Professional Documents
Culture Documents
-------o0o-------
TS. LNG NGC LI
C HC THY KH
NG DNG
C hc thy kh ng dng
H Ni, 2008
Quyn sch gii thiu kin thc l thuyt c bn v c hc cht lng v cht kh
v ng dng ca n trong cc ngnh k thut. Ni dung ch yu gm tnh cht c bn
cht lng v cht kh ,tnh hc, ng hc, ng lc hc cht lng v mt s chuyn
ng dng trong tnh ton ng ng thu lc v kh ng, dng chy trong khe hp
(bi ton bi trn v lm mt), lc tc ng ln vt ngp trong lng cht lng chuyn
ng, l thuyt th nguyn-tng t. c bit c phn gii thiu thiu c bn dng tia
v nguyn l c bn v my thu lc.
Gio trnh ny cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh k thut tu thu vi thi lng 4 v
hc trnh theo ni dung ca Chng trnh khung ngnh K thut Tu thu c duyt
nm2008 ca B Gio dc v o to. Ngoi ra l gio trnh cho sinh vin cc ngnh
c kh, lm li liu tham kho cho sinh vin, k s cc ngnh k thut khc .
- 2 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
MC LC
trang
Chng 1 Mt s tnh cht vt l c bn ca cht lng 3
Chng 2 Tnh hc cht lng 10
Chng 3 ng hc cht lng 25
Chng 4 ng lc hc cht lng 36
Chng 5 Chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht lng khng nn c 59
Chng 6 Chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht kh 71
Chng 7 Tnh ton thu lc ng ng 82
Chng 8 Lc tc ng ln vt ngp trong lng cht lng chuyn ng 89
Chng 9 L thuyt th nguyn v tng t 98
Chng 10 My thy lc v trm 107
Ti liu tham kho 115
- 3 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
CHNG I
MT S TNH CHT VT L C BN
CA CHT LNG
1-1. I TNG, PHNG PHP NGHIN CU MN HC NG DNG.
I. i tng:
Mn hc Thu kh ng lc ng dng, cn c gi l C hc cht lng ng
dng hay gi mt cch gn ng l Thu lc. i tng nghin cu ca mn hc l
cht lng. Cht lng y hiu theo ngha rng, bao gm cht lng th nc - Cht
lng khng nn c ( Khi lng ring khng thay i) v cht lng th kh -
Cht lng nn c ( Khi lng ring thay i const ). tin cho vic nghin
cu, cng nh theo s pht trin ca khoa hc, ngi ta chia cht lng thnh cht lng
l tng hay l cht lng khng nht v cht lng thc, cn gi l cht lng nht (
nht 0). Cht lng tun theo quy lut v lc nht ca Niu-Tn (I.Newton) l cht
lng Niu-Tn. Cn nhng cht lng khng tun theo quy lut ny ngi ta gi l cht
lng phi Niu-Tn, nh du th chng hn.
Thu kh ng lc nghin cu cc quy lut cn bng v chuyn ng ca cht
lng. Thng thng trong gio trnh, ngi ta chia thnh ba phn:
Tnh hc cht lng: nghin c cc iu kin cn bng ca cht lng trnh
thi tnh.
ng hc cht lng: nghin cu chuyn ng ca cht lng theo thi gian, khng
k n nguyn nhn gy ra chuyn ng.
ng lc hc cht lng: nghin cu chuyn ng ca cht lng v tc dng tng
h ca n vi vt rn. C th l phi gii 2 bi ton c bn sau y:
Xc nh s phn b vn tc, p sut, khi lng ring v nhit trong cht
lng.
Xc nh lc tc dng tng h gia cht lng v vt rn xung quanh n.
V tr ca mn hc: n l nhp ni gia nhng mn khoa hc c bn(Ton, L..)
vi nhng mn k thut chuyn ngnh.
II. Phng php nghin cu
Dng 3 phng php sau y:
L thuyt: S dng cng c ton hc, ch yu nh ton gii tch, phng trnh vi
phn. Chng ta s gp li cc ton t vi phn quen thuc nh:
gradient:
z
p
k
y
p
j
x
p
i p grad
- 4 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
divergent:
z
u
y
u
x
u
u div
z
y
x
rotor:
z y x
u u u
z y x
k j i
u rot
Ton t Laplas:
2
2
2
2
x
2
2
z y x
o hm ton phn:
dt
dz
z
u
dt
dy
y
u
dt
dx
x
u
t
u
dt
u d
: ) t , z , y , x ( W
(1-3)
S khc nhau v tnh cht ca mt s cht th hin trn bng 1-1.
III. Tnh nn c:
S thay i th tch W ca cht lng khi tc dng ca p sut p hoc nhit t.
biu th s thay i ta c h s nn c:
Do p sut
) N / m ( ,
dp
dW
W
1
2
p
(1-4)
Do nhit
) K / 1 ( ,
dT
dW
W
1
0
T
M uyn n hi:
1
E
(1-5)
L kh nng chng li s bin dng ca cht lng khi bi tc ng ca p sut hoc
nhit .
- 6 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Bng 1 1: Tnh cht vt l ca mt s cht
TT Tn gi
KLR,
r,kg/m
3
TLR
,N/m
3
T trng
Nhit ,
0
C
1 Nc sch 1000 9810 1 4
2 Xng 0,7-0,75 16
3 Thu ngn 13,55 15
4 St 7,8
5 Cn 0,8 0
6 Du madut 0,89-0,92 15
7 Khng kh 1,127 11,77 1,127.10
-3
27
1. Tnh nht v gi thuyt ca Newton:
Tnh nht l thuc tnh ca cht lng lm cn tr chuyn ng ca bn thn cht
lng. Ta nghin cu tnh nht da trn th nghim ca Newton. C hai tm phng :
Tm di II c nh, tm trn I c din tch S chuyn ng di tc dng ca ngoi lc
F. Gia 2 tm c 1 lp mng cht lng h. Sau mt thi gian no , tm I s chuyn
ng u vi vn tc tng i u // vi tm II.
n
u
Hnh 1-1
Th nghim cho ta thy rng cc phn t cht lng dnh cht vo tm I s di
chuyn cng vi vn tc u, cn nhng phn t dnh cht vo tm II th khng chuyn
ng. Vn tc cc lp cht lng gia 2 tm phng tng theo quy lut tuyn tnh v t l
vi khong cch tm II (Hnh 1-1).
Newton gi thit l khi cht lng chuyn ng, n chy thnh lp v cng mng
vi vn tc khc nhau, do trt ln nhau. Gia cc lp cht lng chuyn ng tng
i vi nhau y xut hin lc ma st. l lc ma st trong, cn gi l lc nht:
T = S (1-6)
- 7 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
ng sut tip:
dn
du
(1-7)
l h s ch ph thuc vo cht lng gia hai tm phng, n c trng cho tnh
nht gi l h s nht ng lc hoc nht ng lc.
Trong du/dn l gradient vn tc theo phng n vung gc vi dng chy u .
Nhng cht lng tun theo (1-6) gi l cht lng Newton nh ni trn.
T (1-6) rt ra:
Nu ly S=1 n v,
1
dn
du
n v th tng ng vi mt lc. n v o
trong h SI l N.s/m
2
; trong h CGS l poa-z: P; 1P = 10
-1
N.s/m
2
Ngoi , cn dng h s nht ng hc = / (1-8)
Trong cc biu thc c lin quan ti chuyn ng. n v o trong h SI l
m
2
/s, trong h CGS l Stc:(St) ; 1St = 10
-4
m
2
/s =cm
2
/s.
Cc h s v thay i theo nhit v p sut. Nhn chung v ca
cht lng gim khi nht tng v tng khi p sut tng; ca cht kh tng khi nhit
tng v gim khi p sut tng.
Bng 1 2: nht ng hc ca mt s cht
t,
0
C P,at
, St
Nc 20 0,0001
Du: IC-30, PS-46 30 30
2. Phn loi lc tc dng v cht lng cng tc:
thun tin cho vic tnh ton sau ny c th chia ngoi lc tc dng ln cht
lng c chia thnh 2 loi:
Lc mt l lc tc dng ln cht lng t l vi din tch mt tip xc (nh p lc:
P=p.S, lc ma st: T= .S,)
Lc khi l lc tc dng ln cht lng t l vi khi lng (nh trng lc:G=mg,
lc qun tnh: Fqt=m.a,)
Cht lng thc l cht lng c nht( khc khng). Khi gii nhng bi ton
thy lc phc tp, c nhiu n s ngi ta n gin ha bi ton. Mt trong cch l
coi cht lng c nht thp nh cht lng khng c tnh nht, gi l cht lng l
tng.
- 8 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
* Cu hi:
1. Khi nim v khi lng ring, trng lng ring, t trng ca cht lng,
cht kh. Ch ra s khc nhau c bn v gi tr ca nc thng, khng kh, thy
ngn, st.
2. Khai nim v tnh nn c ca cht lng. Th tch cht lng thay i
ph thuc nhng yu t n?
3. Khi nim v tnh cht ca cht lng. Bn cht ca vic sinh ra tnh nht.
4. Khi nim nht ng hc, nht ng lc hc, n v. S khc nhau
c bn nht ca khng kh, nc thng, du.
5. Khi nim v cht lng thc, cht lng l tng. Phn loi ngoi lc tc
ng ln cht lng.
- 9 -
Hnh 2 - 1
C hc thy kh ng dng
CHNG II
TNH HC CHT LNG
Tnh hc cht lng hay thu tnh hc nghin cu cc quy lut v cn bng ca
cht lng trng thi tnh. Ngi ta phn ra lm 2 trng thi tnh: Tnh tuyt i - cht
lng khng chuyn ng so vi h to c nh gn lin vi tri t; Tnh hc tng
i - cht lng chuyn ng so vi h to c nh, nhng gia chng khng c
chuyn ng tng i. Nh vy, y cht lng thc v l tng l mt. Chng ny
ch yu nghin cu p sut v p lc do cht lng to nn.
2-1. P SUT THU TNH.
I. nh ngha:
p sut thu tnh l nhng ng sut gy ra bi cc ngoi lc tc dng ln cht
lng trng thi tnh.
th hin r hn khi nim p sut thu tnh
trong cht lng, ta xt th tch cht lng gii hn bi
din tch (Hnh 2-1). Tng tng ct khi cht
lng bng mt phng AB, cht lng trong phn I tc
dng ln phn II qua mt ct . B I m vn gi II
trng thi cn bng th phi thay tc dng I ln II bng
lc P gi l p lc thu tnh tc dng ln mt .
p sut trung bnh:
P
p
tb
Cn p sut ti im M:
P
Lim p
0
M
n v ca p sut: N/m
2
= Pa
(Pascal)
1at = 9,8.10
4
N/m
2
= 10
4
kG/m
2
= 10mH
2
O = 10T/m
2
= 1kG/cm
2
1bar=10
5
.N/m
2
; MPa=10
6
N/m
2
; p sut l mt n v vct
II. Hai tnh cht ca p sut thu tnh.
a. p sut thu tnh lun lun tc dng thng gc v hng vo mt tip xc
(Hnh 2-2).
b. p sut thu tnh ti mi im theo mi phng bng nhau.
C th gi thch iu bng cch xt khi cht lng dng mt t din (Hnh
2-2) l mt gc ca to DCc.Cc cnh
dz , dx , dx
v cng nh b nh hnh v.
Trn bn mt c bn vct p sut tng ng.
- 10 -
A
B
P
P
I
I I
C hc thy kh ng dng
Hnh 2-2
Khi th tch khi cht lng W=dx.dy.dz 0 th cc vct hon ton khc
nhau:
p p p p
z y x
Khi th tch ny nh v cng W=dx.dy.dz0 th gi tr ca cc vect ny
hon ton bng nhau:
p p p p
z y x
(2-1)
2-2. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CN BNG CA CHT LNG
PHNG TRNH -LE TNH (1755)
Phng trnh biu din mi quan h gia ngoi lc tc dng vo mt phn t cht
lng vi ni lc sinh ra trong (tc l p sut thu tnh p).
Xt mt phn t cht lng hnh hp c cc cnh dx, dy, dz // x, y, z (Hnh 2-3).
Trng tm M(x,y,z) chu p sut thu tnh p(x,y,z).
Lc mt tc dng ln hnh hp gm cc lc do p sut thu tnh tc ng trn 6
mt (p lc).
Theo phng ox p lc t hai pha s l:
dydz dx
x
p
2
1
p P
x
,
_
+
v
dydz dx
x
p
2
1
p ' P
x
,
_
Lc khi theo phng ox l:
dxdydz X mX
Vi m = .dx.dy.dz;
x
y
z
F
M
x
P
/
x
P
h i n h 2 - 3
- 11 -
Hnh 2-3
C hc thy kh ng dng
Lp iu kin cn bng ca phn t cht lng hnh hp di tc dng ca lc khi
v p lc.
Hnh chiu ca cc lc ln trc x:
Do p sut
0 mX P ' P
x x
x
+
(2-2)
Thay vo (2-2) ta c:
0 dxdydz . X dxdydz
x
p
x
+
, vi: m= .dx.dy.dz 0
Hay l
Tng t cho trc y v z (2-3)
l phng trnh le tnh vit di dng ba hnh chiu.
Vit di dng vect:
0 gradp
1
F
(2-4)
Trong : Fl lc khi n v - lc khi ca 1 n v khi lng:
Z k Y j X i F + +
Nhn cc phng trnh (2-3) ln lt vi
, dz , dy , dx
ri cng ln lt li theo ct,
ta c:
Hay l
dp
1
Zdz Ydy Xdx
+ +
(2-5)
y l mt dng khc ca phng trnh vi phn cn bng ca cht lng th hin
s bin thin p sut theo khng gian ba chiu.
