CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP

QUANG THEO QU CNG SUT V THI

GIAN LN
5.1 Gii thiu chng
Cc h thng thng tin quang c ng dng c hiu qu nht trong
lnh vc truyn dn s. Do vy trong tnh ton, thit k ta xem xt h thng
truyn dn s IM-DD (Intensity Modulation-Direct Detection) th nhng
iu kin bt buc v k thut v tnh kinh t ng mt vai tr quan trong
trong tt c cc tuyn thng tin si quang. Ngi thit k phi chn cn thn
tng cng on m bo sao cho c h thng trong sut thi gian phc v
u hot ng tt.
5.2 Cc khi nim
Nh bit, h thng thng tin quang ph bin hin nay l h
thng IM-DD im-im. thit k tuyn ta cn quan tm n: Thit b
pht quang, thit b thu quang, si dn quang v cc yu t nh hng n
n chng hn nh mi hn v cc b connector nh hnh v di y:
Mc ch ca vic thit k tuyn l phi t c cc yu cu sau:
C ly truyn dn theo yu cu.
Tc truyn dn.
T s li bit BER.
m bo cho vic thit k tuyn t c cc yu cu cn
phi chn cc thnh phn ca tuyn:
Si quang n mode hay a mode.
Kch thc li si.
Ch s chit sut mt ct li.
Bng tn hoc tn sc.
Suy hao ca si.
Khu hay bn knh trng mode.
Ngun pht l LD hay LED
Bc sng pht.
rng ph.
Cng sut pht.
Vng pht x c hiu qu.
Thit b thu quang s dng PIN hay APD
H s chuyn i.
Bc sng lm vic.
Tc lm vic.
nhy thu.
la chn cc thnh phn sao cho m bao k thut ta phi xt
n qu cng sut ln v qu thi gian ln ca tn hiu trong h thng.
Qu cng sut c cng sut pht, nhy thu, cng sut d phng,
t ta thit lp t s BER. Cng sut d phng cho suy hao si, suy hao
mi ni...Khi la chn cc thnh phn ca tuyn m khng m bo khong
cch ng truyn th c th thay i cc thnh phn hay ghp trm lp
vo tuyn tho mn yu cu v cng sut. Khi qu cng sut cn bng
ta kim tra qu thi gian ln ca tn hiu.
Cc bc thit k:
1. Chn bc sng lm vic ca tuyn
2. La chn thnh phn thit b hot ng bc sng ny
3. Chn thit b tho mn yu cu t ra
5.3 Qu cng sut
Ta xt phng trnh cn bng ca qu cng sut. l iu kin v
cng sut tuyn hot ng bnh thng.
Gi s bn pht v bn thu khng c s suy hao cng sut th:
0 =
r s
P P
(5.1)
trong ,
s
P : Cng sut pht.

r
P : Cng sut thu.
Suy hao trn tuyn bao gm suy hao trn si dn quang, trn cc b
ni v cc mi hn. Suy hao tng phn c xc nh theo cng thc:
A = -10log
in
out
p
p

(5.2)
Ngoi cc suy hao ni trn cn phi c mt lng cng sut d
phng cho tui th ca cc thnh phn, cho s thay i ca nhit . Gi tr
cng sut d phng ny c gi tr khong 6dB n 8dB.
- Phng trnh cn bng qu cng sut (im-im) l:
( ) | | ( )
device d S c cap s
m n L MDP hs P + + + + + = . . . log 10
(5.3)
Trong :
s
P l cng sut pht [mW]
hs: Hiu sut ghp quang [%]
MDP: nhy my thu
MDP=-27,5dBm [7]

cap
, : H s suy hao cp v d phng cho cp [dB/km]
L: Khong cch gia pha pht v thu [km]

s c
, : Suy hao connector v suy hao mi hn [dB]
n, m: S connector v s mi hn

d
: Suy hao ghp si quang-b thu[dB]

