01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

: 1850-1923

17
31
45

:

;

53
57
61

67

: ,

:



:
1860

73
74
78
80
83
87
92

95
96
102
107

115
116

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

10

121
128
134

H
,


,

137
139
143
148
155
163
168

AO :

,
,

171
172
183
192
205

[...]
[...]
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;

, 1914-1923

208
210
213
216

223

: ,
1914-1917

10

229
231
234

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

11

240
247

:
1917:
:

254
255
259
263
270

:
, 1917-1923

273
275
278
284

, 1918-1923:
:
: ,

292
292
298
303

K
;

307
308
311
316

319
319
323
329
334
338

11

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

12

, :
;


,
:

343
344
346
351
357
364
367

:
:

:
:

12

370
374
377
383
i
i
ix
xvii
xxii

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

13

: 1923-2000

435

443

449
450
454
458
462

, 1923-1928

;

468
469
474
477
480

: ,
1930-1938

485
487
495
500
506
13

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

14

:
, 1939-1947

:
: ,
:

510
511
518
524
530
535

: ,
, 1945-1956

( )

542
545
549
554
560
564
567
574
583

1956
H 20

586
587
591
594

597

1968:

14

602
603
606
614
615
620

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

15

:

;

625
630
635

638
639
645
652
657
661

;

,





;

665
666
670
674
677
680
685
688
693

, :

, 1968-1980:
: AP
:

696
697
700
713
722

,
1989

731
734
742

15

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

16

: 1989

751
756
761
768

:

;
:

771
774
775
778
781
786

: ;

16

790
792
798
806
809
819
822
832
836
841
889
985
985
993
1001
1006

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

17

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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, . Green New Deal Group, A Green New Deal.
Joined-up Policies to Solve the Triple Crunch of the Credit Crisis, Climate Change and High Oil Prices,
New Economics Foundation, 2008. ,
, ,
.
3. Geoff Eley, Socialists and the tasks of democracy: a response to Colin Barker, 4
2005 International Socialism. A Quarterly Journal of Socialist Theory
( http://www.isj.org.uk/?id=86 ).

19

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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5. , , James K. Galbraith, Maastricht 2042 and the Fate of Europe.

Toward Convergence and Full Employment, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2007.
6. . Norberto Bobbio, , . . , . , , 1995.

21

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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7. Eric J. Hobsbawm, From social history to the history of society, Daedalus, . 100
[1971], Historical Studies Today, . 20-45.
8. Geoff Eley, A Crooked Line: From Cultural History to the History of Society, University of Michigan
Press, 2005, . 10-11. Geoff Eley Keith Nield, Farewell to the working class?, International Labor and Working-Class
History, . 57 (2000), . 1-30.
9. G. Eley K. Nield, Farewell to the working class?, .., . 14.

23

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

24

,
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10. Geoff Eley, Reshaping the German Right. Radical Nationalism and Political Change After
Bismarck, Yale University Press, / 1980 Geoff Eley David Blackbourn, The
Peculiarities of German History, Oxford University Press, 1984 Geoff Eley, From Unification to
Nazism: Reinterpreting the German Past, Routledge, 1986
20 : Geoff Eley,
Society, Culture, and the State in Germany, 1870-1930, University of Michigan Press, 1996
Geoff Eley, The Goldhagen Effect. History, Memory, Nazism: Facing the German Past, University of
Michigan Press, 2000 Geoff Eley, James Retallack, Wilhelminism and its Legacies: German
Modernities, Imperialism, and the Meanings of Reform, 1890-1930, Berghahn Books, 2003.
11. G. Eley, Reshaping the German Right, .., . xv.

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

25

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12. : . Robert Paxton, ,

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13. , (E.P.
Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, Pelican, 1967)
.

25

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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26

14. . , , , : , ,
. 22 (1995), . 173-204.
15. Geoff Eley Keith Nield, Starting over: the present, the post-modern and the moment of social
history, Social History, . 20 (1995), . 355-364 G. Eley K. Nield, Farewell to the working class?,
.., . 1-30.
16. , : Geoff Eley Keith Nield, The Future of Class in History: Whats
Left of the Social?, University of Michigan Press, 2007, . 6.
17. , . 17.

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

27

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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28

18. G. Eley K. Nield, The Future of Class in History: Whats Left of the Social?, .., . 17.
19. G. Eley K. Nield, Farewell to the working class?, .., . 18.

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

29

, ,
,
, , , .
.

29

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

30

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

31

1970
1990 .
1989 . , .
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. ,
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.

31

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

32

32

1980, , ,
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1980 1990, .
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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

33

.
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20 . ,
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33

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

34

34

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.
.
. . . .
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. (William Morris) A Dream of John
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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

35

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

36

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

37

. , 20 ,
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.
,
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, . 1990,
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.
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. . ,
.

