DRUGS & DRUG PREVENTION

Bachelor of Science in Accountancy

Submitted to:
Dr. Sherwin Banan

Submitted by:
Christian Carl Aquino Nikko Bayang KheemNhargis Khan Kristine Macatanagy Lauvimar Rosales Meriza Rivera Lara NymphaOchinang

Drugs and Drug Prevention

DRUGS
What is a Drug? (1) Natural or synthetic substance which (when taken into a living body) affects its functioning or structure, and is used in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of a disease or relief of discomfort. It is also called legal drug or medicine. A legal or medicinal drug (such as amphetamines), however, can be harmful and addictive if misused. (2) Habit forming stimulant or narcotic substance (such as alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, or a derivative of cocoa or poppy) which produces a state of arousal, contentment, or euphoria. Continued or excessive use (called drug abuse or substance abuse) of such substances causesaddiction or dependence. Thereafter any attempt to discontinue their use results in specific reactions (called withdrawal symptoms) such as sweating, vomiting, and tremors which cease when the use is resumed. Also called illegal drug where its production and/or use is prohibited. Whether a substance is legal or illegal, however, may have nothing to do with its potential for addiction or harm: alcohol and nicotine, both addictive and harmful, are legal in most countries because they generate substantialemployment or governmentrevenue through taxes.

CATEGORIES/TYPES OF DRUGS
Drugs come in various forms, and can be taken numerous ways. Some are legal and others are not. Drugs may be categorized or classified according to certain shared or effects. Drugs from each of these categories can affect a person's central nervous system and can impair a person's normal faculties. The easiest way to begin learning about drugs is to separate them into categories. The drugs are placed into categories according to their chemical makeup and the effects they have on the body. You may recognize many of these drugs as ones that are commonly prescribed by physicians. This is not meant to be alarming. Many drugs with the potential for addiction are quite safe in doses prescribed by a physician and taken for specific medical conditions. Drugs are commonly classified according to their legal status or their effects on the central nervous system. DRUGS ACCORDING TO LEGAL STATUS * legal drugs / non prohibited drugs these are drugs that are both legal and freely available in the market. There are two types of drugs in this category the over-the-counter drugs and the prescription drugs. a) over the counter drugs these are drugs that do not require a prescription and can simply bought over the counter as their name states. Classification of OTC(over the counter drugs) and its purpose Antacid treat acid indigestion and stomach acidity antidiarrheals treat diarrhea laxative treat constipation emetics induce vomiting anti emetics prevent vomiting antiperspirant reduce perspiration sunburn prevention and treatment products reduce sunburn and treat pain of sunburn vitamin/mineral product supplement diet w/ necessary vitamins and minerals antimicrobial products treat superficial wounds. Must be applied to the surface of the skin dandruff products - treat dandruff oral hygiene aids treat sore throat, bad breath and reduce bacteria in the mouth hemorrhoidal products treat hemorrhoids other rectal problem hematinics increase hemoglobin count treat anemia bronchodilator and anti asthmatic products - dilate bronchial tubes
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analgesics relieve minor pain sedatives and sleep aids reduce sleep onset stimulants increase mental alertness antitussiveness reduce coughing allergy treatment products reduce symptoms of allergy sneezing watery nose and eyes cold remedies relieve cold symptoms anti rheumatic products treat rheumatoid arthritis symptoms opthalmic products reduce eye irritation contraceptive products prevent pregnancy miscellaneous dermatological products treat skin disorders product dentifrices and dental products clean and brighten teeth relieve toothache b) prescription drugs - these are drugs requiring a closer supervision of a physician. They can be purchased only through a pharmacy and require a written form w/ carefully specified instructions. Antipsychotic Drugs these drugs are used to treat the positive symptoms of psychosis Antidepressant Drugs these was used to cheer up the moods of people feeling depressed Anti-anxiety Drugs (or tranquilizers) these are drugs used to reduce the felt presence of anxiety Sedatives/hypnotics these are potent drugs and should be use w/ extreme caution * Illegal drugs / prohibited drugs - these are substances of natural or synthetic origin w/c can alter the emotional state, perception , body functioning or behavior of an organism and generally tend to be illegal. These are drugs being controlled by the government and are illegal in certain situation. Stimulants WHAT ARE THEY? Stimulants refer to a group of drugs that boost alertness and physical activity by increasing heart and breathing rates and brain functions. By acting on the central nervous system, stimulants can stimulate the body both mentally and physically. EXAMPLES:adrafinil, cocaine, modafinil, pemoline, selegiline WHY STIMULANTS ARE BANNED: They may artificially stimulate the mind or body, thereby improving an athlete's performance and giving them an unfair advantage. WHY PEOPLE USE THEM: To increase their ability to exercise at an optimal level, combat tiredness, suppress appetite. Narcotic analgesics WHAT ARE THEY? Narcotic analgesics usually take the form of painkillers that act on the brain and spinal cord to treat pain associated with painful stimuli. EXAMPLES: buprenorphine, dextromoramide, heroin, morphine, pethidine WHY THEY ARE BANNED: Narcotic analgesics could be used to reduce or eliminate the pain felt from an injury or illness. The danger in this is that the drug could merely be masking the pain. As a result, people may have a false sense of security. WHY PEOPLE USE THEM: To help reduce or eliminate the pain from a nagging injury, allowing them to continue in their training. Narcotic analgesics may also reduce anxiety, which may artificially enhance performance. Cannabinoids WHAT ARE THEY? Cannabinoids are psychoactive chemicals derived from the cannabis plant that cause a feeling of relaxation. EXAMPLES: hashish, hashish oil, marijuana WHY THEY ARE BANNED: Marijuana is generally not considered performance enhancing, but is banned because its use is damaging to the image of sport. The use of marijuana could weaken persons ability to perform. WHY PEOPLE USE THEM: To increase their recovery time after exercise, increase their heart rate, reduce their inhibitions. Anabolic agents WHAT ARE THEY? Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are synthetic versions of the hormone testosterone. Testosterone is a male sex hormone found in large quantities in most males and in some females.
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EXAMPLES: exogenous steroids (drostanolone, metenolone and oxandrolone), endogenous steroids (androstenediol (andro), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone). WHY THEY ARE BANNED: Anabolic agents are prescribed for medical use only. It gives serious medical side effects for the user. WHY PEOPLE USE THEM: To increase muscle size and strength, reduce the amount of time required to recover after exercise, and to train harder and for a longer period of time. Peptide hormones WHAT ARE THEY? Peptide hormones are substances that are produced by glands in the body and that, after circulating through, blood can affect other organs and tissues to change bodily functions. EXAMPLES: erythropoietin, human growth hormones, insulin, corticotrophins WHY THEY ARE BANNED: Peptide hormones serve as messengers between different organs that stimulate various bodily functions such as growth, behavior and sensitivity to pain. WHY PEOPLE USE THEM: To stimulate the production of naturally occurring hormones, increase muscle growth and strength, and increase the production of red blood cells to improve the blood's ability to carry oxygen. Beta-2 agonists WHAT ARE THEY? Beta-2 agonists are drugs commonly used to treat asthma by relaxing the muscles that surround the airway and opening up the air passages. EXAMPLES:bambuterol hydrochloride, reproterol hydrochloride, tulobuterol hydrochloride WHY THEY ARE BANNED: They can provide the same advantages of a stimulant or, if administered into the bloodstream, have anabolic effects. WHY PEOPLE USE THEM: To increase their muscle size and reduce body fat. When taken orally or by injection, Beta-2 can have powerful stimulatory effects. Masking agents WHAT ARE THEY? Masking agents are products that can potentially conceal the presence of a prohibited substance in urine or other samples. EXAMPLES:epitestosterone, dextran, diuretics, probenecid WHY THEY ARE BANNED: Masking agents hide the presence of a banned substance in an athlete's urine or other sample, allowing them to cover up their use and gain an unfair competitive edge. WHY PEOPLE USE THEM: To conceal their use of a prohibited substance in the testing process. DRUGS ACCORDING TO THEIR EFFECTS ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The eight categories are the following: Depressants Cannabinoids Hallucinogens Opiates and Morphine Derivatives DEPRESSANT (Downers) Depressants are drugs that lower the overall level of activity in the nervous system. Depressants work by slowing down the messages between the brain and the body by slowing down the activity of the central nervous system. Their effects can vary greatly depending on the amount taken. Neuroscience textbooks generally classify depressants into two groups: barbiturates - are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia. and benzodiazepines drugs that have short duration of action it is prescribed more as sedatives than anxiety drugs. They may useful for short term emergency