Mt ng p l mt trn ti mi im p sut p = const, hay dp =0. T (2-5)
suy ra phng trnh ca mt ng p:
Hay l
0 Zdz Ydy Xdx + +
(2-5)
2-3. PHNG TRNH C BN THU TNH
L vic p dng c th phng trnh vi phn cn bng trong cc trng hp cht
lng tnh tuyt i v tnh tng i.
I. Cht lng tnh tuyt i
Khi nim tnh tuyt i l tuyt i xt vi h quy chiu l tri t.
Xt khi cht lng trong bnh cha t c nh di mt t.Trng hp ny lc
khi ch c trng lc hng xung:
g m G
Sau khi tch phn ln, ta c phng trnh c bn thu tnh:
C const z
p
+
(2-6)
Khi dp = 0 ta c phng trnh h mt ng p l:
z = const (2-6)
Cc mt ng p trong cht lng tnh tuyt i (trong c mt thong) l cc
mt phng nm ngang.
H qu: Tnh p sut im
Cn tnh p sut ti im M:
? p
T cng thc (2-6):
Const .. z
p
z
p
A
A
+
Hay l
( ) ) z z ( p p z z
p p
A A A
A
+ +
Hnh 2-4
Nu im A ti mt thong
a A
p p
v z
A
z = h l su t mt thong n
im M, ta c:
h . p p h p p
a A
+ +
(2-7)
h l trng lng ct cht lng cao bng h v c din tch y bng 1 n v;
a
p p
h
biu th p sut, nn c n v l m ct nc, 1at = 10mH
2
O.
ngha ca phng trnh c bn thu tnh (2-6).
ngha hnh hc hay thu lc.
z - cao hnh hc
p
- cao ca mt ct cht lng biu th p sut, gi l cao o p
const H
p
z
t
t
+
- ct p thu tnh tuyt i.
Vy, trong mt mi trng cht lng cn bng, ct p thu tnh ca mi im l
mt hng s.
- 13 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
ngha nng lng.
Xt phn t cht lng quanh im A c khi lng dm, dG = gdm cao hnh
hc z v chu p sut p. So vi mt chun ca phn t c th nng z.gdm = z.dG, c
trng cho v tr ca phn t, gi l v nng. Do chu p sut p nn c nng lng
dG
p
- cng l th nng, nhng c trng cho p sut thu tnh tc dng ln phn t cht
lng, gi l p nng.
Tng th nng l :
dG
p
z
,
_
+
Tnh cho mt n v trng lng cht lng:
,
_
+
p
z dG / dG
p
z
Trong mi trng cht lng cn bng, theo phng trnh c bn thu tnh,
const e
p
z
t
+
Vy, th nng n v ca mi im trong mt mi trng cht lng cn bng u
bng nhau v bng ct p thu tnh H
t
.
II. Cht lng tnh tng i.
Ta xt hai dng tnh tng i c trng sau y.
Bnh cha cht lng chuyn ng thng thay i u (gia tc a = const).
Hin tng ny c trong cc xe ch du, nc sau khi khi ng, b ch ho kh
ca t, my bay v.v..
y cn xc nh s bin thin p sut trong khng gian v mt ng p ca
cht lng.
Chn h to nh hnh v (Hnh 2-5).
Xut pht t phng trnh (2-5), lc khi tc dng y gm:
Trng lc g m G , lc qun tnh a m F . Cc hnh chiu ca lc khi n v
tng ng l:
X = 0; Y = - a; Z = -g
Do dp = (- a.dy g.dz)
p = - ay - gz + C
Khi y = 0, z = 0 th p = C = p
o
.
Vy, phn b p sut ti mi im trong cht lng p = p
0
- z - ay
Phng trnh cc mt ng p khi p = const dp = 0 l:
ady + gdz = 0
ay + gz = C
- 14 -
x
y
L
g
a
?
p
a
O
Hnh 2-5
C hc thy kh ng dng
l h cc mt phng nghing mt gc so vi mt nm ngang:
g
a
tg
;
0 a 0
g
a
> <
: vn tc tng, chuyn ng nhanh n u, ng dc xung nh
hnh 2-5.
0 a 0
g
a
< >
: vn tc gim (khi hm), chuyn ng chm n u, ng dc
ln..
Bnh cha cht lng quay u theo trc thng ng vi vn tc gc = const
(Hnh 2-6).
Lc ny lc khi gm: trng lc G = mg; lc qun tnh li tm: F
qt
= m
2
r
Cc hnh chiu ca lc khi n v: X =
2
x, Y =
2
y, Z = -g.
Do dp = (
2
xdx +
2
ydy gdz)
( ) C gz y x
2
p
2 2
2
+ +
khi x = y = z = 0, th p=C=p
0
=p
a
v
0
2
2
p z . r
2
p +
Phng trnh cc mt ng p s l : C z .
2
r
2
2
l phng trnh cc mt paraboloit quay quanh trc 0z.
Phng trnh mt thong khi gc to trng vi mt thong: p = p0 = pa
H. 2-6.
Phn b p sut
- 15 -
O
z
y
x
y
x
p
a
F
O
q
t
C hc thy kh ng dng
v mt ng p
Th 0 z .
2
r
2
2
Do
g 2
r
2
r
z h
2 2 2 2
(2-8)
Trong , h- l chiu cao ca mt thong so vi gc to O ca im M c
khong cch r so vi trc quay.
Da trn hin tng ny, ngi ta ch to cc my o vng quay, cc h thng
bi trn trc, c cc bnh xe, cc ng gang thp v.v..
2- 4. PHN LOI P SUT, BIU P SUT
I. Phn loi p sut:
Trn c s cng thc tnh p sut im (2-7) ngi ta ch to ra cc dng c o
p sut im bng cht lng trong ng o p ch U(ng bng thu tinh c ng knh
d = 0,015 m, un hnh ch U, cht lng l thu ngn hoc nc, cn,). Ni trc tip
mt u ng thu tinh qua ng cao su vo im cn o p sut, mt u thng vi kh
tri c p sut p
a
= 1 at.
Khi p sut cn o trong bnh bng p sut khi tri (Hnh 2-7a) th mc nc hai
ct ng ch U bng nhau .
Khi p sut bnh ln hn p sut kh tri (Hnh 2-7b) mc nc ct thng vi
bnh gim xung, ct nc t do dng cao hn ct kia mt lng l h. p
sut tnh theo (2-7):
p p
a
= p = . h.
Ta nh ngha l p sut d: p = . h=p
d
.
p
d
=p - p
a
(2-9)
Khi p sut bnh nh hn p sut kh tri (Hnh 2-7c) mc nc ct thng vi
bnh dng ln, ct t do h xung hn nhau mt lng l - h. p sut tnh
theo (2-7):
p p
a
= p = - . h
Ta nh ngha l p chn khng: - p = . h=p
ck
.
- 16 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
p
ck
= p
a
p (2-10)
chn khng c k hiu l
p p p
H
a CK
cK . chn khng tuyt i
khi p = 0,
) 0 H ( m 10
9810
98100 . 1 p p p
H
2
a CK
cK
.
Nh vy, khi trong bnh l chn khng tuyt i th nc ch dng ln mt cao
l h
n
=10m, cn thu ngn c dng l h
Hg
= (10/13,55) m.
Hnh 2-7
II. Biu p sut:
L biu th hin s thay i p sut theo khng gian trong cc trng hp cht
lng l tnh tuyt i hay tnh tng i. n gin ta ch xt trng hp cht lng
tnh tuyt i.
T biu tc (2-7)
h . p p
a
+
hay
P
d
= .h (2-10)
Trong thc t ch cn v biu vi p sut d (2-11). Chn mt trc to l
chiu su h hng xung theo thc t, gc to s l im nm trn mt thong (ti
p sut d bng khng), trc to th hai l gi tr p sut d p
d
( n gin t
sau y gi tt l p) c th chn bn tri hay phi tu theo cch b tr bn v. th
h . p
l ng thng nghing vi trc h mt gc vi tg =p/h= . d nh ta
k hiu gc = vi hm l gc (trn biu l ) ph thuc vo gi tr
ca trng lng ring cht lng (N/m
3
) .
V biu p sut theo ng v tr ca vt khi vt chn l tm phng ch
phng v chiu ca cc vct p sut lun hng vo v vung gc b mt tc dng
- 17 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
(Hnh 2-7d), vi cht lng hai lp (
2
>
1
) trn (Hnh 2-7e), vi mt chi tc dng l
bnh dng cu (Hnh 2-7g).
2.5. NH LUT PASCAL V MY P THU LC
Xt bnh nc v kh c y kn bi qu pittong (Hnh 2-8). p sut phn kh
trn b mt nc l p
0
. Ap sut ti im 1 v 2 bt k trong lng nc c su l h
1
v h
2
trong hai trng hp ti trng trn pittong khc nhau:
Hnh 2-8
G = 0 th p sut ti hai im l;
p
10
= p
0
+ h
1
p
20
= p
0
+ h
2
G 0, trn mt nc c p sut l: p
0
+
p
V, ti hai im s c p sut l:
p
1
= p
0
+ h
1
+ p = p
10
+ p
p
2
= p
0
+ h
2
+ p = p
20
+ p
vi p = P/S
p sut tnh do ngoi lc tc ng ln b mt cht lng c truyn nguyn vn
n mi im trong lng cht lng ( vi tc m thanh).
Theo nh lut Pascal ngi ta ch to ra my p thu lc, my kch, my tch
nng, cc b phn truyn lc v.v..
Theo s my p thu lc (Hnh 2-9), ti trng G cn bng vi p lc di y
piston ln:
G = p. D
2
/4
Pha piston nh, lc P, sinh ra do lc R tc ng ln tay n cn bng vi p lc
di piston nh P = p. d
2
/4
H s khuych i thu lc: K
t
= G/P = (D/d)
2
H s khuych i ton b: K = G/R = (D/d)
2
.(a+b)/b
ch to my p thu lc ngi ta ch cn thm vo khi xylanh mt khung
chu lc (Hnh 2-9).
2-5. TNH P LC THU TNH.
L vic tnh p lc ca cht lng ln cc cng trnh, thit b.
I. p lc ln thnh phng.
Tnh p lc P ln din tch S (H. 2-10). Phi xc nh 3 yu t: phng chiu, tr
s, im t ca P.
Cch tnh: tnh dp tc dng ln dS, sau tch phn trn ton S s c P.
- 18 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Phng chiu: PS, hng vo.
Hnh 2-9
Tr s:
c c c
S S S S S
Sp h . . S S y . sin
ydS sin dS . sin . y . dS . h . dS . p dP P
vi: p
c
= h
c
- p sut ti trng tm.
h = ysin ; h
c
= y
c
sin (Hnh 2-10);
I
x
=
S y ydS
c
S
+ S y J dS y J
2
c xc
2
ox - l mmen qun tnh ca S i vi trc ox
- 19 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Thay cc gi tr vo biu thc trn, ta rt ra:
S y
J
y y
c
xc
c D
+
(2-13)
J
xc
- l mmen qun tnh ca S i vi trc song song vi ox i qua trng tm C.
Trng hp hnh phng khng c trc i xng phi tnh thm x
D
II. p lc cht lng ln thnh cong (ng dn nc, b cha du)
Xt trng hp thnh cong S ca bnh cha c mt mt tip xc vi cht lng cn
mt kia tip xc vi khng kh (Hnh 2-11). t h to x0y trng vi mt thong.
Chia nh mt cong thnh cc mt cong nh. dS nh nn coi nh mt phng. Tnh dP
ln dS cha im M c su h.
n P d ....... ........,. dS p P d (vct php ca phn t din tch dS). Cc phn t
lc P d
c gi tr
2
z
2
y
2
x
P P P P + +
im t ca lc P l giao im ca ba lc z y x
P , P , P
III. Phng php gii.
Gi thit rng cn tnh lc tc dng ln cnh ca hnh ch nht c kch thc: h .
b (Hnh 2-12).
Hnh 2-12
- 21 -
Hnh 2-11
C hc thy kh ng dng
V biu p sut thu tnh tc dng ln cnh ca theo p sut d ta c tam
gic vung c y l h (theo tnh cht 1 ca p sut thu tnh v cng thc tnh p
sut im).
Theo cng thc gii tch tnh p lc ln thnh phng (2-12):
b .
2
h
. h . b . h .
2
h
S . h . P
c
' S
2
h
. h chnh l din tch ca tam gic biu p sut. Gi tr ca lc:
b .
2
h
. h b '. S " V " P
(2-15)
Vy, P c tr s bng th tch ca lng tr c mt hnh chiu l biu p sut (
2
h
h . ' S
) v hnh chiu th hai l din tch chu p sut (b.h), im t ca lc i
qua trng tm ca lng tr .
V d:Tnh p lc bng biu rt thun tin trong trng hp c nc hai bn
(Hnh 2-10). Biu p sut l hnh thang vung nn p lc ln cnh ca s l:
2 1
P P P
+ vi
b ). h h (
2
1
P
2 1 1
v
b . h . P
2 2
,
im t ca hai lc ny xc nh n gin l trng tm ca tam gic vung v
ca hnh ch nht.
Hnh 2-13
2-7. NH LUT ACSIMET V IU KIN CN BNG VT NI
nh lut: Mt vt ngp trong lng cht lng chu mt lc thng ng t di
ln; Gi tr ca n bng trng lng khi cht lng m vt chim ch, im t ca
lc l trng tm hnh hc khi cht lng b chim ch .