Richard Hudson , o Horace H. Rackham
,
. 1992
. Jeanette Diuble,
, , ,
Lorna Altstetter,
Connie Hamlin Dawn Kapalla.
,
Thomas Le Bien .

37

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

38

38

. , Susan Ferber
. .
, . , .
,
. , ,
1979
. , Roman Szporluk,
. ,
Bill Rosenberg,
,
. Terry McDonald , 1980.

. Bill Sewell
1980, , Sonya
Rose 1990. Peggy Somers . .
Mike Kennedy Kim Scheppele. Andy Markovits .
,
. ,
, 1987
(Program on the Comparative Study of Social Transformations CSST).
. ,

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

39

: Julia Adams, Paul Anderson, Sara Blair, Charlie Bright, Jane Burbank,
David W. Cohen, Fred Cooper, Fernando Coronil, Val Daniel, Nick Dirks, Susan
Douglas, Jonathan Freedman, Kevin Gaines, Janet Hart, Gabrielle Hecht, Julia Hell,
June Howard, Nancy Hunt, Webb Keane, Alaina Lemon, Marjorie Levinson,
Rudolph Mrazek, Sherry Ortner, Adela Pinch, Helmut Puff, Roger Rouse, David
Scobey, Julius Scott, Rebecca Scott, Julie Skurski, Scott Spector, George Steinmetz,
Penny Von Eschen Ernie Young.
Kathleen Cunning 1980 . . ,

. , . Kali
Israel. ,
. ,
, .

,
, . ,
: Richard Bodek, Shiva Balaghi, Monica Burguera,
Becky Conekin, Belinda Davis, Todd Ettelson, Anne Gorsuch, Young-Sun Hong,
Rainer Horn, Jennifer Jenkins, Mia Lee, Cristin McGuire, Orlando Martinez, David
Mayfield, Amy Nelson, Mary OReilly, Kathy Pence, Alice Ritscherle, Chris
Schmid-Nowara, Steve Soper, Julie Srubbs, Dennis Sweeney Elizabeth Wood.
.
. ,
1970 .
.

39

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

40

40

: Jane
Kaplan, David Crew, Gareth Stedman Jones, Paul Mc Hugh, Stuart McIntyre, Susan
Pennybacker Eve Rosenhaft.
,
. ,
Ida Blom, Friedhelm Boll, Nancy Fraser, Dagmar Herzog, John-Paul Himka,
Alf Lurdke, Jitka Maleckova, Mica Nava, Frank Mort, Moishe Postone, Claudia
Ritter, Adelheid von Saldern, Michael Schneider, Bill Schwarz, Lewis Siegelbaum,
Carolyn Steedman, Michael Warner Eli Zaretsky.

:
1990
(1993)
Edward Tompson (1994)

(1994) 20 (1995)
(1995)
20 (1997)
(1998)
(2000). (1993) SUNYStony Brook (1994), (1994),
(1995), (1996), (1999),
(1999) New School University (2000), .
,
, Helmut
Gruber 1994,
Women and Socialism / Socialism and Women: Europe between the Wars,
. Helmut Gruber Pamela Graves (Berghahn Books, 1995).

,

, .

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

41

, , ,
, . , , . ,
,
. ,
, , . ,
.
, . ,
.
, Eleanor Anasar .
,
,
, .
Karl Diane Pohrt . , .

1960.
. , . ,
Nancy Bogan, Katherine Burnett, Paul Edwards, Eric Firstenberg, Jeff Jordan,
Sharon Lieberman, Vic Lieberman, Helga Lurdtke, Armena Marderosian, Brady
Mikusko, Bob Moustakas, Debbie Orlowski, Irene Patalan, Hubert Rast, Eli
Rosenberg, Laura Sanders, Mike Schippani Denise Thal.
Ron Suny
. ,
, , ,
,

41

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

42

42

, ,
.
1980
, .
,
. . Keith Neild
. , 1979
, .
,
. 1990 .
,
.
,
. Atina Grossman , 1920
.
.
.
, Lauren Berlant , ,
, .
1920 , 1968 .
. Bob Moeller . 1950 . , -

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

43

,
. .

.
. Gina Morantz-Sanchez, .
. , . . , . . . , .
,
. , .

