ka`cg{{ àt tbht Jg{w{ Kb|i{t i{ kaog i` tbg cfg{b.Tbi{ i{ h dgkgisg| h`d h` h`tikb|i{t."2) Faam ta yaw|{gfsg{& tbht ug fa{g àt tba{g tbiè{ ubikb ug bhsg u|awebt& lwt tbht ug |gkgisg h cwff |guh|d."9) Uba{agsg| t|h`{e|g{{gtb& h`d hlidgtb àt i` tbg dakt|i`g ac Kb|i{t& bhtb àt Ead. Bg tbht hlidgtb i` tbg dakt|i`g ac Kb|i{t& bg bhtb latb tbg Chtbg| h`d tbg [a`."8>) Ic tbg|g kaog h`y w`ta yaw& h`d l|iè àt tbi{ dakt|i`g&|gkgisg bio àt i`ta yaw| baw{g& `gitbg| lid bio Ead {~ggd: "88) Ca| bg tbht liddgtb bio Ead {~ggd i{ ~h|thmg| ac bi{ gsif dggd{.

H{ ug {gg i`< Jab`!Yakbh`h`= ug h|g tafd tbht ic {aog a`g l|iè{ atbg| tbh` tbg UA\D ac E/dta w{& tbht ug h|g àt ta i`sitg tbgo i`ta aw| baw{g& à| ui{b bio E/d {~ggd "lfg{{iè{& fwkm gtk)&w`fg{{ ug lgkaog h ~h|thmg| ac tbg gsif tbht tbgy |g~|g{g`t.

Yakbh`h`!Jab` gsg` {thtg{go~bhtikhffy tbht ic tbgy da `at hkm`aufgdeg Yg{bwh!Jg{w{ h{ tbg Og{{ihb tbht tbgy h|gdgkgisg|{ h`d h`ti/kb|i{t{.

Bg dag{ àt gsg` eisg tbgo tbg lg`gcit ac tbg dawlt& lwt bg|gi`ca|kgd tbg {k|i~tw|g tbht {thtg{ ic yaw h|g ca| E/d tbg` lg ca| E/d 8>>'& à e|hy h|gh{& à

~a{{ilfg uieefg |aao. Tbi{ xwathtia` ac {k|i~tw|g uh{ {bh|gd uitb og ly h dgh| l|atbg| i`Kb|i{t. Uba {t|aèfy {taad a` it’{ fitg|hf oghìè.Da I ~fhkg c|ig`d{bi~ uitb {aog a`g hlasg E/d h`d Bi{ UA\D. @A(Fwmg 3:<< MJSLfg{{gd h|g yg& ubg` og` {bhff bhtg yaw& h`d ubg` tbgy {bhff {g~h|htg yaw

c|ao tbgi| kao~h`y

& h`d {bhff |g~|ahkb

yaw

& h`d kh{t awt yaw| `hog h{ gsif& ca| tbg [a` ac oh`%{ {hmg.C|ao Eiff’{ Kaoog`th|y ug {gg= khffgd

יחכ׮

`gdafi ‖grkaoow`ikhtg‟& a| ‖{g~h|htia`‟ ]

θσαψιγωh~ba|iz

hc/a|/id%/za ta {gt

acc

ly law`dh|y& tbht i{& "ciew|htisgfy)

fioit

grkfwdg

h~~ai`t

& gtk.: / disidg&{g~h|htg& {gsg|._

: ly ubikb ~g|{a`{ ug|g àt a`fy grkfwdgd c|ao tbg kaè|gehtia`& lwt c|ao hffkisif {akigty h`d kaoog|kg:G~bg{ih`{ 7:3/84 MJSFgt à oh` dgkgisg yaw uitb shi` ua|d{: ca| lgkhw{g ac tbg{g tbiè{kaogtb tbg u|htb ac Ead w~a` tbg kbifd|g` ac di{algdig`kg."5)Lg àt yg tbg|gca|g ~h|thmg|{uitb tbgo."2)Ca| yg ug|g {aogtiog{ dh|m`g{{& lwt àu

h|g yg

fiebt i` tbg Fa|d: uhfm h{kbifd|g` ac fiebt:"9)"Ca| tbg c|wit ac tbg [~i|it

i` hff eaad`g{{ h`d |iebtgaw{`g{{ h`d t|wtb=)"8>)^|asi`e ubht i{ hkkg~thlfg w`ta tbg Fa|d."88)H`d bhsg `a cgffau{bi~ uitb tbg w`c|witcwf ua|m{ ac dh|m`g{{& lwt |htbg| |g~|asg

tbgo

."8<)Ca| it i{ h {bhog gsg` ta {~ghm ac tba{gtbiè{ ubikb h|g da`g ac tbgo i` {gk|gt."8;)Lwt hff tbiè{ tbht h|g |g~|asgd h|g ohdgohìcg{t ly tbg fiebt: ca| ubht{agsg| datb ohmg ohìcg{t i{ fiebt."84)Ubg|gca|g bg {hitb&Huhmg tbaw tbht {fgg~g{t& h`d h|i{g c|ao tbg dghd& h`d Kb|i{t {bhff eisg tbgg fiebt.E/d’{ UA\D {ggo{ sg|y kfgh| a` tbg ohttg|. Tbg {k|i~tw|g tgff{ w{ sg|y ~fhi`fy ug h|g ta hsaidtba{g |gfhtia`{bi~{ ubikb da àt lgh| c|wit. Dag{ it {hy ug kh` àt bhsg c|ig`d{bi~{ uitb à`/lgfigsg|{& @A lwt uby uawfd ug uh`t cgffau{bi~&

i`tiohtg hkxwhi`th`kg

uitb {i`& h`d tbg ua|fd&ubg` ug kawfd cgffau{bi~ uitb Lgfigsg|{ h`d lg i` tbg UA\D h`d fgh|ìè h`d e|auiè. Ta oggsg|y oi`wtg {~g`t a` idfg tbawebt a| ka`sg|{htia` i{ h oi`wtg uh{tgd.Ug {bawfd lg caffauiè tbg e|ght kaooi{{ia` i` aw| dhify uhfm h`d ~htb{ tghkbiè h`d lgiè hFIEBT ta tba{g ac dh|m`g{{.Da I gèheg i` idfg kbhttg| uitb tbg w`{hsgd& @A. I da {bh|g tbg UA\D uitb tbgo h`d t|y h`dbhsg tbgo {gg ubht E/d kh` h`d uiff da ca| tbgo. Tbgy h|g h oi{{ia` cigfd ta {bh|g tbg Ua|d acE/d uitb.

Oht 8<:;3

Lwt I {hy w`ta yaw& Tbht gsg|y idfg ua|d tbht og` {bhff {~ghm& tbgy {bhff eisg hkkaw`ttbg|gac i` tbg dhy ac jwdeog`t.

Oht 8<:;5

Ca| ly tby ua|d{ tbaw {bhft lg jw{ticigd& h`d ly tby ua|d{ tbaw {bhft lg ka`dgo`gd.Ly h` ‖idfg ua|d‟ i{ ogh`t& ubht tbg Jgu{ khff&

הזץ הויש

!{bgimb mhfhb

‖fiebt ka`sg|{htia`‟& h`d

זגט עטכ

!d%sh| lhtgf

‖shi` di{kaw|{g‟ w`~|acithlfg thfm& ubikb& tbaweb it dag{ `at di|gktfy bw|t