P
A
= V
C
(2-16)
- 22 -
P
2
P
1
C hc thy kh ng dng
G
P
1
2
A
3
c
V
Hnh 2-14
Xt ba vt th c trng lng ring khc nhau th xung lng h nc. Khi vt
ng yn l chu hai lc cn bng, ngc chiu: lc Acsimet v trng lc G = V. Vt
1 l g c
1
<
n
nn V
C
< V, ni mt phn ln mt nc. Vt 2 l c
2
>
n
,
m khi chm ht xung nc V
C
= V nn P
A
< G, vt chm xung tn y b. Vt 3 l
bc nc c
2
=
n
, V
C
=V nn s ng yn ti bt c im no trong lng nc.
Chng s chim ba v tr khc nhau nh (Hnh 2-14).
iu kin cn bng vt ni:
Mun cho vt ni trng thi cn bng iu kin cn v l trng lng cn
bng vi lc y Acsimet v im t ca chng nm trn mt ng thng ng.
Mt vt nni cn bng c th n nh hoc khng n nh tnh. nn nh l tnh
cht ca vt ni c khuynh hng chng li cc lc ngoi lm nghing vt ni khi v
tr cn bng ban u.
Kh nng n nh ca vt ni c c trng bng m men phc hi M
p
. Gi s
do tc ng no vt ni b nghing i mt gc so vi v tr cn bng ban u
(Hnh 2-15) v vt ni chu tc ng ca trng lc v lc y Acsimet. Lc tm y
D dch chuynn sang v tr D.Xut hin hai ngu lc c xu hng chng i nhau:
M
d
=(m+n) P = (m+n) V, l m men n n hnh dng;
M
t
= n G, l m men n nh trng lng.
M men phc hi s l:
M
p
= M
d
M
t
iu kin tnh ca vt ni c xc nh bi:
M
p
> 0
Khi nh c th xem:
n=a
n+m=(a + h) =r
k
.
Trong : a + h =r
k
, l khong cch tm nh khuynh v tm y gi l bn knh
nh khuynh.
Kh nng n nh ca vt ni c c trung bng mmen phc hi M. Ti v tr
cn bng ban u.
- 23 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Gi s di tc dng ca ngoi lc vt ni nghing i mt gc so vi v tr cn
bng ban u (Hnh 2-15) v vt ni ch chu tc dng ca trng lc v lc y
Acsimet. Lc tm y D dch sang v tr D.
S lch i v tr ca vt so vi v tr cn bng ban u sinh ra hai ngu lc c xu
hng chng i nhau. Ngu lc c xu hng chng i nhau. Ngu lc th nht l
mmen quay n nh hnh dng:
(2-17)
Ngu lc th hai c mmen l mmen n nh trng lng:
nG M
t
(2-18)
Mmen n nh hnh dng ph thuc rt ln vo dng din tch ca vt ni, c xu
hng lm vt ni tr li v tr cn bng ban u; cn mmen n nh trng lng lm
cho vt cng b nghing hn.
Mmen phc hi s l:
M
p
= M
d
- M
t
(2-19)
iu kin n nh tnh l M
p
> 0 (2 - 19)
Khi gc nghing b c th xem:
(2-20)
Trong :
a: khong cch gia trng tm C v tm y D.
dk
= m + n : khong cch gia tm ng khuynh M v tm y D gi l bn
knh nh khuynh
h: khong cch tm nh khuynh v trng tm C, gi l cao nh khuynh.
Thay (2-20) vo (2-17), (2-18) ta c:
(2-21)
Kt hp vi (2-19) ta c:
h > 0
Vy, vt ni s n nh nu trng tm C ca vt v tr sao cho cao nh
khuynh c gi tr dng.
i vi tm truyn tng n nh ngi ta h thp trng tm C v nng cao tm
nh khuynh (bng cch to tuyn tnh thch hp). Khi vt ngp hon ton trong nc,
do th tch ngp khng i (V = V
C
), tm nh khuynh M trng vi tm y D, iu
kin n nh tnh l trng tm C phi thp hn tm y D.
- 24 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
D
D'
C
P
M
h
a
m
n
G
Hnh 2-15
* Cu hi:
1. nh ngha p sut tnh, n v o p sut.
2. Hai tnh cht ca p sut thy tnh.
3. Phng trnh vi phn cn bng cht lng.
4. Khi nim mt ng p.
5. S phn b p sut trong lng cht lng tnh tuyt i v cht lng tnh
tng i.
6. Phn loi p sut. Biu p sut theo cc thnh rn khc nhau.
7. nh lut Pascal v nguyn l my p thy lc.
8. Xc nh lc tc ng ln din tch phng, nghing.
9. Xc nh lc tc ng ln mt cong 3 chiu.
10. Th no l vt th p lc, n v tnh, tc dng.
11. Pht biu v chng minh nh lut Acsimet. Lc y Acsimet c
ph thuc vo chiu su?
12. iu kin n nh tnh v iu kin n nh chuyn ng ca vt
ni l g?
- 25 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
CHNG III
NG HC CHT LNG
Trong chng ny ta nghin cu chuyn ng ca cht lng, ngha l nghin cu
cc i lng c trng ca chuyn ng nh dng chuyn ng, vn tc, khi lng
ring v.v.. Ta cha xt nguyn nhn gy ra chuyn ng, tc l lc.
3-1. HAI PHNG PHP NGHIN CU CHUYN NG
CA CHT LNG
I. Phng php Lagrangi
z
x
O
r
z
x
y
c
b
a
0
r
) t ( A
0 0
) t ( A
Hnh 3-1
Phng php ny kho st chuyn ng ca tng phn t cht lng ring bit. Gi
s thi im ban u t
o
, phn t cht lng c v tr A
o
(a,b,c); thi im t, n chuyn
sang A(x,y,z). Gi r l vct bn knh chuyn ng ca mi phn t thi im t:
Hay, hnh chiu ln cc trc to (Hnh 3-1):
). t , c , b , a ( z z
); t , c , b , a ( y y
); t , c , b , a ( x x
3
2
1
Nu bit x
1
, y
2
, z
3
ta s bit chuyn ng ca phn t cht lng v qu o ca n
v t suy ra vn tc: gia tc
a,b,c,t - gi l bin s Lagrngi.
II. Phng php le.
Kho st mt cch tng qut chuyn ng ca cht lng i qua nhng im c
nh trong khng gian nhng thi im t khc nhau (Hnh 3-2). Chn im M c
- 26 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
nh trong khng gian c xc nh bi vct bn knh
). z , y , x ( r
Ti thi im t ta
xc nh c vct vn tc ca phn t cht lng i qua im :
Kho st chuyn ng ca nhiu phn t cht lng ti cc im c nh trong
dng chy.
3
2
1
u
u
u
Hnh 3-2
ng vi thi im t xc nh, ta c cc vct vn tc phn b ti cc im trong
khng gian, ngha l ta c trng vn tc.
Hnh chiu ca ln cc trc to :
Gia tc:
z y x
u
z
u
u
y
u
u
x
u
t
u
dt
dz
z
u
dt
dy
y
u
dt
dx
x
u
t
u
dt
u d
So snh hai phng php: Phng php Lagrngi nghin cu chuyn ng bng
cch gn cht vo mt phn t cht lng, do tm c qu o ca n ( nh chuyn
ng sng). Cn phng php le xc nh c trng vn tc v s tm c dng
ca cc phn t cht lng. Trong gio trnh ny ta nghin cu theo phng php le.
C th chuyn t bin s Lagrngi sang bin s le v ngc li.
3-2. CC C TRNG NG HC.
I. Phn loi chuyn ng.
Hnh 3-3
Theo thi gian:
- 27 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Chuyn ng dng: cc yu t chuyn ng khng bin i theo thi gian:
0
t
),.., t , z , y , x ( u u
R
, v d: tit din trn
2
r
r . 2
r .
R
2
ud Q
n v o Q: m
3
/s
Lu lng trng lng: k hiu l G:
d . u . G
n v o G: N/s, KG/s
- 28 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Trong trng hp xt chuyn ng theo ng cong kn trong mt phng
(Hnh 3-4):
s
n
ds u Q
s
s
ds . u
- gi l lu s vn tc.
dS
S
u
n
u
s
u
A
B
Hnh 3-4
Vi 1 cung AB:
ds tip tuyn ti mt im no ca AB
Vn tc trung bnh ca tit din t:
Q
v
Suy ra: Q=v.
III. ng dng, Dng nguyn t.
ng dng l ng cong trn vct vn tc ca mi im trng vi tip
tuyn vi ng cong ti im .
T nh ngha suy ra:
Cch v ng dng l v ng cong tip tuyn vi cc vc t vn tc ti mt
thi im trong khng gian.
Phng trnh ng dng trong chuyn ng dng: t nh ngha ta xt chuyn
ng dng vn tc trng phng vi dch chuyn dS
0
dz dy dx
u u u
k j i
.. 0 s d u s d // u
z y x
Ta c:
0 d dy
y
dx
x
: hay .; 0 dy u dx u
x y
+
Do phng trnh ng dng c dng: = const = C. gi l hm dng;
Tng t, ta c = const biu din h ng ng vn tc,gi l th vn tc.
T nh ngha ca v ta c:
0
y y x x
- 30 -
Hnh 3-5
C hc thy kh ng dng
l iu kin trc giao ca cc
ng dng v ng th vn tc hay
goi l iu kin Csi-Riman.
thy r ngha vt l ca
v , t nh ngha ca lu s vn tc
trn:
Hnh 3-6
) A ( ) B ( d dy
y
dx
x
) dy u dx u ( ds u
B
A
B
A
y
B
A
x
B
A
s AB
,
_
+
Tng t:
) A ( ) B ( d dy
y
dx
x
) dy u dx u ( ds u Q
B
A
B
A
y
B
A
x
B
A
n AB
,
_
Ngha l hiu cc gi tr hm dng ti hai im no bng lu lng cht lng
chy qua ng dng gii hn bi hai ng dng i qua hai im .
V. ng xoy, ng xoy.
Chuyn ng quay ca mi phn t cht lng xung quanh mt trc quay tc thi
i qua n c gi l chuyn ng xoy.
Vect vn tc gc quay trong chuyn ng xoy:
u rot
2
1
Chuyn ng khng xoy hay chuyn ng th khi:
0 u rot
Tng t nh khi nim v ng dng v ng dng, y ta c khi nim v
ng xoy v ng xoy. Nu cho trc trng vn tc, t biu thc trn ta c th xc
nh trng vect vn tc gc
d . u rot i
n
Phng trnh ng xoy:
z
dz
y
dy
x
dx
Hnh 3-7
3.3. NH L COSI HEMHON (NH L HEMHON 1)
- 31 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Hay l nh l c bn ca ng hc cht lng.
nh l v s bin dng ca phn t cht lng.
Theo c hc l thuyt, i vi vt rn, vn tc ti M bng vn tc tnh tin ti 0
cng vi vn tc quay ca M quanh 0 (H.3-8):
MO o M u u u +
r uMO
O
r
0
u
M
Hnh.3-8
i vi cht lng, mi th tch bt k no u b bin dng trong qu trnh
chuyn ng. V vy kho st vn tc ca mt phn t cht lng phi thm vo thnh
phn vn tc bin dng
bd u :
bd o u r u u + +
l nt dung ca nh l Hemhon 1.
bd u ca phn t cht lng ti M c th vit
di dng ma trn: v
S S
,
_
i
j
j
i
v
x
u
x
u
2
1
S
; i,j = 1,2,3
Ngoi ra, cn c cc nh l v chuyn ng xoy sau y:
nh l Hemhon 2: nh l bo ton xoy.
nh l Stc: nh l v s lin h gia cng ca ng xoy v lu s vn tc:
i =
Cng thc Bi - Xava: Tm phn b vn tc cm ng quanh si xoy bit.
3.4. PHNG TRNH LIN TC
y l mt dng ca nh lut bo ton khi lng: Khi lng m ca h c lp
khng thay i trong sut qu trnh chuyn ng:
I. Dng tng qut (hay l dng le)
- 32 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Trong mi trng cht lng chuyn ng ta tng tng tch ra mt phn t hnh
hp c th tch
dxdydz V
(Hnh 3-9).
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
0
dt
) V . ( d
) t , z , y , x (
khi lng ring ca cht lng
Ly o hm:
0
dt
V d
V
1
dt
d 1
y
x
z
1
2
O
x
u
dx
x
u
u
x
x
+
Hnh 3-9
dt
V d
l vn tc bin dng tng i ca th tch phn t cht lng, c xc
nh nh l tng hp ca cc bin dng di thnh phn theo ba phng x,y,z.
Xt theo phng x, vn tc mt 1: U
x
vn tc mt 2:
,
_
+ dx
dx
u
u
x
x
Th tch ca phn t cht lng thay i theo hng trc x mt lng tuyt i sau
thi gian dt bng:
dxdydzdt
x
u
dydzdt u dydzdt dx
x
u
u
x
x
x
x
,
_
+
Tng t cho hai phng y,z, v tng bin dng theo ba phng s l:
dxdydzdt
z
u
y
u
x
u
V d
z
y
x
,
_
v
z
u
y
u
x
u
dt
V d
V
1
z
y
x
Vy
0
z
u
y
u
x
u
dt
d 1
z
y
x
- 33 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
chnh l phng trnh lin tc dng tng qut. C th vit di dng gn hn:
0 u . div
dt
d 1
+
Hay l:
0 ) u ( div
t
+
(3-1)
Trong chuyn ng dng:
0
t
nn
0 ) u ( div
i vi cht lng khng nn c (` = const) ta c:
0 u . div
C th chng minh phng trnh lin tc gn hn bng cc cng thc v bin i
tch phn.
III. i vi dng nguyn tv ton dng chy.
Hnh 3-10
i vi dng nguyn t:
Kho st i vi cht lng trong dng nguyn t gia hai mt ct 1-1 v 2-2. Gi
thit chuyn ng dng.