43

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

44

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

45

K A T A O O N

/ Solidarnosc
()

.. / U
/ European Union

/ European Economic
/ C
Community

()
/ Deutsche Demokratische
/ GDR
Republik

/ OEEC
/
Organization for European Economic Cooperation
/
/ OECD
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

ANPI
APO
ATP

Associazione Nazionale Partigiani dItalia /

Auerparlamentarische Opposition /
( )
Arbejdsmarkedets Tillgspension () Tillggspension
() / SAP

45

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

46

Antifasisticko V(ij)ece Narodnog Oslobodenja Jugoslavije /

BCP
Bulgarian Communist Party /
Brigatte Rosse ()
BSP
Bulgarian Socialist Party /
BSP
British Socialist Party /
BT
Bourses du travail / ()
Bund


BWSDP
Bulgarian Workers Social Democratic Party /

Comit franais de libration nationale /
CFLN

Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro /
CGIL

Confederazione Generale del Lavoro /
CGL
()
CGT
Confdration gnrale du travail /
()
CIS
Commonwealth of Independent States /

CLN
Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale /
()
CLPD
Campaign for Labour Party Democracy /
( )
CND
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament /

CNR
Conseil national de la rsistance /
()
CNT
Confederacin Nacional del Trabajo /
()
CPGB
Communist Party of Great Britain /

Ceskoslovensk
socilne demokratick strana delnick /
CSDSD

AVNOJ

46

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

47

CSSD
DA
DAC
DC
DiY
DMV
DNA
EETPU

END
ERP
FAI
FDP
FGDS
FIOM
FPO
FPTSF
FVDG
GLC
GLF
GMB
HAZ
HSP

Cesk
strana socilne demokratick /

Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening /
Direct Action Committee / (
)
Democrazia Cristiana /
Do-It-Yourself /
Deutscher Metallarbeiter-Verband /

Det norske arbeiderparti /

Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications, and Plumbing Union /
, ,
( )
European Nuclear Disarmament /

European Recovery Program /

Federacin Anarquista Ibrica /

Freie Demokratische Partei /
()
Fdration de la gauche dmocratique et socialiste /
()
Federazione Impiegati Operai Metallurgici /
()
Fareinikte Partisaner Organizatzie /
()
Fdration du parti des travailleurs socialistes de France /

Freie Vereinigung Deutscher Gewerkschaften /
()
Greater London Council /
Gay Liberation Front /
General and Municipal Workers /
( )
Housing Action Zone Manor /
Hungarian Socialist Party /

47

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

48

IAH
ILP
IMF
SB
ISC
IWSA
JCR
JSDS
KAPD
KOR
KPD
KPJ

KSC
LCC
LCS
LCY
LO
LSDWP

48

LSE

Internationale Arbeiter-Hilfe /
()
Independent Labour Party /
( )
International Monetary Fund /
International Socialist Bureau /
International Socialist Committee /

International Woman Suffrage Alliance /

Jeunesse communiste rvolutionnaire /
()
Jugoslovanska social demokratska stranka /

Kommunistische Arbeiter-Partei Deutschlands /

Komitet Obrony Robotnikw /
()
Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands /

Komunistic ka partija Jugoslavije /

Komunistick strana Ceskoslovenska

/

Labour Coordinating Committee /

League of Communists of Slovenia /

League of Communists of Yugoslavia /

Landsorganisationen i Danmark /

Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party (Latvijas
Socialdemokratiska Stradnieku Partija LSSP) /

London School of Economics /

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

49

LSI
MRP
MSzMP
MSZP
NAC
NALGO
NOW
NSF
NUM
NUPE
NUSEC

NUWSS

OS
OSE
P-2
PCE
PCF
PCI
PDL
PDS

Labour and Socialist International /

Mouvement rpublicain populaire /

()
Magyar Szocialista Munksprt /

Magyar Szocialista Prt /

National Abortion Campaign /

National Association of Local Government Officers /

National Organization for Women /
()
National Salvation Front /
()
National Union of Mineworkers /
( )
National Union of Public Employees /
( )
National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship /

( )
National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies /

( )
Organisation Spciale / ()
Observatorio de la Sostenibilidad en Espaa /

Propaganda Due / ()
Partido Comunista de Espaa /
Parti communiste franais /
Partito Comunista Italiano /
Party of Democratic Left /

Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus /

()

49

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

50

PDS
PLA
POB
POUM
PPR
PPS
PPSD
PS
PSDI
PSDR
PSI
PSIUP
PSOE
PSP
PSR
PSU
PSUC
PZPR
RAF
RC
RCP
RSDRP

50

RTS

Partito Democratico della Sinistra /

()
Party of Labour of Albania (Partia e Puns e Shqipris PPSh) /

Parti Ouvrier Belge /
Partido Obrero de Unificacin Marxista /
()
Polska Partia Robotnicza /
Polska Partia Socjalistyczna /
()
Polska Partia Socjalno-Demokratyczna Galicji /

Parti socialiste / ()
Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano /

Partidul Social Democrat Romn /

Partito Socialista Italiano /

Partito Socialista Italiano di Unit Proletaria /

Partido Socialista Obrero Espaol /

Partido Socialista Portugus /
Partidul Socialist Romn /
Parti socialiste unifi / ()
Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya /

Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza /

Rote Armee Fraktion / ()

Rifondazione comunista / ()
Romanian Communist Party (Partidul Comunist Romn PCR /

Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party /

Reclaim The Streets / T

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

51

SAP
SDAP
SDF
SDF
SDI
SDKPiL

SDP
SDP
SDPC
SDPR

SDS
SDSS
SED
SFIO
SNR
SPA
SPD
SP

Sveriges Socialdemokratiska Arbetareparti /

Sociaal Democratische Arbeiders Partij /

Social Democratic Federation /


Strategic Defense Initiative /
()
Socjaldemokracja Krlestwa Polskiego i Litwy /

()
Social Democratic Party /
( )
Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue /

Social Democratic Party of Croatia (Socijaldemokratska Partija
Hrvatske SPH) /
Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (Socjaldemokracja
Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej SdRP) /

Sozialistische Deutsche Studentenbund /

Socilnodemokratick strana Slovenska /

Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschland /
()
Section franaise de linternationale ouvrire /

Slovensk nrodn rada /
Socialist Party of Albania (Partia Socialiste e Shqipris PSS) /

Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands /

Sozialdemokratische Partei sterreichs /

51

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

52

SPS
SR
SSDP
SSP
TAZ
TGWU
UDF
UDI
UGT
UJC-ml
USDP
USDRP
USI
USPD
WAVAW
WIRES

WSPU
WTB
YCLs
ZAG
52

Sozialdemokratische Partei Schweiz /

Socialist Revolutionaries /
Serbian Social Democratic Party /

Slovakian Social Democratic Party /

Tageszeitung ( )
Transport and General Workers Union /
( )
Union of Democratic Forces /
()
Unione Donne Italiane /
Unin General de Trabajadores /
()
Union des jeunesses communistes, marxistes-lninistes /
, - ()
Ukrayinska Sotsial-Demokratychna Partiya /
( )
Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers Party /
()
Unione Sindacale Italiana /
Unabhngige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands /
()
Women Against Violence Against Women /
()
Womens Information, Referral, and Enquiry Service /
,
( )
Womens Social and Political Union /
( )
Woytinsky-Tarnow-Baade / --
()
Young Communist Leagues /
Zentralarbeitsgemeinschaft /

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

53

, , -

.
.
. 1945, ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
; , : , , ,
, , ,
, . , 19 , 1914:
(1893), (1903), (1906) (1913). , ,
, .1* 1918
, ,
, 1945.
. 1918 1945.2

* . 383.

53

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

54

54

. , . , ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
.
.


.
,
, .

, , ,
, , .3 ,

.
, .
20
.
,
. :

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

55

. , , ,
, ,
.

. , . ,
.
.
, 18 , .
, ,
: 1776-1815, 1859-71, 1914-23, 1943-49 1989-92.
1860. ,
1905-14. , 1914-23 , - .
1860

, ,
, A
. , , 1860, .
. ,
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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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22-11-2010

12:26

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22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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69

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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, ,
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71

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

72

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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22-11-2010

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22-11-2010

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22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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, , 19 .

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de Saint-Simon), - (Franois-Charles Fourier) (Robert Owen)
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87

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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89

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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91

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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96

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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97

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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101

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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,
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103

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

104

104

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

105

,
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,

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105

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

106

106

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, .12

.

.
, 1830 1840. , . 1869-70 , 1872 .
, , ,
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1868

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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1871.
. ,


.

- (AntiDhring) 1877-78 , 1895,

, , .13
.
,
. :
2 1885 3 1894, 4 (Karl Kautsky) 1905-10.14
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,
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, . ,
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107

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

108

108

,
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(August Bebel) (Wilhelm Liebknecht),
1880
(Eduard Bernstein),
1880 . Neue Zeit 1883.
, 1887
, .18
,
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, (Victor Adler),
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, .
,
, .19
, . SPD 1875,
.
,
, , . , .
. 1867, 1875

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

109

1872.
1871 1873,
. , ,
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,
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,
, , , ,
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,
,
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, ,
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. SPD, , .
, 1906 , .
, . , 240 , 1906-14,
1.287, ,

109

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

110

110

.
,
. 4,3%
, 4,4% ,
, .
63,1% , 9,8% 5% .21 , , .

. ,
300 1885-95,
.22 M . :
,
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:
.
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SPD
. 1913 94 ,
, 1.500.000 ,
1890.
. , 1906, 3% 48.352 SPD ,
Vorwrts ,
. , ,
, .
. , , ,
.23

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

111

. , SPD ,
,
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. , , .
, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
. 1914, .
1914
.
1860
,
. , SPD ,
,
.
. SPD , . .
. , .