Stimulants Steroids/Anabolic Steroids Inhalants Prescription Drugs

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situation used to treat insomnia the effect of using this sedative is the phenomenon of rebound upon withdrawal Depressants are a type of drug that can take several forms; however, the most common type is administered by prescription. Many people are prescribed depressant drugs which have beneficial effects but wind up dependent on them or addicted. Depressant drugs can put your health and wellbeing at serious risk. Types of Depressant Sedatives - All are capable of producing relaxation or sluggish and lethargic behavior. In large doses all can produce coma or death. Sedatives include drugs like PCP (phencyclidine), a drug commonly abused in the 1970s and 1980s. Hypnotics - All are capable of producing relaxation or sluggish and lethargic behavior. In large doses all can produce coma or death. Hypnotics include muscle-relaxants like methaqualone (quaaludes). Like PCP, its manufacture requires sophisticated processes, so it was "taken off the streets" by limiting the number of factories authorized to produce it. Alcohol - All are capable of producing relaxation or sluggish and lethargic behavior. In large doses all can produce coma or death Examples of Depressant * Barbiturates * GHB (Gamma-hydroxybutyrate) * Benzodiazepines * Tranquillisers * Flunitrazepam * Methaqualone Effects of Depressants Some people take depressants for recreational purposes only. Certainly, the initial effects can be pleasant, but over time, users feel drained, lethargic and generally unwell due to their depressants drug abuse. Side effects can include clumsiness, dizziness, slurred speech and confusion. Serious side effects can span the gamut from loss of consciousness to even death. Withdrawal isn't much better. Suddenly ceasing the intake of many depressant drugs can cause serious symptoms like respiratory depression, seizure, coma or death. Depressants can cause the user to feel more relaxed and less inhibited. In larger quantities they can cause unconsciousness, vomiting and even death. Depressants affect concentration and coordination. They slow down a person's ability to respond to unexpected situations. Depressants reduce feelings of anxiety, lower inhibitions, cause drowsiness, decrease body temperature, slow down a person's pulse and breathing, and lower blood pressure. Depressants also cause confusion, problems with memory and judgment, and fatigue Depressants can also have serious effects on the respiratory system. It is possible for a person to experience respiratory arrest and death if that person is sensitive to the drug or if the drug is administered in high doses. Withdrawal from depressants can be very problematic. CANNABINOIDS It refers as Cannabis, a plant that is most popular for its use as a recreational drug. Two primary types of the plant are used for this purpose including an herbal form typically referred to as marijuana, weed, grass or pot and a resinous form known as hashish or hash. They both contain tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, which is the chemical that causes the effects synonymous with the drug. Marijuana and hashish are the two primary substances in this category. In general, a person using drugs from the cannabinoid category might experience euphoria as well as confusion. These drugs enhance the senses and stimulate a person's appetite.