device
: Suy hao d phng cho thit b [dB]
- Cng sut quang ti
d
P [dB]:
( ) | | ( ) | |
device d s c cap s d
m n L hs P P + + + + + = . . . . log 10
(5.4)
Khi cng sut quang ti nm trong khong gia [MDP n
(MDP+Over)] vi Over l h s qu ti my thu. Lc ny t s li bit BER
s nh hn mong mun v khng b qu ti my thu.
5.4 Qu thi gian ln
Trong mt h thng thng tin quang, tn hiu c truyn t thit
b pht n thit b thu thng qua mi trng truyn dn l si quang. Trong
qu trnh , rng xung ca tn hiu b gin ra. Do , ta c th xem tn
hiu i qua h thng nh l i qua mt b lc thng thp. Khi , thi gian
ln ca h thng c nh ngha l khong thi gian t sao cho bin tn
hiu xung tng t 10% n 90% bin cc i ca n.
Ta c th tnh thi gian ln ca tn hiu xung vung khi i qua
mch lc thng thp RC:
Hnh 5.1: p ng xung ca b lc thng thp.
Tn hiu vo l xung vung nn c dng:
( ) ( )
p
V
p V t V V
in in
0
0
1 . = =
(5.5)
Hm truyn: ( )
p
p H
+
=
1
1
vi RC =
(5.6)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) p p
V
p V p H p V
in out
+
= =
1
.
0

(5.7)
( ) ( ) | |

t
V t V
out

= exp 1 .
0

(5.8)
ti
1
t :
(

|
.
|

\
|
=

1
0 0
exp 1 1 , 0
t
V V
9 , 0 exp
1
=
|
.
|

\
|

t

ti
2
t :
(

|
.
|

\
|
=

2
0 0
exp 1 9 , 0
t
V V
(5.9)
1 , 0 exp
2
=
|
.
|

\
|

t

(5.10)
T (5.9) v (5.10) ta c:
( )
( ) RC RC t
t t
2 , 2 9 ln
. 9 ln
1 2
= =
=

(5.11)
T (5.6) ta c: ( )
fRC j
f H
2 1
1
+
=
(5.12)
Do bng thng ca mch:
RC
B
2
1
=
(5.13)
T (5.11) v (5.13) ta c:

B B
t
35 , 0
2
2 , 2
= =

(5.14)
Bng thng ti thiu ca b lc phi bng bng thng ca tn hiu
th ta mi c th thu c tn hiu, iu ny tng ng vi thi gian ln ti
a:

rx
B
t
35 , 0
max
=
(5.15)
Vi tn hiu loi NRZ:
( )
R
t
rx
7 , 0
max
=
(5.16)
Vi loi tn hiu RZ:
R
t
35 , 0
max
=
(5.17)
khi thi gian ln ca tuyn:

=
=
N
i
i t
t t
1
2

(5.18)
-Thi gian ln ca thit b thu.
Gi B l bng tn in 3dB tnh bng MHz th thi gian ln ca thit b thu
c tnh

B
t
n
350
=
(5.19)
-Thi gian ln tn sc mode ca si quang

0
mod
. 440
B
L
t
q
e
= [ns]
(5.20)
Trong q: tham s c gi tr t 0,5 n 1

0
B : Bng tn 1 Km cp si quang [MHz]
L: Chiu di ca cp
-Thi gian ln tn sc vt liu dng ng dn sng
. .L D t
VL
=
(5.21)
Trong D: H s tn sc
: rng ngun pht
(5.17) c th c vit li:
( )
2
0
2 2
350 440
. .
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
rx
q
tx t
B B
L
L D t t
(5.22)
5.5 Nhiu trong h thng thng tin quang
Nhu l khi nim m t cc thnh phn tn hiu in khng mong
mun
C chiu hng gy ri qu trnh truyn dn v x l tn hiu trong h thng
m chng ta khng kim sot y . Trong h thng tch sng, nhy ca
h thng ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc loi nhiu v hai ngun nhiu chnh
y l nhiu lng t v nhiu nhit.
5.5.1 Nhiu lng t.
Nhiu lng t ca photodiode sinh ra do s lng cc ht ti in i
qua mt khe nng lng hay vt qua hng rao th nng c tnh ngu nhin
theo thi gian gy ra. Dng chy ca cc ht electron qua tip gip p-n l
ring r v ngu nhin. Cc ht n khng ng thi nn pht sinh ra nhiu
ny.
Gi tr ca nhiu lng t ph thuc vo cc tham s:
B i e i
shot
. . . 2
2
=
(5.23)
Trong : B l rng bng ca b thu
I l dng trung bnh n b tch sng
Gi tr ca dng nhiu lng t l B i e i
shot
. . . 2 = , t biu thc ny ta
thy dng nhiu lng t tng theo B .
5.5.2 Nhiu nhit
Nhiu nhit xut pht t in tr ti b tch sng v cc linh kin in
t trong b khuych i, c xu hng chi phi trong qu trnh khuych i
khi s dng photodiode PIN vi t s tn hiu trn nhiu thp, c th t
c h s khuych i ti u bng thit k cn bng gia nhiu nhit v
nhiu lng t khng ph thuc vo h s khuych i.
Cng thc tnh ton nhiu nhit:
L
R KTB i 4
2
=
(5.24)
Tong : K l hng s Bozman, K=1,38.10
23
T l nhit n v kenvin, T = t(
0
c) + 273
R l in tr ti
5.6 T l tn hiu trn nhiu
5.6.1 i vi photodiode PIN
Trong h thng tch sng trc tip, s dng diode tch sng PIN th gi
tr dng v cng sut ti quan h nh sau:

s s
p
hv
e
i

=

(5.25)
Vi: l hiu sut lng t
h l hng s plank, h =6,626.10
-34
Js

Mt khc ta c cng sut trn ti:
S = i
2
.R
L
S= (
hv
e
.p
s
)
2
.R
L

5.26
-Cng sut nhiu lng t vi dng bao gm c dng ti:
.
L d s L L
shot
shot
R B i P
hv
e
e BR eI R i N . ). ( 2 . . 2 .
2
+ = = =


5.27
-Dng v th ca nhiu nhit:

L
nh
R
KTB
i
4
2
= : =
2
nh
u 4KTB.R
L
Cng sut nhiu nhit:

KTB R
R
KTB
N
L
L
nh
4
4
= =

5.28
T ta c t s tn hiu trn nhiu my thu s dng photodiode
PIN:

T B K R B i p
hv
e
e
R p
hv
e
N
S
L d s
L s
. . 4 . ) . ( 2
) (
2
+ +
=

5.29
5.6.2 i vi photodiode APD
Nh bit APD bao gm lp chuyn i quang in v lp nhn
in, do vy nhiu xut hin lp chuyn i quang in i
2
shot
= 2.e.I.B
cng nhn c ln lp nhn vi h s nhn M.
B M i p
hv
e
i
x
d s
hot
. 2 2
) . (
+
+ =


5.30

L
x
d s L L
shot
shot
R B M i P
hv
e
e BR eI R i N . . ). ( 2 . . 2 .
2 2 +
+ = = =


5.31
Trong biu thc trn tr s M
x
gi l nhiu qu mc. y l gi tr c
sinh ra trong hiu ng thc.
Vi x l h s tp m qu mc. Gi tr ca x ph thuc vo vt liu ch
to photodiode APD. i vi photodiode si = 0.3
photodiode InGAs x = 0.7
photodiode Ge x = 1
Do t s tn hiu trn nhiu my thu s dng photodiode APD l:

T B K R B M i p
hv
e
e
R p M
hv
e
N
S
L
x
d s
L s
. . 4 . ) . ( 2
) . (
2
2
+ +
=
+

(5.32)
T l li bit:
. 2
)
2
exp(
2
q
q
BER

=
(5.33)
Vi q=SN/2
T s BER cng nh th cht lng ca h thng cng cao v iu ny cn
ty thuc vo tng h thng. Thng BER =
9
10

hay <
12
10

.
5.7 Cc gi tr ca cc thnh phn
Thit b pht quang: [7]
Tham s Gi tr
Bc sng lm vic 1300nm hay 1550nm
Di sng lm vic nm 50
Cng sut ra LED: -32 n 15dBm
LD: -12 n 7dBm
Thi gian ln LED: 3ns(max)
LD: <1ns
rng ph LED: 30 n 100nm
LD: 1 n 2nm

Cp si quang: [7]
Tham s Gi tr
rng bng thng 1km cp si quang 100 n 2500Mhz
Suy hao ca si(sh) MM<2dB/km
SM ti 1300nm:0.36dB/km
SM ti 1550nm:0.22dB/km
H s tn sc(D) MM<6ps/nm.km
SM ti 1300nm <3,5 ps/nm.km
SM ti 1550nm <18 ps/nm.km