111

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

112

112

,
.
, .
, , ,
.
. , .
,
.
, : , .25
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.
, . - ,
(Ludwig Bchner) (Ernst
Haeckel), .
. Neue Zeit,
. .
SPD . :

. ,

.26 ,

(Enrico Ferri), vanti! (!).27 (Benito Mussolini) -

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

113

1910,
19 .28
. ,
. ,
(Ferdinand Lassalle) , (Giuseppe
Mazzini) , ,
(Thomas Carlyle) (John Ruskin),
,
. 1900
(Henry George),
,
(Edward Bellamy)
.
, ,
.29 ,

,
.
. -
.30
, SPD, .

, , , , 1900. ,
,
.31

,

113

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

114

.32

, .
,
.
,
.

114

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

115

1780 1850 ,

. ,
-. ,
1830
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1848,
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.
. , , , , . .
,
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,
, , .
, -

115

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

116

.
.
,
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116

1914. , .
,
, , . , , , ,
, , , . .

.
, .
, ,
,
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,
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, , :
1990. -

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

117

. ,

.

.
, ;
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20 ,
; ;
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. , ,
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, , , .
, , .
.
, , .
,

.
,

1500 1800.

117

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

118

118

. ,

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, .
.
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. ,
.
,

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

119

,
. . .
1914,
. 1875 1914 , . ,
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, ,

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: ,
, . , . , ,
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,
,
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.
, .
.
. ,
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119

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

120

120

.
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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

121

,
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. 1820,
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19 .

121

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

122

122

, . 1830,
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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

123

. ,
, ,

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.
, ,
1830 1840, 1848 .
, . 1914,
,
.
. 1830-34,
(
ancien rgime)
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, , , .8
, ,
. (John Gast)
, (Gravener Henson) (John Doherty)

123

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

124

124

( )
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1820 , ,
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.11
, , , , , , . , .

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

125

,
, . 1837-38 .12
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,

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,
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.
, , , . ,
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, . , ,
,
. . , , . , .
, ,
, .14 .

125

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

126

126

,
.15
.
1830.
,

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-
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,
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. 1850, , .
.
,
1914,
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19 ,
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. ,

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

127

. , . ,
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127

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

128

, . ,

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,
1860 ,
. 1868-74, .
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128

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. 1861 1910,
, 17 ,
, 16
72.
. , , (1895-

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

129

1910) 6.000 103.000, , .20

: ,
,
. ,
,

, , . ,
, , , ,
,
.21 , ,
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, , . 1895,

. , , SPD
, .
1918-19.
, ,
, ,
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.22
,

1914.23 ,
, -

129

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

130

130

, , .


;
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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

131

.24
, .
.
. ,
. ,
, .
,
. 1890,
, ,
,
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.
,
,
, , .
.

.25 , ,
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:
, , , .26

131

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

132

132

,
.
:
.
. , , , . ,
, .27
1900 ,
.28 , 80% , .

,
, ,
, ,
. , , , , ,
,

, .29
, , ,
, , , , - 30.

, ,
, ,
, , , -

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

133

1890, 1903 ,
.31 ,

, ,
SPD. ,
. , 1898-1900, , , . , , , .32
,
.
, ,
. 1918, , , ,
. , ,
,
20 .
(1914-45),
, , , , .
, , .33

133

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

134

,
. 1918, ,
,
. 1918-21,
. , , ,
, .
, 1918,
, ,
.
,
. . ,
,

. 1918, , (,
, ),
.
1920, 200.000
, 1933 155.000 ( 40% ).34

. -

134

, ,
,

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

135

. , . ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
. .
,
. 1900, , .
. . ,
,
,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
.
. , ,

, .
,

, .

135

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

136

, ,

. , , , , , , . ,

.

136

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

137

.
, , -
, . , ,
. 1867-71, . , .
,
.
1860 . . , , SPD
1863.1 , ,
, , 1900. 1914, , .
, , , (. 4.1, . 138). ,
1889, .2
137

1860 YHPE

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

138

4.1. , 1871-1905
1871
1875
1876
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1885
1887
1888
1889
1891
1892
1893

1894
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1903
1904
1905
138

(PSP)
(SPD)
(SDF)
(C SDSD)
(PSOE)
(MSZP)
(FPTSF)
(SDAP)

(SDF)

(POB)
(DNA)

(SPS)
(SP)
(SAP)
(BWSDP)
(SSDP)
(PSI)
() (PPS)

() (SDKPiL)
(PSR)
(SDPC)
(JSDS)
(PPSD)
(Bund)
(RSDRP)
( ) (USDP)
(LP)
(SDP)
(LSDWP)
(USDRP)
(SSP)

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

139

.
.
, . 1849-60, . ,
, 1870,
.
. ,
, . ,
,
.

, . (
), . , , . . 1915 , , . , , . ,
,
. ,
,

. , -

139

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

140

140

.

. , ,
, 1900, , . ,
1860
.
, (PSI) .
, 1890
. . 1914,
.
,
1830, 1848 1871.
, centro, camere del
lavoro bourses du travail. , , , . ,
,
. ,
. ,
, 1860 1870.
,
-

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

141

, , . , , , . .