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Cannabinoids include marijuana, hashish and THC. All of these are derived from the Cannibis sativa, or hemp, plant. The National Institute on Drug Abuse cites marijuana as the most commonly used illegal drug. Types of Cannabinoids Hashish - Hashish is a form of concentrated cannabis resin. Marijuana - Marijuana (cannabis) is in a category by itself, because it does not resemble other drugs either in chemical structure or effect. The active ingredient in marijuana is delta-4tetrahydrocannabinol or THC. Marijuana achieves its effect by altering levels of a particular type of transmitter-anandamide-that is not affected by other drugs. Anandamide receptors are very common in the human nervous system, so the transmitter must be involved in important brain processes, but its normal function is not yet clear. Effects of Cannabinoids Cannabinoid causes a feeling of relaxation and wellbeing. Your body's reaction time is significantly delayed and your balance is thrown off, as is your coordination. Dry mouth and an increased heart rate are also common effects of cannabis use. In high quantities, cannabis can cause some hallucinations and paranoia. Prolonged use of the drug can have negative effects on your health including poor lung capacity, susceptibility to colds, emphysema, asthma, bronchitis and even lung cancer. Hormonal problems can also ensue including the delay of puberty and low sperm production in young men and the disruption of menstrual cycles and impaired ovulation in women. Cannabis causes blood shot eyes, accelerated heart rate (tachycardia), muscle tremors, forgetfulness, and many other effects. this category does not produce horizontal gaze nystagmus. Users of cannabis frequently use alcohol, as well as other drugs, at the same time. HALLUCINOGENS Hallucinogens are also known as dissociative drugs. This is due to their ability to alter mental perceptions and thought processes. All five of the human senses can be affected by hallucinogens. A person can see things that don't exist, hear things that others don't and so forth. This has led some to believe that hallucinogens can accentuate creativity. Hallucinogenic drugs distort the user's perceptions of reality. When taking hallucinogens, switching emotions is frequent. These drugs change the mind and cause the appearance of things that are not really there. Hallucinogens are used for their distorted sensory perceptions known as hallucinations. In many respects, they are closely related to the CNS Stimulants, as is evidenced by the fact that they also cause dilated pupils and elevated vital signs, and do not produce horizontal gaze nystagmus. The user may experience a mixing of the senses, called synesthesia, in which the user may "hear" visual stimuli, such as colors, and may "see" sounds, such as music. Types of Hallucinogens Dissociatives- type of hallucinogen that works by creating sensory deprivation in the brain so that the mind creates its own perceptions without the interference of actual external stimuli. Examples of dissociatives include PCP, DXM, magic mushrooms and ketamine or Special K as it is often referred to on the streets. Psychedelics- drugs alter the way you perceive the world around you and are said to expand the mind-that is, turn off your brain's selective perception function and allow you to perceive everything around you. Examples include LSD, mescaline and peyote. Deliriants- Unlike the two aforementioned types of hallucinogens, deliriants are actual hallucinogens in that they produce completely false perceptions that aren't based in reality. Examples include mandrake, deadly nightshade (commonly known as Atropa belladonna) and some medications like Benadryl and Dramamine when taken in high doses. Examples of Hallucinogen * Ecstasy

* LSD

* Psilocybin
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* PCP (Phencyclidine) * Ketamine

* Mescaline * Magic

mushroom

Effects of Hallucinogens Drastic change in sensory perception Distorted sense of visuals, auditory, body, time and space Altered perception of oneself Hallucinations Relaxation Happiness and Satisfaction Euphoria * Increased rapid heart beat * Higher blood pressure * Agitation

* Increased body temperature and sweating may lead to chills * Bad hallucinations * Panic attacks * Anxiety * Paranoia * Flashbacks after use * Dizziness * Impaired coordination * Nausea and vomiting

OPIATES AND MORPHINE DERIVATIVES Opiates are drugs derived from the opium poppy or synthetic drugs similar to natural opiates in chemical structure and action. Opiates include heroin, morphine, and codeine, as well as the endorphins-natural pain-killing substances secreted by the body. To pharmacologists, opiates are the only drugs properly termed narcotics. Cocaine, marijuana, sedatives, and LSD are not narcotics, unless the term is used loosely to refer to all illegal drugs. It is also called narcotics while the term "narcotics" is often used to refer to any illicit substance; it technically means a substance derived from opium (opiates) or its synthetic replacements. This category includes the opiates, such as morphine, codeine, percodan, heroin, meperidine, methadone, fentanyl, and numerous others. Narcotics include drugs of the opiate family, as well as cocaine and crack. Examples Opiates and Morphine Derivatives * Codeine * Fentanyl and fentanyl analogs * Heroin * Morphine

* Opium * Oxycodone HCL * Hydrocodone bitartrate, acetaminophen

STIMULANTS (Uppers) Stimulates elevate the mood, producing feelings of excitement, feeling good, and euphoria. Stimulants give the user an adrenaline rush often followed by a crash. Heavy use of stimulants results in paranoia, restlessness, fidgetiness, (constant body movements), apathy, irritability, and depression. The most frequently used stimulant is coffee and caffeine. The most common illegal stimulant is cocaine and amphetamines. Stimulants act on the central nervous system to speed up the messages to and from the brain. They can make the user feel more awake, alert or confident. Stimulants increase heart rate, body temperature and blood pressure. Other effects include reduced appetite, dilated pupils, talkativeness, agitation and sleep disturbance. This category includes the ubiquitous cocaine in all its various forms, amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, Ritalin, certain diet pills, and other related substances. Examples of Stimulants *Ephedrine used in medicines for bronchitis, hay fever and asthma * Caffeine in coffee, tea and cola drinks * Nicotine in tobacco.