Sau thi gian dt lng cht lng:
- i vo 1-1: dm
1
=
1
u
1
.d
1
dt
- i ra 2-2: dm
2
=
2
u
2
d
2
dt
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng, lng mt i phi bng lng thm vo:
1
u
1
d
1
=
2
u
2
d
2
Cht lng khng nn c: u
1
d
1
= u
2
d
2
= dQ = Const
i vi ton dng:
v
1
1
=
v
2
2
= Const
Hay l: Q
1
= Q
2
= Const,
Ngha l, trong dng chy dng ca cht lng khng nn c, lu lng qua
mi mt ct u bng nhau, suy ra vn tc t l nghch vi tit din.
* Cu hi:
1. Th no l chuyn ng dng, khng dng, dng chy u, dng chy
khng u, dng chy c p, dng chy khng p?
2. Th no l tit din t, chu vi t, bn knh t?
3. Khi nim v lu lng, vn tc phn b, vn tc trung bnh.
- 34 -
1
2
1
u
1
d
2
d 2
u
1
2
C hc thy kh ng dng
4. Khi nim ng dng, ng qu o, ng dng, dng nguyn t.
5. Cc ng dng c th ct nhau? Khi no ng dng trng vi ng
qu o.
6. Phng trnh vi phn ca ng dng.
7. Khi nim v hm dng.
8. nh l th nht ca Hemhom v s chuyn ng tng qut ca mi
phn t cht lng.
9. Th no l chuyn ng xoy ca phn t cht lng? Khi nim hm th
v iu kin Csi-Riman v s trc giao ca ng dng v ng th vn tc
trong dng th phng.
10. Khi nim ng xoy, ng xoy, sc xoy. Phng trnh ng
xoy, lu s vn tc.
11. Quan h gia cc thnh phn vn tc xoy vi c thnh phn vn
tc tnh tin?
12. Phng trnh lin tc ca mi trng cht lng, cht kh chuyn
ng dng tng qut ca dng nguyn t v i vi ton dng chy.
CHNG IV
NG LC HC CHT LNG
- 35 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Trong chng ny ta nghin cu cc quy lut chuyn ng ca cht lng di tc
dng ca lc v nhng ng dng ca n. tit kim thi gian, ta kho st cht lng
thc trc, sau suy ra cho cht lng l tng.
4.1. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CHUYN NG
CA CHT LNG THC.
I. Dng ng sut.
Trong cht lng thc chuyn ng, p sut thu ng vn hng vo mt tc
dng (ging nh p sut thu tnh, chng II), nhng khng ch hng theo php
tuyn, m n l tng ca thnh phn ng sut php tuyn, k hiu l p v thnh phn
ng sut tip do lc nht gy ra (Hnh 4-1).
x
y
z
O
mF
xy
xx
p
dx
x
xz
xz
xz
dx
x
xy
xy
dx
x
p
p
xx
xx
+
dx
dy
dz
Hnh 4-1
thnh lp c phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng, ta tin hnh ging nh khi
thnh lp phng trnh le tnh (2-3). Trong mi trng chuyn ng, ta kho st mt
phn t hnh hp cht lng vi vn tc u . y, lc mt gm p lc P , v lc ma st
T. Lc khi m Ftc dng ln khi cht lng c th tch ra c lc qun tnh
dt
u d
m Fqt .
Theo nguyn l almbe, ta c iu kin cn bng:
0 F T P F m qt + + +
Xt hnh chiu cc lc ln trc x gm:
V lc mt: ng sut nhn vi din tch dydz.
p
xx
- ng sut php(do p sut).
ng sut tip:
xy
ch s x: nm trong mt phng Ox ;
ch s y: chiu ln Oy;
- 36 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Tng ng vi ng sut tip
xz
Lc qun tnh: F
qt,x
=- .dx.dy.dz.
dt
du
Lc khi: (m F)
x
= .dx.dy.dz.X.
Vy
x
= (mF)
x
+ T
x
- P
x
+F
qt,x
= 0
Hayl:
+ X . dz . dy . dx .
,
_
z y x
p
xz
xy
xx
.
0 dz . dy . dx .
dt
du
. dz . dy . dx
Sau khi n gin cho .dx.dy.dz, ta c:
dt
du
z y x
p 1
X
x xz
xy
xx
,
_
+
;
Tng t cho trc y v z:
dt
du
z y
p
x
1
Y
y yz yy yx
,
_
+
dt
du
z
p
y x
1
Z
z zz
zy
zx
,
_
+
(4-1)
(4-1) l phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca cht lng thc dng ng sut.
C th chng minh:
xy
=
;
xz
=
zx
;
zy
=
yz
;
II. Phng trnh Navie-Xtc:
Hai ng Navie (ngi Php) v Stokes (ngi Anh) vit h phng trnh (4-1)
di dng khc, tin s dng, da trn cc gi thuyt v ng sut, v phng trnh
c mang tn hai ng.Vi cc gi thuyt sau:
p sut thu ng p ti mt im l trung bnh cng ca cc ng sut php tuyn
ln ba mt vung gc vi nhau qua im :
( )
zz yy xx
p p p
3
1
p + +
(4-2)
C du tr v p sut nn vo cn ng sut c chiu ko gin phn t cht lng.
ng sut php ca cht lng nht ng cht lm xut hin cc ng sut php
b sung
xx xx
p p +
; vi
divu .
3
2
x
u
2
x
xx
;
yy yy
p p +
divu .
3
2
y
u
2
y
yy
(4-3)
zz zz
p p +
divu .
3
2
z
u
2
z
zz
ng sut tip:
- 37 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Theo Newton: ng sut tip gy ra bi lc nht t l vi cc vn tc bin dng
tng ng. Trong mt phng ta c (1-1):
dy
du
Trong khng gian:
,
_
y
u
x
u
x
y
xy ;
,
_
x
u
z
u
z x
xz
(4-4)
,
_
y
u
z
u
z
y
yz
Thay cc biu thc (4-2) (4-4) vo (4-1) v sau mt s php bin i phc tp,
ta c phng trnh Navie Xtc:
u div
x
v
3
1
u . v
x
p 1
X
dt
du
x
x
+ +
u div
y
v
3
1
u . v
y
p 1
Y
dt
du
y
y
+ +
(4-5)
u div
z
v
3
1
u . v
z
p 1
Z
dt
du
z
z
+ +
Hay vit di dng vct:
( ) u div grad
3
v
u . v gradp
1
F
dt
u d
+ +
(4-6)
Trong - ton t Laplas; = / nht ng hc.
T (4-6) ta c mt s nhn xt sau:
i vi cht lng khng nn c:
0 u . div const
nn phng trnh (4-6) mt i s hng cui cng:
u . v gradp
1
F
dt
u d
+
(4-7)
Nh vy 3 phng trnh (4-7) v phng trnh lin tc 0 u div xc nh 4
n: u
x
, u
y
, u
z
v p, c ngha m hnh ton l kn.
i vi cht lng khng chuyn ng ( trng thi tnh): 0 u , hay chuyn ng
thng u: 0
dt
u d
, phng trnh (4-8) c dng:
0 gradp
1
F
(4-8)
chnh l phng trnh (4-8), hay cn gi l phng trnh le ng.
II. Dng Lmb- Grmca:
T phng trnh le ng (4-8) biu din chuyn ng tng qut ca cht lng.
thy r hn nhng dng chuyn ng ring bit nh chuyn ng tnh tin,
quay, bin dng, Lmb - Grmca bin i v dng sau y.
Ta xt phng trnh hnh chiu xung trc ox ca (4-8)v bin i
x
u
u
x
u
u
z
u
u
y
u
u
x
u
u
t
u
x
p 1
X
z
z
y
y
x
z
x
y
x
x
x
x
p 1
X
,
_
,
_
,
_
x
u
z
u
u
x
u
y
u
u
x
u
u
x
u
u
x
u
u
t
u
z x
z
y
x
y
z
z
y
y
x
x
x
y z
2
x
w 2 v 2
2
u
x t
u
x
p 1
X +
,
_
Hay l:
( )
y z z y
2
x
u u 2
2
u
x t
u
x
p 1
X
,
_
Tng t:
( )
z x x z
2
y
u u 2
2
u
y t
u
y
p 1
Y
,
_
( ) u v 2
2
u
z t
u
z
p 1
Z
y x
2
z
,
_
,
_
+
(4-9)
l phng trnh Lmb - Grmca.
t
dp
P
l hm p sut v c cc o hm ring:
x
p 1
x
P
;
y
p 1
y
P
;
z
p 1
z
P
Nu lc khi l hm c th, ta a vo hm th U
x
U
X
y
U
Y
z
U
Z
Khi phng trnh (4-9) c vit di dng:
u 2
t
u
2
u
P U grad
2
,
_
+ +
; (4-10)
- 39 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
4.3. TCH PHN PHNG TRNH VI PHN CHUYN NG CA
CHT LNG L TNG
I. Tch phn Csi Lagrngi:
Xt chuyn ng th v khng dng . Khi tn ti hm th vn
tc : th
Do phng trnh (4-10) c dng:
0
t 2
u
P U grad
2
,
_
+ + +
(4-10)
Suy ra biu thc trong du ngoc khng ph thuc vo to m ch ph thuc
vo thi gian:
( ) t C
t 2
u
P U
2
+ + + (4-11)
l tch phn Csi Lagrngi.
Nu lc khi ch l trng lc, trc Oz hng ln:
X=Y=0; Z=-g; -U=-gZ
Khi (4-11) c dng:
( ) t C
t 2
u
P gz
2
+ + +
II. Tch phn Bc nu li.
Xt cho cht lng chuyn ng dng: . Khi phng trnh (4-10) vit
di dng hnh chiu c dng:
( )
y z z y
2
u u 2
2
u
P U
x
,
_
+ +
;
( )
z x x z
2
u u 2
2
u
P U
y
,
_
+ +
; (4-12)
( )
x y y x
2
u u 2
2
u
P U
z
,
_
+ +
;
Nhn phng trnh (4-12) ln lt vi dx, dy, dz ri cng li, ta c:
z
u u u
dz dy dx
2
2
u
P U d
y x
z y x
2
,
_
+ +
(4-13)
Phng trnh (4-13) d dng phn tch khi v phi = 0, ngha l:
a.
z y x
u
dz
u
dy
u
dx
: Phng trnh (4-13) tch phn dc theo ng dng.
- 40 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
b.
z y x
dz dy dx
ta c:
C const
2
u dp
gz
2
+
(4-14)
l tch phn Bc nu li.
4.4. CC PHNG TRNH BECNULI
I. Phng trnh Bcnuli vit cho dng nguyn t ca cht lng khng nn c:
a. Cho cht lng l tng chuyn ng dng (
0
t
), lc khi ch c trng lc
T (4-14) khi =const tch phn ln ta c:
C Const
2
u p
gz
2
+
+
Hay l:
g 2
u P
z
g 2
u P
z
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
+
+ +
+
(4-15)
ngha ca phng trnh Bc nu li
n
g
u
n
g
n
ng
thc
ung nng l tung
v
1
1
2
2
hw
z
p/
2
v /2g
Hnh 4-2
ngha hnh hc (Hnh 4-2)
z - cao hnh hc, m
- 41 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
p
- cao o p,m;
+
P
z
=H
t
ct p tnh
g 2
u
2
=H
- cao vn tc, ct p ng, m;
H
g 2
u P
z
2
+
+
- Ct p ton phn
ngha v nng lng:
z V nng n v, m
p
- p nng n v, m;
+
P
z
- Th nng n v: e
t
g 2
u
2
- ng nng n v: e
const e
g 2
u p
z
2
+
+
- Nng lng n v
Ngha l, nng lng n v ti cc mt ct dc theo dng nguyn t ca cht
lng l tng khng nn c trong chuyn ng dng l khng i.
b. Cho cht lng l tng chuyn ng khng dng , lc khi ch c trng
lc:
T phng trnh (4-11), suy ra:
const dl
t
u
g
1
g 2
u p
z
1
0
2
+ +
- Ct p qun tnh.
Cho dng nguyn t:
qt
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
h
g 2
u P
z
g 2
u P
z + +
+ +
+
(4-16)
c. Trong chuyn ng tng i:
Lc khi by gi c thm lc qun tnh X=-a (H.4-3a) hoc
(Hnh 4-3b). T (4-13) phng trnh Becnuly c dng ging (4-16):
qt
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
h
g 2
w P
z
g 2
w P
z + +
+ +
+
(4-17)
Nhng w vn tc tng i.
Cn h
qt
c tnh nh sau:
- 42 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Hnh 4-3
ng cht lng chuyn ng vi gia tc khng i (Hnh 4-3a)
l
g
a
h
qt
(4-18)
Rnh mang cht lng quay vi vn tc gc = const (Hnh 4 3b)
( )
2
2
2
1
2
qt
r r
g 2
h
(4-19)
d. vit cho dng nguyn t cht lng thc.
i vi cht lng thc, do tnh nht nn khi cht lng chuyn ng, n gy ra
nhng lc ma st trong lm cn tr chuyn ng. Mt phn nng lng ca cht lng
b tiu hao khc phc nhng lc ma st , ngha l c s tn tht nng lng: h
w1-2
ca dng chy dc theo dng chy, nn:
const
g 2
u p
z
2
+
+
suy ra:
'
2 1 w
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
h
g 2
u p
z
g 2
u p
z
+ +
+ +
+
(4-20)
l phng trnh Bc nu li vit cho dng nguyn t ca cht lng thc.