. , . , ,
1914. , 1880, , , .3
1900, , .
,
. ,
1906 1910, .4
,
. , 1914 :
,
,
, , , ,
.
:

1892.
1890

141

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

142

E 1905. , . ,

,
. , . , . , : (. 4.2).

4.2. 1914
/

(%)

(SDP)
(SAP)
(SPD)
(CSDSD)
(SDF)
(DNA)
(SP)
(PSI)
(POB)
(BWSDP)
(SPS)
(SDAP)
(SFIO)
(LP)

142

1903
1889
1875
1878
1876
1887
1889
1892
1885
1891
1888
1881
1880
1900

43,1 (1913)
36,5 (. 1914)
34,8 (1912)
32,2 (1911)
29,6 (1913)
26,3 (1912)
25,4 (1911)
22,8 (1913)
22,5 (1900)
20,02 (1913)
20,0 (1913)
18,6 (1913)
16,8 (1914)
7,0 (. 1910)

85.027
133.388
1.085.905
243.000
57.115
53.866
89.628
47.098

(1906)
(1907)
(1914)
(1913)
(1914)
(1914)
(1913)
(1901)

6.168
29.730
25.708
93.218

(1912)
(1913)
(1913)
(1914)

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

143

1867-71 1914, . , ,
, 1911-13,
1909, E 1905. 1860 .
,
,
(1884), (1893), (1907) (1912),
(1898), (1901),
(1905) (1907).
. . .
1860 ,
.
1905, ,
,
.
1917-23. , , , . , , ,
,
.
, (1978-90),
.

143

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

144

144

, SPD
.
: .
. ,

, , anciens rgimes , . , ,
. , , . ,
.
, , , . , 1860
, , (1867 1884)
.

. ,
, ,
1918 .
, ,
1860.
.
1867-71 -

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

145

. ,
.
.
1890,
, .
,
Venstre, .

1898.
Venstre
. 1890,

.

(1905), (1901),
1907.5 ,
, . ,

,
( 1886, 1893, 1899, 1902 1913)
. 1902, ,
.6
. , ,
, .
. .

145

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

146

146

, , ,
, .
, 1912,
, .
, , , ,
, , SPD .
,
, ,
,
.7 SPD (1875) (1891),
.
,
. , ,
. 1890 , . , .
, , ,
. 1899,
(LO)
(DA), ,
. , . , ,

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

147

.

,
. , ,
. ,
1914,
20 .8
. ,

,
20.000 .
,
. 1870,
,
.9 1884, ,
(1892),
(1898)
(Alexandre Millerand) (1900).
,
.
, ,
.
,
: ,

, .
.
, ,

147

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

148

. ,

,
1930 1970. . ,
,
, , , ,
. ,

.

148

. ,
, , , (.
4.3, . 149).

. ,
674.000 1887. 139 95 .
. , ,
1860 ,
,
, . 1914,
, , . ,

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

149

1913 25% 20% 15-16% , 10-11%

, .10
4.3.

(LP)
(1900)
(PSOE)
1879
(SPD)
1875
(MSZP)
1880
1889
(SP)

(CSDSD) 1878
(POB)
1885
1876
(SDF)
(SAP)
1889
1887
(DNA)
(BWSDP) 1891
(SDAP)
1881
1892
(PSI)

1868
1888
1891
1891
1893

1897
1898
1898
1898
1899
1904
1906
1906

E I

, ,
. 1914. ,
19 . ,
,
1890. ,
, 1890, , , , ,
. ,
, , , .

149

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

150

150

,
.
,
,
. 1890, , , , , ,
, ,
. , , , .
,
.
.
, (1858), (1862), (1864),
(1865), (1866),
(1868), (1872), (1882) (1883).11

1860, , ,
, , , ,
, 1870, . 1890,
, ,
,
1897.12
, ,
, .

1860, , .

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

151

1848-75.

. ,
, , . ,
1889. , .13
: ,
,
,
,


, , .14 . ,
( 1891
1893). ( 1912 ), , .15 .
,

, .16
1899-92,
, .
1885, 1963 ( ),
1880-1914: , -

151

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

152

152

,
(1888-89), (1891),
(1889) (1900).17
:
, , , .
,
20 .
, ,
, 1903

. ,
,
, ,
, . , ,
.
. Federterra (
1901) ,
: 1913 469.000
503.000 .18
,
(Confdration gnrale du travail CGT, 1895)
(Confederazione Generale del Lavoro CGL, 1906), . Federterra (Federazione Impiegati Operai Metallurgici FIOM), 1901, . -

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

153

,
bourses du travail camere del lavoro . , , camere. , CGT : ,
CGT bourses. ,
,
.19
,
CNT E (UGT).
, .