Thit b thu:
Tham s Gi tr
nhy(S) PIN: -43 n 27,1 dBm
APD: -41,5 n 29,6 dBm
Hiu sut 60%-90%
Dng
L d
i i , nA 1 ~
Suy hao do hn ni v b ni:
Tham s Gi tr
Suy hao mi hn 0,3 db(max)
Suy hao b ni 0,5 db(max)
Khi to t hp cc thnh phn trong tuyn phi tun theo cc quy tc sau:
1. LED khng c s dng vi si quang n mode
2. LED khng c s dng vi it quang APD
3. LD khng c s dng vi si a mode
4. LD n mode dng vi APD
LDDM: Laser n mode
DAMO: Si quang a mode
DMTT: Si quang n mode thng thng
DMDC: Si quang n mode dch chuyn
Do cc t hp c th c l:
1. LED-DAMO-PIN
2. LD-DMTT-APD
3. LD-DMDC-PIN
4. LD-DMTT-PIN
5. LD-DMDC-APD
6. LDDM-DMTT-APD
7. LDDM-DMDC-APD
5.8 Bi ton tnh ton v thit k theo qu cng sut v thi gian ln
Trong bi ton, h thng s dng ln lt 2 thit bi thu quang l
photodiode PIN v photodiode APD, tnh ton cng sut pht ti u.
Vic tnh ton da trn nhng thng s c th ca cc thit b c trong
tuyn , cc thng s ny c cho bi nh sn xut.
Yu cu c th ca tuyn nh sau:
- Tuyn A-B vi c ly truyn dn: L = 100 km
- Tc bit : B
t
=2,5 Gb/s
- M s dng l m RZ
- S conector(mi ni) : 2
- S Slice(mi hn) : 20
- BER cho php 10
-10
v khng s dng b khuych i quang
5.8.1 Chn bc sng lm vic ca tuyn.
Chn bc sng lm vic ca tuyn c lin quan n rt nhiu tham
s khc ca tuyn. C ba vng ca s c th la chn khi tht k l
850nm, 1300nm, 1550nm.
Nghin cu v cp quang cho thy rng, cp quang c c tnh tt
hn vng bc sng di. Khi tn hao truyn dn v tn sc l cc nhn t
quyt nh xc nh c chiu di ca tuyn.
Bc sng ngn thng dng s dng nhng h thng thng tin
hat ng vi tc thp. Trong vng bc sng di, cc h thng hat
ng bc sng 1550nm cho mc suy hao thp nhng li c mc tn x
ln hn 1300nm, tuyn trn, do chiu di ca tuyn l 100km nn ta cho
bc sng lm vic ca tuyn l 1550nm c mc suy hao thp.
5.8.2 Chn loi si quang
Theo s trnh by phn l thuyt si quang c phn thnh 3 loi:
n mode, a mode ch s bc, a mode ch s lp. Loi si n mode c
c tnh tn hao v tn s rt tt cho nn loi ny c s dng ph bin cho
ng di, dung lng truyn dn cao i hi bng thng rng v tn hao
thp.
Loi si quang ca tuyn c chn l: si quang n mode vi ch
s suy hao l 0,25dB/km v h s tn sc D=17ps/nm.km.
5.8.3 Thit b thu quang
Chn thit b thu quang tha mn cc yu cu sau:
- nhy cao vi bc sng lm vic ca tuyn.
- Hiu sut lng t ln
- c tnh nhiu phi thp
- Hot ng n nh vi s thay i ca mi trng
Vic chn thit b thu ng vi mt t l li bit BER cho trc lmt cng
on quang trng, bi l nhy tnh c ta s c cng sut pht ti u v
nh vy s lm cho tuyn hot ng n nh.
Vi BER cho trc th ta s c t l tn hiu trn nhiu t bng di
y:
S/N (dB)
10 10
-2
10
-3
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-8
10
-9
10
-10
10
-11
10
-12
10
-4
BER = 1/2 erfc(Q)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
10
15
20
23
Q =
N
S
2
1
Vi BER=10
-11
th t hnh v ta s c S/N = 22,6dB hay S/N = 182 ln
5.9 Tnh ton tn hao trn ng truyn
Loi tn hao n v S lng Tng
Tn hao si 0,25dB/km 100km 25dB
Tn hao mi
hn
0,1dB 20 2dB
Tn hao mi
ni
1dB 2 2dB
D phng 5dB 5dB
P
A
=34dB
5.10 nhy ca my thu trong trng hp s dng PIN
Ta s c cng thc S/N i vi thit b thu PIN nh sau:
T B K R B i p
hv
e
e
R p
hv
e
N
S
L d s
L s
. . 4 . ) . ( 2
) (
2
+ +
=

L
d s
s
R
T B K
B i p
hv
e
e
p
hv
e
N
S
. . 4
) . ( 2
) (
2
+ +
=

Vi B
t
= B = 2,5Gb/s (do m s dng l RZ)
Ch thit b thu l photodiode PIN G6742-003 ca Hamamatsu
Photonic (c thng s km theo)
Cc thng s ca PIN:
R =
hv
e
=0,95A/W
R
L
= 50O
I
d
= 0,3.10
-9
A
Cc hng s :
K = 1,38.10
-23
J/K, h = 6,626.10
-34
Js, c= 3.10
8
m/s
Thay cc gi tr vo ta c phng trnh:
182 =
( )
50
10 . 5 , 2 300 10 . 38 , 1 4
10 . 5 , 2 ) 10 . 3 , 0 95 , 0 ( 10 . 2 , 3
95 , 0
9 23
9 9 19
2