Ta c th nhn c phng trnh (4-20) mt cch cht ch c ngha l tch phn
t phng trnh Navie Stc (4-7) vi cc iu kin:
= const ;
0
t
; X=Y=0; Z=-g
K hiu: - u . T
ms
- Hm lc ma st, c trng cho lc nht. Gi L l cng
ma st gy ra do mt n v khi lng cht lng chuyn ng:
z
L
R ;
y
L
R ;
x
L
R
z y x
Vi nhng iu kin trn, phng trnh (4-7) vit di dng hnh chiu:
x
L
x
p 1
dt
du
x
y
L
y
p 1
dt
du
y
(4-21)
z
L
z
p 1
g
dt
du
z
- 43 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Nhn ln lt cc phng trnh (4-21) vi : dx=u
x
dt, dy=u
y
.dt, dz=u
z
dt
Ri cng li theo ct ta c:
Hay l:
Vi
g
L
h
'
2 1 w
l tn tht nng lng ca mt n v trng lng cht lng di
chuyn t mt ct 1-1 n mt ct 2-2 ( c th nguyn di)
ngha
Biu din trn hnh 4-2
ng nng lun lun dc xung v c tn tht nng lng. xc nh dc
ca ng nng, ta a vo khi nim dc thu lc J: l t s gia tn tht nng
lng n v trn n v di:
dL
dh
J
'
w
L
h
J
'
w
tb
(4-22)
Trong L di ng ng tnh theo phng ngang
II. phng trnh Bc-nu-li cho ton dng:
Ta phi tnh nng lng ton dng chy ti cc mt ct 1-1; 2-2;
Cch lm nh sau: Vit phng trnh Bc-nu-li (4-17) cho dG trng lng, sau
tch phn trn ton mt ct, ngha l nhn phng trnh (4-17) vi dG= dQ, ri tch
phn:
+
,
_
+
1 1
dQ
g 2
u
dQ
P
z
2
1 1
1 =
+ +
,
_
+
2 2 2
dQ h dQ
g 2
u
dQ
P
z
'
2 1 w
2
2 2
2
Nh vy ta ln lt xt ba loi tch phn.
Ti cc mt ct, p sut phn b theo quy lut thu tnh (2-6) v coi cht lng ti
chuyn ng gn nh u:
const
p
z
+
, nn:
,
_
,
_
+ Q
p
z dQ
p
z
- 44 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
ng nng trung bnh:
2 2
tb
Qv
g 2
1
mv
2
1
T
ng nng tnh ton:
tb
2
tt
T dQ u
g 2
T
+
(4-23)
Trong v
1
, v
2
- vn tc trung bnh ti mt ct: v=Q/
dQ h
Q
1
h
2
2 1
w
'
2 1 w w
. Tnh cao t bm H
s
.
Hnh 4-5
Tng tng c dng chy nh hnh v. Chn mt ct 1-1 l mt thong b di (
ngoi ng) v 2-2 mt ct ng trc khi vo bm, mt chun trng vi mt thong.
Vit phng trnh Bc-nu-li (4-15)
- 45 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Vi
2 2
d
Q 4 Q
u
[ ]
wh
2
v v
ck s
h
g 2
v
H H
Bng 4.1 p sut bay hi ca nc khi nhit khc nhau [8]
t,
o
C 0 5 10 20 25 30 40 50
P
bh
,bar 0.006 0.009 0.012 0.024 0.032 0.043 0.075 0.0126
- 46 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
t,
o
C 60 70 75 80 90 100 125 150
P
bh
,bar 0.202 0.317 0.392 0.482 0.714 1.033 2.370 4.850
II. Dng chy qua vi.
Cho H, d- ng knh ca vi. Tnh u, Q.
Xt vi nh, bnh ln (H.4-7)
Chn cc mt ct nh hnh v. p dng phng trnh (4-15) ta c :
gH 2 u u
g 2
u
0 0 0 0 H
2
2
2
+ + + +
Hnh 4-7
chnh l cng thc Torixeli:
Q = u.
Trong thc t, khi dng chy qua vi c tn tht do hnh dng ca vi, nn
gH 2 u
vi < 1, gi l h s vn tc. Cn lu lng qua vi, tit din b thu
hp (h.4-6b):
0
= : < 1-h s co hp. Nn:
gH 2 . . gH 2 . . u Q
0
Cc h s , , c lp thnh bng v c nghin cu k trong thu lc-
chng dng chy qua l, vi.
III.Dng c o vn tc, ng pit - prandtl.
o vn tc ca mt im trong dng chy. Cm ng o p v ng Pit hnh ch L
vo dng chy nh hnh v 4-8. ng o p cho cn chnh . Suy ra
.
Kt hp hai ng ny c ng Pit - Prandtl (xem [4]).
- 47 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Hnh 4-8
IV. Lu lng k ven-tu-ri.
Bit D l n knh ln , d l ng knh nh ca lu lng k, h l chnh lch
mc nc dng ln trong ng thu tinh. Tnh c lu lng chy qua Q (hnh 4-8b):
T (4-15):
g 2
u P
z
g 2
u P
z
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
+
+ +
+
Suy ra:
g 2
u u p
z
p
z h
2
1
2
2 2
2
1
1
,
_
,
_
+
2 1
D
Q 4
u
;
2 2
d
Q 4
u
,
_
4 4 2
2
D
1
d
1 Q 16
h g 2
h K
D
1
d
1
h g 2
4
Q
4 4
i vi cht lng thc s c tn tht
g 2
u
h
2
1
0 2 1 w
,
0
l h s tn tht cc b
qua l nh.
Khi : h K Q
1
Vi
1
0 4 4
K
) 1 (
D
1
d
1
g 2
4
+
c
F u m
dt
d
c
F
l ngoi lc.
Nh vy khng phi xt n ni lc ca cht lng (lc nht).
Hnh 4-9
Xt dng nguyn t (H.4-9). Lc tc dng ln khi cht lng: gi
m
R l tng lc
khi,
s
R l tng lc mt.
(2-24)
Th hin phng trnh (4-24) l a gic vec t trn hnh H.4-9b
2. nh l le 2. Hay l phng trnh m men ng lng.
S bin thin m men ng lng theo thi gian ca dng cht lng bng tng
m men ngoi lc tc dng.
0
0
M
dt
L d
Xt khi cht lng chuyn ng trong rnh bnh cng tc (ca tua bin chng hn)
(Hnh 4-11).
- 49 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
M
0
m men ngoi lc tc
ng ln dng chy, chnh l m
men trn trc ca tua bin (hoc
bm) truyn qua thnh rnh bnh
cng tc- mmen lm quay bnh
cng tc ca tua bin.
Hnh 4-11
dL = (mch)
2
(mch)
1
=
2
v
2
c
2
r
2
cos
2
dt -
1
v
1
c
1
r
1
cos
1
dt
= Q(c
2
r
2
cos
2
c
1
r
1
cos
1
)dt
i vi bm: M
0
= Q(c
2
r
2
cos
2
c
1
r
1
cos
1
) (4-25)
i vi tua bin: M
0
= Q(c
1
r
1
cos
1
c
2
r
2
cos
2
) (4-25)
Tua bin quay vi vn tc gc th cng sut hu ch l cng sut trn trc ca
n v l:
N = M
0
0
90
0
75
0
60
0
45
0
30
0
15
0
0
0
k 1,00 1,03 1,07 1,12 1,20 1,30 1,40
i vi cc tia phun nc o t cc sng phun thy lc ( khai thc than ,
no vt lng sng) tm xa cng ph ca dng tia c th xc nh gn ng theo cng
thc thc nghim ca N. P. Gavrin.
L = 0,415
3
0
H . d .
(4-31)
Vi: L - Tm xa cng ph ca dng tia tnh bng mt.
- Gc nghing ca dng tia tnh bng ,
d
0
- ng knh ming vi phun, tnh bng mm.
H Ct p ca ra ca dng tia, tnh bng mt.
Cng thc (4-31) p dng ng vi
= 5
0
32
0
d
0
= 5 50mm
H = 30 80m
III. ng lc hc ca dng tia
Nghin cu tnh cht ng lc ca dng tia l nghin cu tc dng xung kch ca
dng tia vo mt vt chn. Vn c rt nhiu ng dng trong thc t k thut.
3.1 Tnh p lc ca dng tia ln vt chn
Gi thit c dng tia t mt vi hnh tr trn phun vo vt chn rn c nh
(Hnh 4-16).
- 54 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Hnh 4-16
Khi gp vt chn th dng tia phn ra hai nhnh chy dc theo vt chn. Do thay
i hng dng chy p sut ch tip xc vi vt rn tng ln, sinh ra tng tc gia
cht lng v vt rn. Dng tia tc dng ln ch chm vo mt chn mt lc P, ngc li
dng tia chu mt phn lc R ca vt chn. Ta xc nh phn lc R, t s tm c
lc P, v P v R trc i nhau.
Ta vit hnh chiu ca phng trnh ng lng(nh l le I) ln phng n n
cho khi cht lng gia cc mt ct 0 0, 1 1 v 2 2 (ch rng ta b qua nh
hng ca trong lc):
-(m
1
v
1
cos
1
+ m
2
v
2
cos
2
) + m
0
v
0
= Rcos (4-32)
Trong :
m
0
, m
1
, m
2
l khi lng cht lng i qua mt ct 0 0, 1 1 v 2-2 trong mt
n v thi gian.
T phng trnh (4-32) ta rt ra:
R =
+ +
cos
v m ) cos v m cos v m (
0 0 2 2 2 1 1 1
(4-33)
Hay l: R =
+ +
cos
v Q . ) cos v Q . cos v Q . (
0 0 2 2 2 1 1 1
(4-34)
(Nh rng Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
)
3.2. ng dng tnh lc tc dng ca dng tia trong mt s trng hp n gin.
a) Vt chn l mt mt phng t vung gc vi dng tia (Hnh 4-17)
Trng hp ny ta c
1
=
2
= 90
0
; = 180
0
v
1
= v
2
= v
0
Q
1
= Q
2
=
2
Q
Thay cc gi tr trn vo (4-34), c:
R = .Q.v
0
Vy, lc tc ng ln tm chn s l: P = - Qv
0
(4-35)
Qua thc nghim thy rng tr s P nh hn tr s tnh theo (4-35), c th:
- 55 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
P =(0,92 0,95) Qv
0
. (4-36)
b) Vt chn l mt mt cong i xng (Hnh 4-18)
Trong trng hp ny:
1
=
2
= ; = 180
0
Q
1
= Q
2
=
2
Q
v
1
= v
2
= v
0
.
Sau khi thay cc gi tr trn vo (4-34) th c:
R = Qv
0
(1-cos )
c bit khi: = 180
0
th R = 2 Qv
0
(4-35)
c) Vt chn l mt mt phng t vung gc vi dng tia nhng di ng theo
chiu dng tia vi vn tc u (Hnh 4-19)
Hnh 4-19
Trong trng hp ny c s chuyn ng tng i ca dng tia i vi mt
chn, vi vn tc tng i l w = v
0
u. V vy lc tc dng ca dng tia trong
trng hp ny vn c tnh theo (4-34) nhng thay vn tc tuyt i v
0
bng vn tc
tng i w = v
0
u. Ta c:
R = Q(v
0
u) (4-36)
vi Q-lu lng va p vo tm chn: Q=
0
.(v
0
-u)
- 56 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
V vt chn vung gc vi dng tia nn cng sut ca dng tia cung cp cho vt
chn s l:
N =R.u = .
0
.(v
0
u)
2
u (4-37)
Cng sut cc tr ca dng tia cung cp cho vt chn s xy ra khi:
0
du
dN
'
khi u=o v u=v
0
/3
Cng sut ln nht khi u =
3
v
0
V N
max
=
g
v
. .
27
4
3
0
0
Cng sut ca bn thn dng tia vn c l:
N
1
=
0
g 2
v
3
0
= .Q.H (4-38)
Nu vt chn khng phi n chic m l h nhiu v cng cc cnh(v d nh
bnh cng tc ca tua bin) th lc tc dng ca dng tia ln tm chn s l:
P = Q(v
0
u)=
0
.v
0
. (v
0
u)
Cng sut ln nht khi u =
2
v
0
Do : N
max
=
g 2
v
. .
2
1
3
0
0
(4-39)
So snh (4-39) v (4-38) ta thy: khi vt chn l mt mt phng thng gc vi
dng tia v di ng theo chiu dng tia, ta ch li dng c nhiu nht l 1/2 cng
sut ca bn thn dng tia.
* Cu hi:
1. Xy dng phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca cht lng thc (Phng
trnh Navi-Xtc).
2. T phng trnh Navi-Xtc chng minh phng trnh vi phn chuyn
ng ca cht lng l tng dng le II v dng Lambo-Grmc.
3. T phng trnh le II, chng minh phng trnh Becnuli cho dng
nguyn t cht lng l tng, chuyn ng dng.
4. T phng trnh le II, chng minh phng trnh Becnuli cho dng
nguyn t cht lng chuyn ng, khng dng.
5. T phng trnh le II, chng minh phng trnh Becnuli cho dng cht
nguyn t cht lng chuyn ng tng i.
6. T phng trnh Navi-Xtc, chng minh phng trnh Becnuli cho
dng cht lng thc.
7. ngha ca phng trnh Becnuli cho dng nguyn t cht lng thc.
- 57 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
8. Pht biu v chng minh nh l le I Phng trnh ng lng tng
i vi dng nguyn t.
9. Pht biu v chng minh nh l le II Phng trnh mmen ng
lng.
CHNG V
CHUYN NG MT CHIU
CA CHT LNG KHNG NN C
Trong chng IV ta thnh lp c h phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca
cht lng. Chng ny xt c th mt s dng chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht lng
khng nn c nh nc chy trong ng, du trong cc khe hp ..v..v...T rt ra
nhng ng dng vo k thut.