, , , , . , .
,
, : 1878,
. , 27 ( 8.000 ), (5.696), (5.500), (260), (100) (35). ,
: , ,
. .20
, , .
1898-1914, 57 46,
215.000 2,5 . -

153

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

154

154

. ,
: 1914, ,
1892, , , ,
, , . , . 1895, 45% , (FVDG),
. , 1907-08, FVDG .21 1914, ( , , ,
, )
.
. 1895,
1889 ,
. , . , ,
.22 , ,
,
(TGWU). ,
.
.
, . 1860,

. ,
. -

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

155

.
,
SPD . 1890 , . ,
.23
, .

.
,
. ,
,

. SPD,
, ,
.
,
. ,
. ,

.

.
1868-73,

155

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

156

156

, .
1895-96 . , , 1904-07,
, ,
,
,
, .
, ,
, .
. 1873-96 , ,
,
.

, ,

,
, .
. , ,
. ,
,
.
, .
. 1913, 3,4 , 3,8 900.000
1880.24
, , ,
. , 1911-13
1,5 ( 66% ),

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

157

, , , ,
.25
,
,
.
, , , , , .
, .26 ,
,
, ,

. :
.
.
, , . ,
.
, , ,
.
. , ,
. , . ,
1896. (1899) (1905)
(1909).
[ (1892) (1900)]

157

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

158

158

[ (1902), (1905)].
. 1901-04,
40
. , 1880 ,

.27 .

. , : 1889 ,
, 1911

.28 ,
1904-07.
. ,

1905. , .
, .
.
.
.
,
.
. ,
. . , , ,
,

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

159

,

. ,
.
, . 1889, 1905
1912
.
: 80% 60% . , .
, , 1889 1914.
,
,
.29
,
, . , . (Otto
Hu), 1890,
, 18991903,
1889.
. , (1894)
(1902) SPD.30 , . , , ,
. .
. . 1889 1905 -

159

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

160

160

SPD , 1912 , ,
. . ,
. ,
SPD 29,4% ,
1913 15,8%.
.

.
,
,
.


.
,
1913-24.
, ,
1860. 1900 , , .
.
, .31 , ,
. 1900,

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

161

: 1850
, 1908 .
, . ,

,
. ,

.

.
1895, ,
, .
1908-09, . -, (Gottlieb Hammesfahr),
1899 1905,
.
, , (DMV), 1900 .32 , , , , ,
,
. . ,
:
, DMV .33 1905, .
, DMV , , , , ,
.34

161

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

162

162

,
.35
.
.
DMV, ,
. :
.36 , ,
, .37
.
DV, , :
, . ,
,
.38
SPD
,
1914.39
,
, , , -,
, .
, ,
,
, DMV ,
, . , -

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

163

.
, ,
.

1890,
. , ,

, . 1905. ,
1860 ,
.
1895-96 .
.
, . .
1914, 25%
, , , , ,
.
1903,
1905, ,
37% 1907. 16.610 82.328 1904 1907,
3.000.000 .40 1898 1906, .
133.388
(1907) 5,5 .
427 , -

163

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

164

164

. , , ,
. 1892.41
1914 , SPD
.42 1905, , . 1910, 16
397 .
384.000 1.000.000
1906-14. 1898, SPD 27,2% , 1912 (110 397 ).
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
, , ,
. ,

. 1914 120 692.000 .43

, . 1860
, , , , .
, 1860,

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

165

. , ,
,
1910-20.
1890-1914
. ,
, , 1907-14. .44

,
.
, .
.
,
, ,
, .
, , .
.
,
, .
.45
, . , ,

165

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

166

166

,
. . ,
.
, , , .
, ,
.
.46

.
, ,
.
, 1904-07,
1917-21 ,
. ,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.

, , .
, -

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

167

,
.
. 1905
1919,
SPD .
,

:
[
] .47
,
,

. , , . , , ,
.
. 1908, SPD ,
, 190
30.000 .
40 ,
. E ,
.
, , : , ,
. , , , . SPD
, -

167

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

168

. , 1918 ,

, , , , .48
. ,
,
,
.
, 1904-07 1900 1901. :



, . .
,
, . ,
, , .
.

, 1914

168

.
1/3 1/4 ,


.
,

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

169

. ,
,
. , ,
, 1880

1890, . . 1913,
(SDAP)
.


. ,

, ,
1860.
, .
1890, , , .
, .

. , ,
,
. ,
, , ,
. .

169

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

170

. , . .
, , , , , , , .

, , .


. , ,
1914. ,

.
1900 ,
,
. 1914
.
, .

170

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

171

.
,

.
, .
,
, .
, 1914 ,
.
: .
. , . ,
, .
,
1880 1890 ,
. ,
,
, .
, , ,
.