+ +

S
S
P
P
Ta c phng trnh theo P
S
:
0,9025.P
S
-138,3.10
-9
P
S
-15,1.10
-11
= 0
Gii phng trnh bc hai ta c: P
S
= 13.10
-6
W
P
S
= -12,8.10
-6
W (loi)
Vy nhy ca my thu l: P
S
= 13.10
-6
W hay P
S
=-18.7dBm
T ta c cng sut pht ti u cho laser trong trng hp s
dng PIN: P
T
=P
A
+P
S
= 34 + (-18,7) = 15,34dbm
Nh vy chn thit b pht vi cng sut danh nh l: P
T
= 15,12mW
5.11 nhy my thu trong trng hp s dng APD
Ta c cng thc S/N i vi thit b thu APD nh sau:

T B K R B M i p
hv
e
e
R p M
hv
e
N
S
L
x
d s
L s
. . 4 . ) . ( 2
) . (
2
2
+ +
=
+

hay
L
x
d s
s
R
T B K
B M i p
hv
e
e
p M
hv
e
N
S
. .
4 . ) . ( 2
) . (
2
2
+ +
=
+

Chn thit b thu l photodiode APD loi Suo020 ca sensor Ulimited

Inc (c thng s km theo)
Cc thng s ca APD:
R =
hv
e
=0,8A/W
R
L
= 50O
X = 0,7
M = 10
I
d
= 30 nA
Cc hng s:
K = 1,38.10
-23
J/K, h = 6,626.10
-34
Js, c= 3.10
8
m/s
Thay cc gi tr vo ta c phng trnh:
182 =
( )
50
10 . 5 , 2 300 10 . 38 , 1 4
10 . 5 , 2 . 10 . ) 10 . 3 , 0 8 , 0 ( 10 . 2 , 3
8
9 23
9 7 , 0 2 9 19
2

+ +

+
S
S
P
P
Ta c phng trnh theo P
S
:
64.
2
S
P - 29,189.10
-6
P
S
- 7,717.10
-11
= 0
Gii phng trnh bc hai ta c: P
S
= 1,35.10
-6
W
P
S
= - 8,93.10
-6
W (loi)
Vy nhy ca my thu l: P
S
= 1,35.10
-6
W hay P
S
= - 28,7dBm
T ta c cng sut pht ti u cho laser trong trng hp s
dng PIN: P
T
=P
A
+ P
S
= 34 + (-28,7) = 5,3dBm
Nh vy chn thit b pht vi cng sut danh nh l: P
T
= 5,34mW
5.12 Tnh ton thi gian ln
-Thi gian ln ti a ca h thng
t
t
= 0,7/B
t
= 0,7/2,5.10
9
= 2.8.10
-10
s
-Thi gian ln ca thit b thu:
t
n
= 350/B = 350/2,5.10
9
= 14.10
-10
s
-Thi gian ln tn sc mode ca si quang:
t
t
= 440.L
q
/B
0
= 440.100
0,5
/2,5.10
7
= 176.10
-6
s
Trong : q l tham s c gi tr t 0,5 n 1
B
o
: bng tn mt km cp si quang (MHz)
L : chiu di ca cp
- Thi gian ln tn sc vt liu ng dn sng:
t
vl =
D.L. = 17.0.04.100 = 68ps = 68.10
-12
- Khi thi gian ln ca tuyn :
t
t
=
2
2 2
350 440
) . . (
(

+ + +
rx o
q
tx
B B
L
L D t
t
t
= 2,65.10
-10 s
Nh vy thi gian ln ca tuyn l: t
t
= 2,65.10
-10
s
5.13 Kt lun chng
Kt qu vic tnh ton da vo cc thng s cho trc ca tuyn
cho thy rng, APD c h s nhn M nn t l tn hiu trn nhiu S/N c
gi tr ln hn nn nhy my thu c nng cao hn so vi PIN.
Do , vic la chn APD lm thit b thu quang s ko theo thun li
l ch cn s dng diode Laser vi cng sut pht nh hn rt nhiu so vi
khi dng PIN lm thit b thu quang.