*Amphetamines, including illegal amphetamines ("speed", "crystal meth", "ice", "shabu") * Cocaine ("coke", "crack") * Ecstasy ("E", "XTC", "eccy")
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* Slimming tablets such as TenuateDospan and Ponderax. * Ecstasy * Speed * Base * Ice * Methamphetamine * Amphetamine Effects of Stimulants

Duromine,

* Dexamphetamine * Phentermine * Methylamphetamine * Crystal Methylamphetamine * Paramethoxyamphetamine * Cocaine * Crack Cocaine

Large quantities of stimulants can "over-stimulate" the user, causing anxiety, panic, seizures, headaches, stomach cramps, aggression and paranoia. Prolonged use of strong stimulants can mask some of the effects of depressant drugs, such as alcohol, making it difficult for a person to judge their level of feeling. STEROIDS/ANABOLIC STEROIDS Steroids are substances that have a particular molecular arrangement and include certain hormones as well as legal and illegal drugs. Steroids may be prescribed to treat inflammation or dampen the response of the body's immune system. Prednisone is one example of a steroid used for these purposes. Another type of steroid, anabolic steroids, are sometimes illegally used by athletes to promote increased muscle mass. Anabolic steroids are not the same as the kind used in medicine for the reduction of inflammation. Rather, these substances are used to build muscle mass and strength. They typically consist of male sex hormones and can be very damaging when used without a prescription. Effects of Steroids and Anabolic Steroids Mood swings, fatigue, restlessness, loss of appetite, depression, problems sleeping, reduced sex drive, and the craving for more of the drug occurs when use of the drug is stopped. High blood pressure, blood clot formation, changes in cholesterol levels, liver disease, kidney and prostate cancer, hostility and aggression, and acne only begin the list of the harmful effects of steroids. In adolescents, steroids prematurely stop physical growth of the body. Men may experience reduced sperm production, shrunken testicles, and breast enlargement. Women may develop facial hair, a deep voice, menstrual irregularities, and male-pattern baldness. The cultural and social pressures for enhanced athletic performance are very costly indeed. Steroids are taken to improve physical performance as well as to enlarge muscles and increase strength. Negative effects of steroids include baldness, cysts, oily hair and skin, acne, heart attack, stroke and change in voice. Hostility is also a frequent side effect of anabolic steroids. Examples of Steroids and Anabolic Steroids * Anadrol * Oxandrin * Durabolin INHALANTS As their name would suggest, inhalants refer to a group of drugs that are inhaled in the form of a gas or solvent. Potential inhalants can be found just about anywhere and include common products like nail polish remover, gasoline, glue and aerosol cans. Inhalants are sniffed or huffed and give the user immediate results. Unfortunately, these immediate results can also result in sudden mental damage. When inhalants are taken, the body becomes deprived of oxygen, causing a rapid heartbeat. Other effects include liver, lung and kidney problems, affected sense of smell, difficulty walking and confusion.

* Stanozol * Dianabol

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Inhalants are atypical "drugs" that have a nonmedical purpose, such as glue or gasoline. Inhaling the fumes of these substances causes the user to feel euphoric and drunk. Inhaling fumes is referred to as "huffing." Types of inhalants volatile solvent glue , gasoline , paint thinners aerosols hair spray , vegetable frying pan lubricant , spray paint anesthetics ether and nitrous oxide volatile nitrites amyl and butyl nitrites Effects of Inhalants When people use inhalants, they usually describe pleasurable feelings and a state of wellbeing. However, they can cause you to lose coordination, become confused and make reckless decisions. Other effects are equally nasty, if not more so, including rashes or irritation around the nose and mouth, coughing fits, nosebleeds, dizziness and fainting, heart palpitations, hallucinations, blindness and paranoia. PRESCRIPTION DRUGS Prescription drugs can be very helpful drugs when used properly and when under the guidance of a qualified physician. These drugs can be used as aids in surgery, to treat medical conditions and while controlling various symptoms. Misuse and abuse of prescription drugs however can be very dangerous. Examples of Drugs * Opiods: Codeine, Oxycodone, Morphine * Central nervous system depressants: barbiturates, benzodiazepines * Stimulants: dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate. Route Method of Administration - Important factor in determining how fast the drug acts, how long its effects and the intense of drug action. Forms: Orally - Administration of drugs through the mouth - Drugs in capsule, tablet or caplet, pill or liquid form enter the body through the mouth. Parenterally - Application of drugs through injection, directly or indirectly into the blood streams or veins. Can be accomplished through: Intravenous Injection (injecting through the veins) Intramuscular Injection (into a muscle) Subcutaneous Injection or Skin Popping (under the skin) Intra-arterial (into an artery) Intraosseous Infusion (into the bone marrow) Inhalation - Chemicals are absorbed into the blood by passing through the lungs and go directly through the brain Suppository 2 types Rectal suppository - Injection of drugs through the rectum Vaginal suppository - Through the vagina Topical - Application of drug on the skin with the use of ointment