1870 1914,

171

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

172

1905, (Jules Guesde)

, (SFIO)
.
, 1914,
. , , 1905-13,
. ,
, , . ,
, . ,
1905-14, , 1860, ,
, , .

14 1889

172

. (Paul Brousse) , ,
. , ,
SPD,
. : ,

. ,
, ,
. ,
.

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

173

, 391 20
.1 (1891), (1893), (1896), (1900), (1904), (1907),
(1910) (1912). 1900 , (ISB) .
, (Sen Katayama) ,
1901. , .


. 1893
,
. , .
, ,
, .
,
.
1890,
, 19 ,
. .

, . , , Kladderadatsch,
, .2 ,
. 1900,
,

173

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

174

174

, . , ,
, ,
.
. 1899,
, - (Ren Waldeck-Rousseau),
, ,
.3 ,
, ,
. : , ,
. ,
(Gaston Gallifet), o
1871,
(Edouard Vaillant). ,
. --,

- .4

, ,
. , ,
.
.
. ,

1906, Lib-Lab, , ,
,
.5 , -

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

175

.
.
1860,
, , . . ,
,
, ,
, . ,
, [] .6 , ,
.
,
. , ,
, . .
:
.
4 1900. , SPD
. :
.7
,
.
,
,
.8
-

175

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

176

176

: , []
[] ,
[]. ,
.9
,
.10
, . (Luigi Pelloux), 1898,
, . , . , , 1901
(PSI).
. (Filippo Turati) , , ,
. , ,
.
,
.11
,
PSI
. ,
. , ,
.12 1900
, .
,
.

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

177

.13
, , .

, , ,
. , , .
.
, , ,
.

. ,
,

. ,

,

. ,
. , (Vandervelde) , , (Hjalmar Branting)
.
.
20 , SPD ,
.14
. 1914
,

177

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

178

178

. ( 1898
)
, SPD
.15
,
. , 1890 , .
, , , , Neue Zeit , . , .
,


. , , .
, .16
, (Rosa
Luxemburg). ,
, ,
1899, . , .
.
[] , , []
, ,

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

179

.17 ,
SPD ,
.
.
() SPD, . :
.
. 1904, , SPD,
. ,
. ,

. , .
, .
,
.18
,
1900, ,
. , SPD, , 25 5 12 .

,
. 1914-17, , (Christian

179

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

180

180

Rakovsky) ,
.19 (SFIO),
.
. 1900
,
.
1907.20 , , (Rudolf Hilferding) (1910) (1913),
. , , [ ]
, ,
1907.21

SPD (Eduard David),
(Henri van Kol)
(Ramsay MacDonald) , ,
(Georg Ledebour), ,
- (Alexandre-Marie Desrousseaux), (Julian Marchlewski)
(Harry Quelch), .22
.
, , ,
. ,
.23 , .

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

181

. . , SPD 1905, . ,
. , ,
. 1904
.
,
E 1905, . SPD

, .
1905
. SPD .
. , SPD
. , , .
, !, . , 1907
,
, ,
, .24
SPD.

181

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

182

182

, ,
SPD.25

, ,
. , ,
. , ,
1914. , SPD ,
.26 ,
.
. ,
1899.
, . ,
. .
.27
(SP)
. , , . , ,
,
. (CSDSD) ,
, . 1911, .

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

183

, 1914 , .
.
, ,
. ,
1914, , , , ,
.
, , , .
. , .
.
.

,
.
,
.28 , , 1907 28,4% , 5 .
, . , , ,
. ,
, .
1895 , , , ,
.29
,

183

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

184

184

, .
. ,
, ,
, ,
SPD, 1895.

, .
.
,
.30
,
.
, (RSDRP)
. , , ,
. 1881
.
,

. ,
. , 1883,
, .

.
, , .31 ,

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

185

. ,
. ,
, .
20 ,

, . , , , , . 1917-23, ,
.
,
.
1871-83
: ,
,

. .
.
, , , , .32 , , . SPD,
,
1914,
SFIO .
-.33

, A ,
. (Ivan Franko)

185

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

186

186

1890 ,

. .34
1914. ,
. ,
1918
.
1860 ,
. , . , . ,
,
. ,
, : ,
, .
, ,
, . ,
.
1914,
, , ,
. , - , ,
(Errico Malatesta) ,
.
, 1870,

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

187

. 1890,


.

1870 ,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
,
, .
, , .
, . ,
.
, .
1872,
, , ,
. 1881.35 ,
1868-73
1860 ,
.
. 1878, , , 1881
-

187

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

188

188

. ,
,
. ,
, , .

,
.
1883 - 65
, .36
1890,
. 1892 1894,
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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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199

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

215

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22-11-2010

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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217

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217

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

218

218

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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219

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219

01-ELEY

22-11-2010

12:26

220

220

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01-ELEY

22-11-2010

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221

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221

01-ELEY

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222