5.1. TN THT NNG LNG TRONG DNG CHY.
I. Hai trng thi chy.
O.Reynolds lm th nghim vo nm 1883 v nhn thy c hai trng thi chy
khc bit nhau r rt. Th nghim gm mt bnh nc ln A v mt bu nh nc mu
C mu . Mt ng thu tinh trong sut trng thy nc chy (Hnh 5-1). iu
chnh kho nc mu chy thnh mt si ch cng xuyn sut ng thu tinh,
ngha l cc lp cht lng khng trn ln vo nhau, chy thnh tng lp. l trng
thi chy tng (Hnh 5-1b- chy qu ) sau chy hn lon ho vo nc
(Hnh 5-1c) - y l chy ri.
- 58 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Nh vy trng thi dng chy ph thuc vo vn tc v, nht v v ng knh
ng d. Reynolds tm ra t hp 3 i lng y l mt s khng th nguyn mang tn
ng: S Ry- nn: v tm c tr s trung bnh ca s Re hn tng ng vi
trng thi chy qu : Re
0
= 2320.
Vy : Re < 2320 : chy tng
Re > 2320 : chy ri
i vi knh h,tit din trn hay khng trn: s Reynolds gii hn thp
hn: Re
0
= 580., thm ch c th Re
0
= 380.
Re < 2320 : chy tng
Re
0
= 2320
Re > 2320 : chy ri
Hnh 5-1
II. Quy lut tn tht nng lng trong dng chy.
Nguyn nhn ca tn tht nng lng c nhiu: tnh nht ca cht lng (v), on
ng i di hay ngn (l), tit din dng chy ( ), trng thi chy.v .v...
tin tnh ton, ngi ta quy c chia thnh hai dng tn tht: tn tht dc
ng: h
d
v tn tht cc b: h
c
:h
w
= h
d
+ h
c
1. Tn tht dc ng.
c xi nhn thy: chy tng h
d
= k
1
v
chy ri h
d
= k
2
v
2
v ng a ra cng thc chung vo nm 1856, gi l cng thc Darcy:
g 2 R 4
lv
h
2
d
hay
g 2 d
lv
h
2
d
, i vi ng ng c p
Trong :
l- chiu di, d- ng knh ng, v - vn tc trung bnh.
- h s t l, gi l h s ma st. N ph thuc vo s Re v nhm thnh
ng n: (Re,n)
Vic tnh kh phc tp. C nhiu cng thc bn thc nghim. Ngi ta hay
dng th Ni cu rt ze (Hnh 5-2).
- 59 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Hnh 5-2
C 5 khu vc:
Chy tng
Re
A
Chy qu t tng sang ri: cha c quy lut vo.
Chy ri thnh trn: = f(Re)
Chy qu t thnh trn sang thnh nhm: = f(Re,n),
Chy ri thnh nhm: = f(n),
d
n
;
2
'
1
2
2 '
1 c
1 ;
g 2
v
h
,
_
t thu (h.5-3b)
2
1
2
2
2 c
1 5 , 0 ;
g 2
v
h
,
_
,
_
1 5 , 0 ;
g 2
v
h
'
2
2
1 '
2 c
5.2 DNG CHY RI TRONG NG
I. Cu trc dng ri trong ng.
Thc nghim chng t dng chy ri trong ng gm hai phn chnh (H.5-4a): li
ri v lp chy tng st thnh c chiu dy.
Re
d 30
T
Hnh 5-4a
Trong li ri, vn tc im thay i v tr s v c hng theo thi gian
Nu xt trong mt khong thi gian tng i di T, th thy u giao ng xung
quanh mt tr s khng i u (Hnh 5-4b) gi l vn tc trung bnh thi gian:
- 61 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
T
0
udt
T
1
u
Lc vn tc tc thi
'
u u u + , u
gi l vn tc mch ng.
Tng t c:
' '
; p p p + +
II. Phn b vn tc trong ng.
trng thi chy tng, theo Newton .
trng thi chy ri, ngi ta a vo h s nht ri b sung .
Nhng >> , nn
Hnh 5-4b
Gi thuyt v c nhiu, nhng theo Prandtl
dy
u d
l
2
Trong l = ky, chiu di xo trn, c trng cho s chuyn ng theo phng
ngang ca cc phn t cht lng; k = 0,4;
dy
u d
-gradient vn tc trung bnh thi gian
Do :
2
2
dy
u d
l
dy
u d
,
_
l
1
u
l
1
dy
u d
Vi
u
vn tc ng lc
y
dy
k
u
dy
l
u
u d
C y ln
k
u
u +
Ti trc ng: y=r; max
u u
k
u
u C
max
r ln
k
u
u C
max
- 62 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Vy :
y
r
ln
k
u
u u
max
ngha l vn tc bin thin theo lut lgarit (hnh 5-4a)
cn v = Q/ = 0,825 u
max
.
5.3 DNG CHY TNG TRONG NG DNG HAGEN POADI
I. Phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng.
Xt chuyn ng mt chiu (u 0) trong ng nm ngang do chnh p (p
1
>p
2
)
ca cht lng khng nn c ( = const) chuyn ng dng , b qua lc khi
(H.5-5). Vi nhng iu kin , xut pht t phng trnh lin tc:
v phng trnh Navie Stc:
dt
u d
u v gradp
1
+
,
0
r
0
r
dr
max
u
u
Hnh 5-5
Suy ra
0
z
u
y
u
dx
dp 1
2
2
2
2
,
_
C const
dx
dp 1
z
u
y
u
2
2
2
2
(5-1)
y cho hai v bng const, v v tri ph thuc vo y, z, cn v phi khng ph
thuc vo chng.
J
l
h
l
p
dx
dp
w
(5-2)
J: dc thu lc
d tch phn phng trnh (5-1), ta vit di dng to tr vi gi thit dng
chy i xng trc:
l
p 1
dr
du
r
dr
d
r
1
,
_
(5-3)
Vi iu kin r = 0 :u hu hn
r = R
0
:u = 0
- 63 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
II. Phn b vn tc.
Tch phn phng trnh (5-3) vi cc iu kin bin ta s tm c phn b vn
tc c dng parabn.
( )
2 2
0
r R
l 4
p
u
Ta tnh c lu lng:
max
2
0
R
0
R
0
u R
2
dr 2 dQ Q
0 0
Vn tc trung bnh:
2
u Q
v
max
chnh p:
4
0
2
0
R
lQ 8
R
lv 8
p
(5-4)
l nh lut Hagen Poadi, c ng dng tnh nht (xem [4])
H s hiu chnh ng nng:
2
Q v
d u
3
3
Vi
( ) JR
2
R
l
p
R r
0
0 0
, R bn knh thu lc.
III. Tn tht dc ng ca ng.
p
h h
d w
( theo (5-2))
Thay p bng (5-4) 4 2 d
d
lQ 128
v l
d
32
h
(5-5)
T (5-5) ta c hai nhn xt sau y:
Th nht, h
d
v, ngha l nh nu 5-1: trong chy tng: h
d
= k
1
v;
Th hai, vi Q = const, d = const, khi gim (do nhit tng) th h
d
gim,
ngha l mun tn tht h
d
t th hm nng cht lng (hm c mc )
Tip tc bin i (5-5) bng cch thay = g v nhn vi
v 2
v 2
ta c
g 2
v
d
l
g 2
v
d
l
Re
64
h
2 2
d
Chnh l cng thc Darcy nu vi h s ma st trong chy tng
d
Re ;
Re
64
- 64 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
5.4 DNG CHY TNG C P TRONG CC KHE HP
Trong k thut, gia cc chi tit my c nhng khe h nn c s r r ca cht
lng (xng, du...) do cht lng lm vic di p sut cao. Nn cn tnh ton kht
cn thit ca nhng khe h , hn ch lu lng r r, v.v...
I. Dng chy gia hai tm phng song song.
Vi nhng iu kin nh dng chy tng trong ng ( 5-3) v do khe hp nn
u=u(y); (Hnh 5-6).
h
y
x
u
Hnh 5-6
Phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng c dng:
dx
dp 1
dy
u d
2
2
Vi iu kin bin: y = 0 v y= h th : u = 0
Sau khi phn tch ta s c phn b vn tc c dng parabn:
( ) y h y
dx
dp
2
1
u
Vn tc max (ti y = h/2)
2
max
h
dx
dp
8
1
u
Lu lng
b h
l
p
12
1
h
dx
dp
12
b
budy Q
3 3
h
0
Vn tc trung bnh
max
u
3
2
bh
Q
v
y: b b rng tm phng;
l chiu di ca khe.
II. Dng chy dc trc gia hai tr trn.
1. Mt tr ng tm:
- 65 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
1
r
2
r
Hnh 5-7a
Ta dng cc k hiu sau y (H.5-7a)
D
n
- ng knh ngoi,
2 n
r 2 D
D
t
- ng knh tron, 1 t
r 2 D
2
D D
D
t n
+
2. Mt tr lch tm.
Gi:
- chiu dy ca khe h khi mt tr lch tm;
l - lch tm (H.5-7b)
- gc ca l bn knh vc t vi ng qua tm ca hai mt tr (to cc 0 l
tm).
a( ) khe h theo bn knh vct ng vi .
2
r
1
r
e
d
O
/
O
Hnh 5-7b
- 66 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Xt a << D nn:
,
_
+ + cos
e
1 cos e
2
D
2
D
a
t n
p dng (5-6) cho phn t hnh thang vung:
a ; d
2
D
b
,
_
d cos
e
1
2
D
l 12
p
dQ
3
3
,
_
,
_
2
2
1 2
2
3
2
0
2
e
2
3
1 Q
e
2
3
1
l 12
p D
dQ Q Q
Vy Q
2
> Q
1
v Q
2
= 2,5Q
1
khi lch tm ln nht (e = )
y c th xt thm bi ton lc du, tc l dng chy tng theo phng bn
knh trong khe hp phng (xem [1] trang 181-184)
5.5 DNG CHY TRONG KHE HP DO MA ST
C S CA L THUYT BI TRN THU NG
Ta gp rt nhiu chuyn ng do ma st trong khe hp nh cht lng chuyn
ng gia pttng v xi lanh, gia con trt v bn trt, gia trc v trc .v.v...Cn
phi tnh lc ma st v m men cn.
I. Dng chy gia hai mt phng song song, bi ton Cut.
Dng chy do ma st (do tm phng trn chuyn ng vi vn tc U
1
(H.5-8) v
do chnh p dp/dx 0.
h
y
x
1
U
Hnh 5-8
Lc phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ging nh 5-4-1 nhng iu kin
bin khc khi y = h; u =U
1
; nn
( ) y h y
dx
dp
2
1
y
h
U
u
1
(5-7)
v
3 1
h
0
h
dx
dp
12
1
2
h U
udy Q
(5-8)
Khi khng c chnh p (dp/dx = 0)
- 67 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
h
y
U u
1
h
U
dy
du
1
Lc cn
S
h
U
S T
1
; S - in tch tm phng.
II. Bi trn hnh nm
Khi mt tm phng nghing i mt gc nh , ta c hnh nm (H.5-9). Lc ny,
ngoi lc cn F cn c lc nng P, ngha l cn tm s phn b ng sut tip v phn
b p sut.
T
a
l
h
P
y
x
O
1
h
2
h
x
h
0
dx
dp
Hnh 5-9
Tng t nh bi ton Cut ( 5.5-1) ta tnh c lu lng qua mt ct (5-8).
3 1
h
dx
dp
12
1
2
h U
Q
vi h = h (x) = (a-x)tg (a-x)
Gi s tng ng vi mt ct chiu cao h c p sut cc i, ngha l: ;
thay vo (5-8) ta tnh c .
3 1 1
h
dx
dp
12
1
2
h U
2
h U
( )
,
_
3
1
2 1 3
1
h U
Q 2
h
1
U 6
h
h h U 6
dx
dp
Khi x = 0 v x = l: p = p
a
Thay h bng (5-9) v ly
x
0
dx
, ta c:
( ) ( )
1
]
1
+
x a a
x a 2
U
Q
1
x a a
x U 6
p p
1
2
1
a
Suy ra p lc tc dng ln bn phng:
- 68 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
( )
2
2
2
1
p
0
a
h
l U
C dx p p P
( )
1
]
1
1
1
2 lg
1
6
C
2 p
H s nng
2
1
h
h
tnh lc cn F, ta phi tnh ng sut tip
'
dy
du
, u ly t phn b vn tc
chuyn ng Cu t (5-7). T thay y = h(x), ta c =
h
. Lc cn tnh theo l n v
b rng i vi bn phng chuyn ng l:
2
1
f
1
0
h
h
l U
C dx F
1
]
1
1
1
3 lg 2
1
2
C
f - h s cn
H s ma st:
l
h
C
C
P
F
f
2
p
f
III. Bi trn trc.
Tnh lc ma st v m men ca n gia trc v lp du bi trn theo P t rp
(Hnh 5-10). Gi r bn knh trc; l chiu di trc; lp u dy . Khi trc quay vi
vn tc u = r th cht im u bm trn mt trc cng chuyn ng vi vn tc ,
cn trn trc bng 0.
O
Hnh 5-10
ng sut tip ca lp du:
dr
du
Din tch tip xc gia lp du v mt trc: S = 2 rl
Lc ma st:
u
rl 2
dr
du
rl 2 S . T
M men lc ma st:
- 69 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
15
nl r
30
nr
rl 2 r . T M
3 2
, v u = r ,
30
n
.
Do lch tm khi quay trc, nn phi nhn cc kt qu trn vi h s hiu chnh:
( )
( )
2 2
2
C 1 C 2
C 2 1 2
+
+
;
e
C
C th tham kho li gii chnh xc ca bi ton bi trn trc [1], trang
191-196.