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Sublingual - Administration of drugs by putting under the tongue so that they can be absorbed directly into the small blood vessels that lie beneath the tongue Transdermal - Administration of drugs through the use of drug- filled patch that is put directly to the skin. Ex. Band aids and salonpas Commonly Abused Drugs 1. Heroin Heroin is an opiate processed directly from the extracts of the opium poppy. It was originally created to help cure people of addiction to morphine. Upon crossing the blood-brain barrier, which occurs soon after introduction of the drug into the bloodstream, heroin is converted into morphine, which mimics the action of endorphins, creating a sense of well-being; the characteristic euphoria has been described as an orgasm centered in the gut. One of the most common methods of heroin use is via intravenous injection. 2. Cocaine Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. It is both a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite suppressant, giving rise to what has been described as a euphoric sense of happiness and increased energy. It is most often used recreationally for this effect. Cocaine is a potent central nervous system stimulant. Its effects can last from 20 minutes to several hours, depending upon the dosage of cocaine taken, purity, and method of administration. The initial signs of stimulation are hyperactivity, restlessness, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate and euphoria. The euphoria is sometimes followed by feelings of discomfort and depression and a craving to experience the drug again. Sexual interest and pleasure can be amplified. 3. Methamphetamine Methamphetamine, popularly shortened to meth or ice, is a psychostimulant and sympathomimetic drug. Methamphetamine enters the brain and triggers a cascading release of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. Since it stimulates the mesolimbic reward pathway, causing euphoria and excitement, it is prone to abuse and addiction. Users may become obsessed or perform repetitive tasks such as cleaning, hand-washing, or assembling and disassembling objects. Withdrawal is characterized by excessive sleeping, eating and depression-like symptoms, often accompanied by anxiety and drug-craving. 4. LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD, LSD-25, or acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the tryptamine family. Arguably the most regarded of all psychedelics, it is considered mainly as a recreational drug, an entheogen, and a tool in use to supplement various types of exercises for transcendence including in meditation, psychonautics, and illegal psychedelic psychotherapy whether self-administered or not. LSDs psychological effects (colloquially called a trip) vary greatly from person to person, depending on factors such as previous experiences, state of mind and environment, as well as dose strength. They also vary from one trip to another, and even as time passes during a single trip.

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An LSD trip can have long term psychoemotional effects; some users cite the LSD experience as causing significant changes in their personality and life perspective. Widely different effects emerge based on what Leary called set and setting; the set being the general mindset of the user, and the setting being the physical and social environment in which the drugs effects are experienced. 5. Ecstasy Ecstasy is a semisynthetic psychedelic entactogen of the phenethylamine family that is much less visual with more stimulants like effects than most all other common trip producing psychedelics. It is considered mainly a recreational drug thats often used with sex and associated with club drugs, as an entheogen, and a tool in use to supplement various types of practices for transcendence including in meditation, psychonautics, and illicit psychedelic psychotherapy whether self-administered or not. The primary effects of MDMA include an increased awareness of the senses, feelings of openness, euphoria, empathy, love, happiness, heightened self-awareness, feeling of mental clarity and an increased appreciation of music and movement. Tactile sensations are enhanced for some users, making physical contact with others more pleasurable. Other side effects, such as jaw clenching and elevated pulse, are common. 6. Opium Opium is a resinous narcotic formed from the latex released by lacerating (or scoring) the immature seed pods of opium poppies (Papaversomniferum). It contains up to 16% morphine, an opiate alkaloid, which is most frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the illegal drug trade. Opium has gradually been superseded by a variety of purified, semi-synthetic, and synthetic opioids with progressively stronger effect, and by other general anesthesia. This process began in 1817, when Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertrner reported the isolation of pure morphine from opium after at least thirteen years of research and a nearly disastrous trial on himself and three boys. 7. Marijuana Cannabis, known as marijuana in its herbal form, is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa. Humans have been consuming cannabis since prehistory, although in the 20th century there was a rise in its use for recreational, religious or spiritual, and medicinal purposes. It is estimated that about four percent of the worlds adult population use cannabis annually. It has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed, usually by smoking or ingestion. The state of intoxication due to cannabis consumption is colloquially known as a high; it is the state where mental and physical facilities are noticeably altered due to the consumption of cannabis. Each user experiences a different high, and the nature of it may vary upon factors such as potency, dose, and chemical composition, method of consumption and set and setting. COMMON DRUG-RELATED DISEASES Noncardiac Pulmonary Edema Noncardiac pulmonary edema is a condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs, from fluid leaking from the capillaries in the lung air sacs. Noncardiac pulmonary edema strictly develops from drug use, not heart disease. Cocaine and heroin can cause an adverse drug reaction where noncardiac pulmonary edema develops. Noncardiac pulmonary edema causes people to have extreme shortness of breath and difficulty breathing, sometimes with wheezing. People tend to describe it as a feeling of suffocating or drowning. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
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HIV, a chronic life-threatening condition, stands for human immunodeficiency virus. People with HIV are unable to fight off viruses, bacteria and fungi that cause diseases. Use of cocaine or heroin intravenously, via shared needles or syringes, puts individuals at greater risk for developing HIV. HIV-infected people can remain symptom free for up to nine years. However, as the disease progresses, it further weakens the immune system, causing people to develop symptoms. HIV symptoms include weight loss, diarrhea, fever, swollen lymph nodes, cough and shortness of breath. Cocaine-Induced Heart Disease Cocaine abuse has a wide array of adverse effects on the body, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Cocaine directly affects the cardiovascular system by constricting blood vessels and increasing heart rate and blood pressure. The American Heart Association states several cardiovascular complications can arise with the use of cocaine, such as chest pain, fatal and nonfatal irregular heartbeats, heart attack and stroke. All cocaine users are in danger of these other potentially fatal complications, even first-time user. Alzheimer's Disease A progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of function and death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain leading to loss of cognitive function such as memory and language. The cause of nerve cell death is unknown but the cells are recognized by the appearance of unusual helical protein filaments in the nerve cells Asthma Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways. Your airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen. When your airways react, they get narrower and your lungs get less air. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. When your asthma symptoms become worse than usual, it's called an asthma attack. In a severe asthma attack, the airways can close so much that your vital organs do not get enough oxygen. People can die from severe asthma attacks. Asthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control medicines to prevent symptoms. Insomnia Insomnia is a common sleep disorder. People who have insomnia have trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or both. As a result, they may get too little sleep or have poor-quality sleep. They may not feel refreshed when they wake up. Coffee, tea, cola and other caffeine-containing drinks are well-known stimulants. Drinking coffee in the late afternoon and later can keep you from falling asleep at night. Nicotine in tobacco products is another stimulant that can cause insomnia. Alcohol is a sedative that may help you fall asleep, but it prevents deeper stages of sleep and often causes you to awaken in the middle of the night.

