Recusal:
Analysis of Case Law Under28 U.S.C. §§ 455 & 144
Federal Judicial Center2002This publication was undertaken in furtherance of the Federal Ju-dicial Center’s statutory mission to develop and conduct educationprograms for judicial branch employees. The views expressed arethose of the authors and not necessarily those of the Federal Judi-cial Center.
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Contents
Preface vPart One: The Recusal Statutes 1I.Summary 1II.History of Section 455 2III.Disqualification: Section 455(b) 6A.Personal Bias, Pre judice, or Knowledge: Section 455(b)(1) 6
B.Previous Service Connected to “Matter in Controversy”:Section 455(b)(2) 8C.Previous Government Employment: Section 455(b)(3) 9D.Financial Interest: Section 455(b)(4) 10E.Party to, Attorney in, or Other Substantial Interest in Pro-ceeding: Section 455(b)(5) 12IV.Disqualification Based on Question of Partiality: Section455(a) 15A.Standard for Applying 15B.Applications of Section 455(a) 191. Recusal usually unnecessary 19a.Judge’s adverse rulings or expression of opinion 20b.Rumor, suspicion, or innuendo 25c.Familiarity with parties or events 26d.Personal attacks on the judge 27e.Threats or lawsuits against the judge 282. Recusal more likely 29a.Close personal or professional relationship to attorneysor others 29b.Public comments or outside activities 33c.Ex parte contacts 37d.Involvement pertaining to guilty plea 38e.Judge took personal offense 39f.Miscellaneous 40V. Section 455(e): Waiver of Recusal 41VI. Section 455(f): Divestiture Can Overcome Disqualification 42
VII. Assigning Recusal Motion to a Different Judge 44
Recusal: Analysis of Case Law Under 28 U.S.C. §§ 455 & 144
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VIII.Bias or Prejudice: Section 144 45A.Review of Affidavit 45B.Applications of Section 144 48IX. Disqualification of Appellate Judges: 28 U.S.C. § 47 52X.Judge’s Authority After Deciding to Recuse 54Part Two: Miscellaneous Issues 57I. Timeliness of Motion 57II. Recusal in Bench Trials 59III. Standing 60IV. Efforts to Investigate 60V. Rule of Necessity 62VI. Substitution of Counsel 63Part Three: Appellate Issues 65I. Standard of Review 65II. Harmless Error 66III. Interlocutory Review 68IV. Reviewability of Recusal 70V. Mootness 71VI. Guilty Plea 72VII. Jurisdiction 73Table of Cases 75For Further Reference 85
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