* Cu hi:
1. Trnh by th nghim th hin cc trng thi dng chy ca cht lng.
2. Bn cht ca tn tht nng lng dng chy, cch xc nh.
3. T phng trnh Navi-Xtc, tm quy lut phn b vn tc trn tit din
ca dng chy tng trong ng trn. V phn b vn tc v xc nh cc thng s
thy lc trong on ng.
4. Xc nh quy lut phn b vn tc trn tit din ca dng chy ri trong
ng.
5. So snh hnh dng ca Prfin vn tc vi dng chy trong ng khi chy
tng v khi chy ri.
6. V Prfin vn tc dng chy trong ng trn khi cng lu lng th tch
cho hai loi cht lng:
7. Nc thng trong trng thi chy ri.
8. Du trong trng thi chy tng.
9. So snh s phn b vn tc dng chy tng gia hai bn phng song song
c g khc so vi dng chy tng trong ng trn. Gii thch v vt l s khc nhau
.
- 70 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
10. S khc nhau v lu lng chy qua khe hp gia hai mt tr lch
tm v ng tm khi c cng gradien p sut. Gii thch v vt l s khc nhau
.
CHNG VI
CHUYN NG MT CHIU CA CHT KH
Nghin cu chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht lng nn c - cht kh, ngha l
const, n thay i theo p sut p v nhit T. Khi cc phng trnh c thay
i.
6.1 CC PHNG TRNH C BN CA CHT KH
I.Phng trnh trng thi:
Cho ta mi quan h gia trng lng ring = g, p sut v nhit . i vi
cht kh hon ho, ta c:
RT
p
(6-1)
R hng s cht kh, vi khng kh: R = 29,27 m/.
- 71 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Biu thc (6-1) vn cn phc tp p dng vo k thut, nn ngi ta cn tm
nhng quan h n gin hn, ph thuc vo qu trnh chuyn ng.
Qu trnh ng nhit (T = const): p = C
Qu trnh on nhit: p = C
k
(6-2)
v
p
C
C
k
Nhit dung ng p/nhit dung ng tch, vi khng kh k=1,4.
Qu trnh ny c p dng trong k thut
AR C C
v p
A - ng nhit lng ca cng c hc.
T (6-1) v (6-2) suy ra:
1 k
1
1
k
1
1 1
T
T
p
p
,
_
,
_
(6-3)
i vi qu trnh a bin :
n
c p
n ch s ca qu trnh a bin.
II. Phng trnh lu lng:
Ta c dng ging nh i vi cht lng.
2 2 2 1 1 1
v v : hay ... const Q G
Hay l:
0
d
v
dv d
+ +
Trin khai cho dng nguyn t cht lng t tit din 1-1 n 2-2 cn phi phi
gii dc tch phn:
2
1
dp
I
, cho cc qu trnh trao i nhit khc nhau.
Xt qu trnh on nhit :
p
1 k
k dp
d kC
dp
d kC dp C p
2 k 1 k k
Vy phng trnh Bcnuly c dng
g 2
u p
1 k
k
z
g 2
u p
1 k
k
z C
g 2
u p
1 k
k
z
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
+
+ +
+ +
+
(6-4)
i vi qu trnh ng nhit:
g 2
u p
1 n
n
z
g 2
u p
1 n
n
z C
g 2
u p
1 n
n
z
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
+
+ +
+ +
+
(6-5)
i vi qu trnh ng nhit:
- 72 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
p ln C
p
dp
C
dp
C
p
dp dp
C
p
C p
Vy ta c phng trnh Becnuly
const
g 2
u
p ln C z
2
+ +
Hay
g 2
u
p
p
ln C z
g 2
u
z
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
+ + +
(6-6)
IV. Phng trnh entanpi.
1
2
1
2
1
u
2
u
O
Hnh 6-1
Thnh lp cho dng nguyn t ca cht kh l tng, chuyn ng dng. Kho st
s bin thin nng lng trong khi kh t 1-1 n 2-2 sau khong thi gian dt trong h
to c nh (Hnh 6-1). Da vo nh lut bo ton nng lng: nng lng thu vo
hay sinh ra bng bin thin nng lng ca th tch cht kh, ngha l:
Nhit hp th + Cng ca p lc = Th nng + ng nng + ni nng + cng c
hc + cng ma st.
Vit cho mt n v trng lng cht kh:
( )
+ +
+
+
+
+
m
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2
2
2
1
1
L L
A
U U
g 2
u u
z z
p p
A
Q
Nhit lng Q = Q
n
(to nhit ra ngoi) +Q
t
(ni nhit do ma st)
Q
t
= AL
m
,
Tip tc bin i phng trnh trn da vo cc biu thc sau y:
P
RT
A
T C
A
T C
ART T C T C ; RT
p
v
p
v p
;
A
T C p
A
T C
v
p
+
i =
T C
p -entanpi
A
U p
A
i
+
U =
T C
v -ni nng
Nu xt qu trnh on nhit (Q
n
= 0) v b qua cng c hc (L = 0), ta s c
phng trnh entanpi.
- 73 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
g 2
u
A i
g 2
u
A i
2
2
2
2
1
1
+ +
(6-7)
Ngha l tng entanpi v ng nng l mt i lng khng i.
6.2 CC THNG S DNG KH
I.Vn tc m.
Theo nh ngha
d
gdp
d
dp
a
Xt:
kgRT
p
k a , c p
k
T ~ a : Vn tc m ph thuc vo nhit tuyt i.
Chng han: t = 15
0
C, T = 273+15 = 288
0
K, k = 1,4 ; a = 341 m/s
so snh vn tc dng chy v vi vn tc m a ng Mc (ngi o) a vo s
Mc: M = v/a.
S Mc l tiu chun quan trng nh gi mc nh hng ca tnh n n n
chuyn ng, n l tiu chun quan trng ca hai dng kh tng t.
M < 1: Dng di m
M = 1: Dng qu
M > 1: Dng trn m (siu m)
Trong dng kh trn m (M > 1) thng xy ra hin tng sng va (sng v thng
v sng va xin). l mt vn rt th v, c nghin cu trong cc gio trnh
nhiu gi hay chuyn .
II. Dng hm, dng ti hn.
Khi cht kh trng thi tnh v = 0, ngi ta ni cht kh trng thi hm, cn p
0
,
T
0
,
0
...gi l cc thng s dng hm.
1
1
0 v
T
p
0
0
0
0
v
T
p
0
0
Hnh 6-2
Tm mi lin h gia cc thng s dng hm vi cc thng s dng kh. T
phng trnh entanpi (6-7) vit cho dng hm:
g 2
u
A T C T C
2
p 0 p
+
- 74 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
kgRT
u
kRA
C
2
1
1
T C
u
g 2
A
1
T
T
2
p
p
2
0
+ +
V C
p
- C
v
= RT , a
2
= kgRT, nn:
2 2 0
M
2
1 k
1 M
1 k
2
1
1
T
T
+
+
Bin i theo (6-3) s c:
(6-8)
Ta c th tnh c vn tc cc i ca dng kh t bnh cha ra (Hnh 6-2) . T
thc t c th coi dng kh bin i theo qu trnh on nhit.
T phng trnh Bcnuly (6-4) ta c:
g 2
u p
1 k
k p
1 k
k
2
0
0
+
,
_
p p
1 k
gk 2
u
0
0
T biu thc , ta thy p gim th u tng v p = 0 th vn tc t cc i:
0
2
0
0
0
max
RT
1 k
gk 2
1 k
a 2 p
1 k
gk 2
u u
i vi khng kh: 0 max
T 8 , 44 u
Vi T
0
= 300
0
K; u
max
= 776 m/s
Khi vn tc dng kh bng vn tc m; u = a, ta c trng thi ti hn. Lc c
cc thng s ca dng ti hn: u = a
*
,p
*
,
*
, T
*
,...
Tm mi lin h gia cc thng s dng hm v dng ti hn bng cch t cc
biu thc (6-8) cho M = 1.
2
1 k
2
1 k
1
T
T
0
+
Hay l: (6-9)
- 75 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Tnh lu lng trng lng t bnh cha ra ngoi (Hnh 6-2)
G = u
1
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+
k
1 k
0
k
2
0
0 0
p
p
p
p
p
1 k
k
g 2 G
u G G
max
6.3. CHUYN NG CA CHT KH TRONG NG PHUN
ng phun l loi ng m cht kh trong c th thay i ch chuyn ng t
di m sang trn m hay ngc li
Xt chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht kh trong cc loi ng phun khc nhau. .
I. Cc phng trnh thng s ca ng phun
Vit cc phng trnh c bn dng kh di dng vi phn :
Phng trnh trng thi: dp = d( RT)
Phng trnh lu lng trng lng trng lng: dG = d( v ) = 0
Phng trnh Bcnuly khi k n cng c hc v cng ma st:
0 dL dL
g 2
dv dp
ms
2
+ + +
Phng trnh nng lng: ms
2
dL dL
A
dU
g 2
dv
)
p
( d
A
dQ
+ + + +
(6-10)
Nu xt ch yu s thay i vn tc ca dng chy trong ng phun (t dng di
m sang dng trn m) nh hng c tng trng hp ring, cc yu t khc coi nh
khng thay i ta c cc ng phun khc nhau:
II. ng phun hnh hc (ng La Van, nm 1883)
Ch c tit din thay i (d 0), cn cc yu t khc b qua (dG = dQ = dL =
dL
ms
= 0). T phng trnh (6-8) suy ra:
d
v
dv
) 1 M (
2
c
1
C
I
I I
M
x
1
b
d
a
Hnh 6-4
dng kh tng tc dv > 0,
Khi v < a, M < 1 th d < 0 tc l din tch thu hp.
v = a, M = 1, d = 0: din tch khng i gi l mt ct ti hn .
v > a, M > 1, d > 0: din tch m rng.
Nh vy gi l ng phun hnh hc v mang tn nh thit k La Van c dng H.6.4
C 2 ch quan trng:
S thay i tit din gn mt ct ti hn c-c nh hng rt ln n vn tc v.
Chng hn nh tit din thay i 1% th s Mc M thay i t 0,9 ti 1.
Dng cht kh chuyn t di m sang trn m ch c th xy ra vi iu kin l v
= a ti mt ct nh nht c-c (Hnh 6-4)
Ta nhn xt thm rng dng kh trn m, khi tit din tng, vn tc cng tng.
l khc bit ni bt khi so snh dng nc v dng kh chuyn ng trong ng
thng tit din bin i.
III. ng phun lu lng.
- 77 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Ch lm thay i lu lng dG 0, cn cc yu t khc khng thay i. T
phng trnh (6-10) c dng:
G
dG
v
dv
) 1 M (
2
cho dng kh tng tc dv > 0,
Khi M < 1; dG > 0: ht kh vo G tng,
M = 1; dG = 0,
M > 1; dG < 0: nh kh ra, Ggim
Vy, ng phun lu lng c dng hnh 6.5.
c
c
c u n g c p k h t h i k h
Hnh 6-5
IV. ng phun nhit.
Ch lm thay i lu lng dQ 0, cn cc yu t khc khng thay i . T
phng trnh (6-10) c dng:
dQ
A
1 k
a
g
v
dv
) 1 M (
2
2
cho dng kh tng tc dv > 0,
Khi M < 1; dQ > 0: cung cp nhit,
M = 1; dG = 0,
M > 1; dG < 0: ly nhit ra.
Nguyn l lm vic ca ng phun c hc (dL 0) hon ton ging ng phun
lu lng.
Hnh 6-6
V. ng phun ma st.
Khi ch c cng ma st thay i : dL
ms
0. khi
- 78 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
ms 2
2
dL
a
kg
v
dv
) 1 M (
Nu dng chy c ma st th dng kh trong ng s sinh cng thng ma st,
nn cng ca lc ma st lun lun dng( dL
ms
> 0), suy ra v phi lun lun m.
Khi M < 1: dv > 0
M < 1: dv < 0
Ngha l, khi dng di m th lc ma st lm tng vn tc, cn khi dng trn m
th lc ma st lm gim vn tc.
Vy tr ng phun ma st, nhng ng phun cn li mun tng tc th phi c tc
dng ngc. l nguyn l Tc dng ngc.
6.4. TNH TON DNG KH BNG CC HM KH NG V BIU
Hm kh ng l hm c dng f(k, ) hay f(k,M). Vi gi tr k nht nh v cc
gi tr h s vn tc v M, ngi ta tnh gi tr cc hm v lp thnh bng hay v
cc biu . Nh cc bng hm kh ng (Bng 1. phn ph lc) v biu o, c th
tnh cc thng s dng kh mt cch thun tin.
C th nu ra nhng u im ca phng php ny:
Rt ngn cc qu trnh tnh ton.
n gin rt nhiu cc php bin i khi vng gii nhiu phng trnh, ngha l
tm c li gii chung ca nhng bi ton phc tp.
Bit mt cch nh tnh c bn nhng quy lut ca chuyn ng v mi lin quan
gia cc thng s ca dng kh.