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Schizophrenia Alternative Names:Childhood-onset schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder that makes it difficult to:

Tell the difference between real and unreal experiences Think logically Have normal emotional responses, Behave normally in social situations

Long-term use of antipsychotic medications may increase your risk for a movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia. This condition causes repeated movements that you cannot control, especially around the mouth. When schizophrenia does not improve with several antipsychotics, the medication clozapinecan be helpful. Clozapine is the most effective medication for reducing schizophrenia symptoms, but it also tends to cause more side effects than other antipsychotics. Schizophrenia is a life-long illness. Most people with this condition need to stay on antipsychotic medication for life.

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EFFECTS OF DRUGS
People who start to use illegal drugs want to change how they feel. They will become tolerant, physical dependence and habitually using drugs. Tolerance It is characterized by a diminished effect on the addict of the same dose of drug over a period of time. Physical dependence It is illustrated by what happens to the addict when he does not get his drug. He experiences the intense discomfort of withdrawal symptoms. Habituation It refers to the emotional or psychological dependence of the addict on narcotic drug. In other words he seeks the drug to escape from emotional problems. Harmful Effects of Drugs on the Body There are many negative effects of drug addiction on the body, both physically and psychologically. Addictive drugs not only destroy the individual's health but also ruin his personal and family life. Here are some of the destructive effects of drugs on the body. Drugs contain psychoactive substances which have adverse effects on the nervous system. The harmful effects of drug o the brain due to prolonged usage are deterioration of the nerves, blood vessels, which may finally affect the brain, as a result of which brain damage occurs, which is an irreversible condition. Hallucinogenic drugs like heroin can affect the body and brain. The effects of heroin addiction are heart palpitations, blurred vision, severe headaches, insomnia etc. The individual may also begin to have hallucinations or illusions due to the extensive use of heroin. Injecting drugs into the veins also have their own dangerous effects, along with allergic reactions. The toxins are transported to the entire body through the bloodstream. Organs get exposed to these toxins, which hamper their function and destroy them. The victim of drug abuse may also be impaired for life. This collapse of the various organ systems in the body can prove to be fatal. Cocaine, which is another potent drug, is highly addictive in nature. High concentration of cocaine in the body can reduce appetite, making the person anorexic. It can also cause gastrointestinal complications. Severe and prolonged headaches can end up in seizures and stroke, Since the heart rhythm is disturbed, heart failure is also one possible effect of the drug. Some drugs, like heroin, have to be injected with intravenous needles. Continuous usage of this drug can affect the veins and leads to their collapse. it also triggers infections in the lining of the heart. Sharing of needles can increase the risk of contracting hepatitis and AIDS, which can result in death.

Effects of Drugs on Individual 1. Individuals become addicted. 2. Lack of interest in studies, sports and other activities of daily life. 3. Loss of appetite and decrease in body resistance to disease. 4. Impairment of intelligence, memory and body coordination. 5. Damage to brain cells. 6. Indulgence in crime. 7. Accidents and mishaps. 8. Tendency to commit suicide.

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Effects of Drugs on Family 1. Family becomes hostile to drug abuser because he demands for money and sometimes even steal money and other household goods. 2. Poor reputation in neighbours. 3. Quarrels in family. 4. Sometimes drug abuser may develop disease like AIDS, Hepatitis B etc due to sharing of syringes and needles with other drug abusers and when he live with family, other members of family are also at greater risk of having such diseases. Effects of Drugs in Society In any society if youth are fell prey to drugs, then no society or nation can progress for the development. Education will suffer, jobs and occupation will suffer. Society becomes victim of crimes. Expenditure of government will increase as drug de-addiction centres have to establish. Then surveillance teams have to make the keep check on drug dealing. Remember, though there are many options available to treat addiction, a drug addict needs the support of his friends and family to come out of this vicious grip of drugs. These ill effects of drugs on the body can be deteriorating to the health and can even pose a threat to life. So get rid of these vices and lead a happy, disease-free life. Stay healthy!

DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION

What is drug abuse? Drug abuse, also called substance abuse or chemical abuse, is a disorder that is characterized by a destructive pattern of using a substance that leads to significant problems or distress. Teensare increasingly engaging in prescription drug abuse, particularly narcotics (which are prescribed to relieve severe pain), and stimulant medications, which treat conditions like attention deficit disorder. What is drug addiction? Drug addiction, also called substance dependence or chemical dependency, is a disease that is characterized by a destructive pattern of drug abuse that leads to significant problems involving tolerance to or withdrawal from the substance, as well as other problems that use of the substance can cause for the sufferer, either socially or in terms of their work or school performance. Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse There is a subtle but important difference between drug abuse and drug addiction. Someone can abuse drugs without being addicted but the opposite is not true. It is not possible to be addicted to drugs without abusing them. Some experts concerned with this subtle difference have outlined different stages in the addiction process Stage one is the exploratory phase, stage two is the recreational stage, stage three is the abusive stage and stage four is the dependent stage that we normally associate with the word addiction. Drug addiction implies a loss of choice. The need for the drug is paramount. Drug abuse implies the implementation of a choice to abuse a substance. This choice is born out of a desire to use the substance to help ease circumstances or situation. In this way it is one step further on the road to addiction because it is no longer being used for purely recreational reasons. Drug addiction means that the drug abuse has become a compulsive need for which there is only one solution. At this point the person feels that there is no choice and that the urge is beyond their control.
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Reasons of Drug Use People experiment with drugs for many different reasons. (1)Many first try drugs out of curiosity, (2) to have a good time, (3) because friends are doing it, or (4) in an effort to improve athletic performance or ease another problem, such as stress, anxiety, or depression. Use doesnt automatically lead to abuse, and there is no specific level at which drug use moves from casual to problematic. It varies by individual. No matter how often or how little youre consuming, if your drug use is causing problems in your lifeat work, school, home, or in your relationshipsyou likely have a drug abuse or addiction problem. Why do some drug users become addicted, while others dont? As with many other conditions and diseases, vulnerability to addiction differs from person to person. Your genes, mental health, family and social environment all play a role in addiction. Risk factors that increase your vulnerability include:

Family history of addiction Abuse, neglect, or other traumatic experiences in childhood Mental disorders such as depression and anxiety Early use of drugs Method of administrationsmoking or injecting a drug may increase its addictive potential

Signs and symptoms of drug abuse and drug addiction Although different drugs have different physical effects, the symptoms of addiction are similar. See if you recognize yourself in the following signs and symptoms of substance abuse and addiction. If so, consider talking to someone about your drug use. Common signs and symptoms of drug abuse

Youre neglecting your responsibilities at school, work, or home (e.g. flunking classes, skipping work, neglecting your children) because of your drug use. Youre using drugs under dangerous conditions or taking risks while high, such as driving while on drugs, using dirty needles, or having unprotected sex. Your drug use is getting you into legal trouble, such as arrests for disorderly conduct, driving under the influence, or stealing to support a drug habit. Your drug use is causing problems in your relationships, such as fights with your partner or family members, an unhappy boss, or the loss of old friends.

Common signs and symptoms of drug addiction

Youve built up a drug tolerance. You need to use more of the drug to experience the same effects you attained with smaller amounts. You take drugs to avoid or relieve withdrawal symptoms. If you go too long without drugs, you experience symptoms such as nausea, restlessness, insomnia, depression, sweating, shaking, and anxiety. Youve lost control over your drug use. You often do drugs or use more than you planned, even though you told yourself you wouldnt. You may want to stop using, but you feel powerless. Your life revolves around drug use. You spend a lot of time using and thinking about drugs, figuring out how to get them, and recovering from the drugs effects. Youve abandoned activities you used to enjoy, such as hobbies, sports, and socializing, because of your drug use.

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You continue to use drugs, despite knowing its hurting you. Its causing major problems in your lifeblackouts, infections, mood swings, depression, paranoiabut you use anyway.

Warning signs that a friend or family member is abusing drugs Drug abusers often try to conceal their symptoms and downplay their problem. If youre worried that a friend or family member might be abusing drugs, look for the following warning signs: Physical warning signs of drug abuse

Bloodshot eyes, pupils larger or smaller than usual. Changes in appetite or sleep patterns. Sudden weight loss or weight gain. Deterioration of physical appearance, personal grooming habits. Unusual smells on breath, body, or clothing. Tremors, slurred speech, or impaired coordination.

Behavioral signs of drug abuse

Drop in attendance and performance at work or school. Unexplained need for money or financial problems. May borrow or steal to get it. Engaging in secretive or suspicious behaviors. Sudden change in friends, favorite hangouts, and hobbies. Frequently getting into trouble (fights, accidents, illegal activities).

Psychological warning signs of drug abuse

Unexplained change in personality or attitude. Sudden mood swings, irritability, or angry outbursts. Periods of unusual hyperactivity, agitation, or giddiness. Lack of motivation; appears lethargic or spaced out. Appears fearful, anxious, or paranoid, with no reason.

Getting help for drug abuse and drug addiction Finding help and support for drug addiction Recognizing that you have a problem is the first step on the road to recovery, one that takes tremendous courage and strength. Facing your addiction without minimizing the problem or making excuses can feel frightening and overwhelming, but recovery is within reach. If youre ready to make a change and willing to seek help, you can overcome your addiction and build a satisfying, drug-free life for yourself. Recovering from drug addiction is much easier when you have people you can lean on for encouragement, comfort, and guidance. Support can come from:

family members close friends therapists or counselors other recovering addicts healthcare providers people from your faith community

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When a loved one has a drug problem If you suspect that a friend or family member has a drug problem, here are a few things you can do:

Speak up. Talk to the person about your concerns, and offer your help and support, without being judgmental. The earlier addiction is treated, the better. Dont wait for your loved one to hit bottom! Be prepared for excuses and denial by listing specific examples of your loved ones behavior that has you worried. Take care of yourself. Dont get so caught up in someone elses drug problem that you neglect your own needs. Make sure you have people you can talk to and lean on for support. And stay safe. Dont put yourself in dangerous situations. Avoid self-blame. You can support a person with a substance abuse problem and encourage treatment, but you cant force an addict to change. You cant control your loved ones decisions. Let the person accept responsibility for his or her actions, an essential step along the way to recovery for drug addiction.

But Dont

Attempt to punish, threaten, bribe, or preach. Cover up or make excuses for the drug abuser, or shield them from the negative consequences of their behavior. Take over their responsibilities, leaving them with no sense of importance or dignity. Argue with the person when they are high. Take drugs with the drug abuser. Feel guilty or responsible for another's behavior.

DRUG PREVENTION
What is Drug Prevention? The term drug prevention is short hand references to the issue of helping people avoid the abuse of drugs. This includes preventing problematic use and avoiding the harm that drugs can cause. It refers to the steps that might be taken to avoid drug problems. Prevention is different from treatment. Prevention and treatment are both designed to reduce the demand for drugs. Prevention attempts to reduce demand by decreasing risk factors and increasing protective factors associated with substance abuse, and treatmentaddresses clinically diagnosed substance abuse and reduces the negative effects associated with drug dependency and addiction. The essential difference between these strategies is that prevention addresses a problem before it occurs, and treatment addresses the problem after it occurs and is clinically diagnosed. Who is the target group in drug Prevention? Prevention is most promising when it is directed at impressionable youngsters. Adolescents are most susceptible to the allure of illicit drugs. How can drug abuse be prevented? First, primary prevention targets the underlying causes of drug use and therefore has the greatest potential to reduce the scope of the problem. This means the prevention of drug use before it starts. Second, over time a primary prevention campaign will lessen the need for drug treatment, which is in short supply. Third, a media campaign has greater potential to affirm the anti-drug attitudes of youth who are not involved with drugs than to persuade experienced drug users to change their behavior. Fourth, help the drug user to indulge him in recreational activities, seminars and health promotion programs. This will be done with the help of the people around him. Who can help a drug user prevent the abuse of drugs?
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Family/Parents While all parents are critical influencers of children, as they say education starts at home. Children are taught to condemn drug use. Such attitudes and attendant behaviour are easily reinforced by involved parents. Parents who wait to guide their children away from drugs until older ages when youngsters are more readily influenced by peers or may have started using alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, decrease their ability to positively influence children. School or Workplace Teachers and students, also provide youth with important protection from drug abuse and support for positive parental training by modeling, teaching, and reinforcing positive behavior. Such "occasional preventionists" are vital in touching the lives of children from chemically dependent families. Adult addiction can have a devastating impact on children. By taking small steps, adult mentors can make a permanent difference in the course of a child's life. The firms can help the drug user by providing Employee assistance programs, Drug testing programs, Health promotion practices and others. Community Because substance abuse are complex human behaviors often related to other factors in the society, prevention is more likely to be successful when efforts are directed at altering individuals behavior are paired with those directed at altering the environment. Create recreational activities and mentoring though seminars and other community-based programs. Government The government has the responsibility to Create or enforce existing laws and regulations. Agencies such as Dangerous drugs Board and Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency help in the implementation of laws. The Dangerous Drugs Board was created by virtue of Republic Act 6425 subsequently repealed by RA 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002. The new and stiffer law mandates the DDB to be the National policy-making and strategy formulating body on all matters pertaining to drug abuse prevention and control. As such, it issues implementing rules and programs, for compliance by all operating drug law enforcement bodies and other government agencies. It is, however, not limited to policy formulation as can be gleaned from its functions enumerated under Section 81 of the Drug Law. PDEA is the implementing arm of the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB). Media The media have come to play an increasingly important role in public health campaigns due to their wide reach and ability to influence behavior. There is significant evidence that carefully planned mass media campaigns can reduce substance abuse by countering false perceptions that drug use is normative and influencing personal beliefs that motivate drug use. Media campaigns have been used to prevent or reduce consumption of illegal drugs and smoking along with risky behavior like driving under the influence of alcohol or without seat belts. For all their power to inform and persuade, the media alone are unlikely to bring about large, sustained changes in drug use. The anti-drug campaign will be truly successful only if media efforts are coordinated with initiatives that reinforce one another in homes, schools, and communities. Individual Himself How harsh (or maybe great) it may sound, the user is the only person that can prevent alcohol or drug addiction, due to the choices or decisions he make. Although addiction is classified as a disease, it may well be one of the few diseases that people choose to get. Each drug or alcohol addicted person started their life as an addict by making a choice. He is free to make the same choice or he can choose to not allow drug addiction to be his disease. Its his choice and whether he likes it or not, it is the price he has to pay for being a human with a free will.

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