I. Tnh cc thng s dng kh:
T (6-6) v (6-8) ta tm c cc hm kh ng sau y:
,
_
2
o
1 k
1 k
1
T
T
) (
1 k
k
2
o
1 k
1 k
1
p
p
) (
,
_
1 k
1
2
o
1 k
1 k
1 ) (
,
_
V d 1:
Trong mt ct 1-1 phn di m ca ng Lavan l tng cho p
1
=16kG/cm
2
;
T
01
= 400
0
K,
1
= 0,6. Tnh
2
v p
2
2-2. Bit T
2
= 273
0
K
Gii: Trong ng phun Lavan l tng: T
02
= T
01
; p
02
= p
01
; (T
0
= const, p
0
= const)
Tm
2
:
6825 , 0
400
273
T
T
T
T
) (
01
2
02
2
2
Tra bng 1 tm c = 1,38. Vy tit din 2-2 phn ng trn m
- 79 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Tm p
2
:
) (
p
) (
p
p
p
) (
2
2
1
1
0
2 1
2
1
1 2
cm
kG
23 , 5
8053 , 0
2628 , 0
16
6 , 0 (
) 38 , 1 (
p
) (
) (
p p
+
) ( f
) v (
v
q
*
p
p
0
( ) By
T
p
G
0
( )
( )
( )
q
y
mt hm kh ng na
V d 2:
Tnh
2
, p
2
ming ra ca ng gim tc, nu bit ming vo ng gim tc:
p
01
=3kG/cm
2
;
2
= 0,85;
1
2
Tra bng 1 : q(
1
) = q(0,85) = 0,9729
Nn q(
2
) = 0,413
2
= 0,27 v (
2
) = 0,9581
p
2
= p
02
(
2
) = p
01
(
2
) = 0,94.3.0,9581 = 2,7 kG/cm
2
III. Tnh xung lc
( )
+
,
_
+ + Z a
g
G
k 2
1 k
v
p
v
g
G
p v
g
G
I
*
- 80 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Vi
( )
+
1
Z
Vy bit (bng s hay biu thc) hay f( ,k) tra bng hay th H.6-7 s tm
c f( ,k) hay khc.
Hnh 6-7
* Cu hi:
1. Vit phng trnh Navi-Xtc cho dng kh mt chiu khi chuyn ng
dng v khi chuyn ng khng dng.
2. Vit phng trnh Becnuli cho dng kh l tng chuyn ng on
nhit, chuyn ng ng nhit.
3. Xc nh vn tc v lu lng ca cht kh t bnh cha ra.
4. Nguyn l hot ng ca cc loi ng phun kh ng.
- 81 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
CHNG VII
TNH TON THU LC NG NG
ng ng dng vn chuyn cht lng t ni ny n ni khc hay l phng
tin truyn c nng ca cht lng. Vn ti ng ng cn l mt ngnh kh pht trin.
Hc chng ny thit k, kim tra hoc iu chnh h thng sn c cho ph hp vi
yu cu v ct p v lu lng, t gy tn tht nng lng.
7.1. C S L THUYT TNH TON NG NG
I. Phn loi:
1. Da vo tn thy nng lng h
w
:
Chia ng ng thnh hai loi:
ng di: h
d
l ch yu, b qua h
c
, h
c
< 10%h
w
, thng l>>d (hng 1000 ln)
ng ngn: h
c
> 10% h
w
2. Da kt cu ng ng
Ngi ta chia thnh:
ng ng n gin l ng ng c ng knh d v Q khng i dc theo
chiu di.
ng ng phc tp c d hay Q thay i, ngha l gm nhiu ng ng n
gin ghp ni li.
Vic tnh ton ng n gin s l c s cho vic tnh ton ng phc tp.
II. Cng thc tnh.
1. Tnh cng sut tiu hao khi vn chuyn ng ng:
QH N
,w (7.1)
Trong : +
+
;
Hay l: e
1
= e
2
+ h
w
- 82 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
K hiu: e
1
=
g 2
v p
z
2
1 1 1
1
+
+
nng lng n vi u ng
e
2
=
g 2
v p
z
2
2 2 2
2
+
+
- nng lng n vi cui ng
Phng trnh lu lng: Q = v
Cng thc tnh tn tht h
w
:
g 2
v
h ;
g 2
v
d
1
h
2
c
2
d
, trong =f(R
e
,n),
Gi
d
n
+
1. Tnh H khi bit Q, l, d, n
T phng trnh Bcnuli
w 2 1
h H H H
Suy ra
4 2
2
gd
Q 8
d
1
H
,
_
+
(7-2)
2. Tnh Q, bit H, l, d, n
Gii bng 2 phng php:
Phng php ct p ti hn (H
c
) khi khng c cn cc b. Ta c:
H = H
1
- H
2
=
Re .
gd
l v 32
H
3
2
d
Nu cht lng chy tng: = 64/Re
T (7-1) c:
vl 128
gd
H Q Q
gd
vl 128
H
4
4
Nu H > H
c
: chy ri, nn tnh bng phng php th dn.
Phng php biu (cho c 0)
Cho cc tr s Q, v H(Q) theo cng thc (7-2). T biu , khi cho H s c Q
tng ng.
3. Tnh d, bit l, H, Q, n
T cng thc (7-2) suy ra
2
2
4
Q
d
1
gH
8
d
,
_
- 83 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Tm d bng th:
'
,
_
2
2
2
4
1
Q
d
1
g H
8
y
d y
Hnh 7-1
Giao im 2 ng cong chiu xung honh l d cn tm.
4. Tnh d, H, khi bit Q, l, n
Tnh trc d theo v
kt
vn tc kinh t do thc t xc nh(v d:v
kt
= 1,2m/s-
ph lc1) hay v
tb
. Sau tnh H
nh bi ton a.
7.2. TNH TON THU LC NG NG NGN PHC TP
Da trn c s tnh ton ng ng n gin.
I. ng ng ni tip.
Tm quan h gia H v Q.
c im thu lc (H.7-2a)
Q = Q
1
= Q
2
= .. = Q
n
H = H
1
+ H
2
+ .. + H
n
Chn ngun H thch hp.
T (7-2):
2
1 1
2
1 4 2 1
Q S Q
g d
8
d
1
H
,
_
+
2
2 2 2
Q S H
.
- 84 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Suy ra
( )
+ + +
2
i
2
n 2 1
Q S Q S ...... S S H
Bng phng php gii: Xy dng ng quan h H - Q
II. ng ng ni song song.
c im thu lc (Hnh 7-2b)
Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
+ .. + Q
n
H = H
1
= H
2
= .. = H
n
T (7-2):
H S Q
i i
Suy ra:
1
2
1
2
Q
S
S
Q
2
n
1
3
1
2
1
2
1 1
1
n
1
3
1
2
1
1
3
1
3
S
S
....
S
S
S
S
1
Q
S H H
Q
S
S
....
S
S
S
S
1 Q
..........
Q
S
S
Q
,
_
+ + + +
,
_
+ + + +
Suy ra:
,
_
+ +
2
ff ff f
2
f 5 2
1
0
d
Q
3
1
Q Q Q
d
1
g
8
dh h
Chnh l chnh lch ct p
Ngoi ra, c th tnh ton thu lc ng ng di phc tp da trn c s tnh
ton ng ng ngn phc tp b qua h
c
(xem s tay thu lc).
- 86 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
* Cu hi:
1. Phn loi ng ng.
2. Cc bi ton c bn tnh ton ng ng n gin.
3. Phng php tnh ton ng ng phc tp.
- 87 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
CHNG VIII
LC TC DNG LN VT NGP TRONG CHT
LNG CHUYN NG.
Trong chng ny gii thiu tng qut v tng tc gia cht lng vi vt ngp
trong n.
8.1.CNG THC TNG QUT
Ta c dng cht lng chuyn ng vi vn tc U
gi l lc nng;
P cng
phng vi U
(8-2)
Trong : C
x
- h s lc cn, khng th nguyn.
C
y
- h s lc nng, khng th nguyn.
- Khi lng ring ca cht lng.
S - Tit din cn chnh (hnh chiu ca vt cn ln mt phng
vung gc vi
U).
I. Lc cn
- 88 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Lc cn thng thng c hai thnh phn. Mt do ma st trong lp bin gy nn
P
ms
m ta s xt trong phn sau; mt do phn b ca p sut trn b mt vt cn gy nn
P
mp
. Trong dng phng ta c:
P
r
= P
rms
+ P
rmp
(8-3)
Khi vt rn nm trong dng chy n s gy ra cc kch ng. Do trong lp
bin cc thng s ca dng chy s thay i. Phn b p sut v lc ma st trn b mt
vt ph thuc vo hnh dng, vo v tr ca n trong dng chy v vo vn tc v
cng (dng cha b kch ng).
Phn b p sut v lc ma st trn b mt c c trng bng cc h s lc cn
p sut C
zap
v h s lc cn ma st C
xms
C
x
= C
xap
+ C
xms
(8-4)
Vi vn tc dng chy nh, khi tnh nn c ca cht lng thc t khng c
tc dng, th nh hng chnh n h s lc cn l hnh dng vt cn, gc ti v s
Rynol.
Cc lc P
rms
v P
rmp
ln hay nh ch yu ph thuc vo hnh dng ca vt cn. Vt
c hnh dng kh ng xu ngha l vt khi dng bao quanh n c im ri, khng bao
kn (nh hnh tr trn, thuyn thng v.v..) th P
rmp
ln hn P
rms
.
Vi cc vt nh cnh my bay, cch tua bin, tm phng v.v.. lc cn do ma st
ln hn v c th tnh theo cng thc:
P
r
= P
rms
(1+k)(8-5)
Vi k = 0,1 0,25
- 89 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
- 90 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
II. Lc nng - nh l Giucpxki - Kutta.
Khi nghin cu dng th ca cht lng l tng bao quanh tr trn, ngha l dng
bao quanh tr trn khng c lu s vn tc ( =0) ngi ta thy khng c bt k mt
lc no tc dng ln n. Trong c hc cht lng, kt lun ny c gi l nghch l le
- almbe. iu ny cn ng c i vi nhng vt c hnh dng bt k.
Cn khi dng bao quanh tr trn c lu s vn tc th vect chnh ca p lc ch
c mt thnh phn hng vung gc vi vn tc v cng U
v c tr s bng
U
mt gc 90
0
ngc chiu .
- 91 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
C th chng minh nh l bng cch p dng nh l bin thin ng lng cho
khi cht lng nm gia vng trn kh ln v prfin cnh, hay nh l thuyt hm bin
phc nh Traplghin lm .
V mt vt l:Sc nng mt chic cnh bt ng l do s chuyn ng trn
(xoy) ca dng cht lng xung quanh cnh (lu s vn tc ). Do nh hng chuyn
ng ca dng cht lng y, vn tc trn lng cnh ln hn vn tc di bng cnh.
T sinh ra s chnh lch v p sut, to thnh mt lc y t di ln.
8.2. LP BIN
Nh va nu trn, mun tnh lc cn phi bit phn b lc ma st (ng sut
tip) dc b mt ca vt b cht lng bao quanh, ngha l phi nghin cu lp cht lng
st vt, l lp bin.
I. nh ngha:
Khi cht lng thc bao quanh mt vt ng yn, do tnh nht nn hnh nh n
dnh vo b mt vt. V vy, vn tc ca dng chy trn mt vt bng khng. Khi ra xa
vt theo phng php tuyn vi b mt, vn tc s tng dn v ti khong cch no
k hiu l n s gn bng vn tc ca dng bn ngoi U
(= 0,99 U
). Lp cht lng
c chiu dy l gi l lp bin. (Hnh 8-3). Trong lp bin tp trung hu ht nh
hng ca tnh nht, c ngha cht lng l cht lng thc. Min cn li nh hng ca
tnh nht khng ng k v c th xem n nh l min cht lng l tng.
i lng ph thuc vo vic chn u im quy c ch r bin gii ca
lp bin. Do trong khi tnh ton ngi ta a vo nhng chiu dy c trng khc
ca lp bin: chiu dy b p
*
, chiu dy tn tht xung lc
**
v chiu dy tn tht
nng lng
***
.
II. Chiu dy b p
i vi cht lng l tng: cc ng dng gn tng khng thay i phng
nh khi xa tng. Cn i vi cht lng thc, cc ng dng gn tng s b un
cong v u < U
y
0
t
udy Q
ng dng tng ng ca cht
lng l tng s gn b mt vt hn
mt on v c tnh t iu kin
cn bng lu lng:
u dy u ) y ( u Q
y
0
l
y
0
l t
dy ) u u ( u Q Q
Hay
,
_
y
0
dy
u
u
1
Khi y
th =
max
= * =
,
_
0
dy
u
u
1
Hay vit di dng khng th nguyn
* =
1
0
d ) 1 (
, vi
;
u
u
i vi cht lng nn c: *=
,
_
0
dy
u
u
1
(8-6)
Nh vy, * c trng cho s dch chuyn ng dng ca dng ngoi khi
phng chuyn ng ng dng trong ca cht lng l tng. Lng cht lng i
qua chiu dy * bng lng cht lng i qua ( - *). S gim lu lng gy ra
do lp bin p cht lng, nn * mang tn chiu dy b p. i vi tm phng:
* = 0,375 .
III. Chiu dy tn tht xung lc.
- 93 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Xt nh hng ng lc ca tnh nht ln dng chy bao quanh vt.
Tnh lc cn X theo nh l bin thin ng lng (nh l le 1(4-20)) cho
khi cht lng cha trong ABAB (Hnh 8-3)
ng lng cht lng chy vo qua AB:
2
1
hu . 2 q
V lng cht lng chy vo qua AB gn bng lng chy ra qua AB nn:
h
h
udy hu 2
Suy ra:
+
h
h
1
udy u q
ng lng cht lng chy ra qua AB:
h
h
2
2
dy u q
Theo nh l bin thin ng lng:
' q dy u udy u X
h
h
2
h
h
+
+
,
_
dy
u
u
1 u u X
Tm h s lc cn:
b
2
dy
u
u
1
u
u
b
2
b u
2
1
X
C
2
*
,
_
Trong d y
u
u
1
u
u
,
_
- chiu dy tn tht xung lc
Trong lp bin c dng: d y
u
u
1
u
u
0
,
_
(8-7)
Hay l vit di dng khng th nguyn: ( )
1
0
d 1
Nh vy, chiu dy tn tht xung lc l chiu dy m trong ng lng ca
cht lng l tng (tng ng vi U
0
d y ) u u ( u u u
Tnh cho tm phng:
**
= 0,146
i vi cht lng nn c:
,
_
0
d y
u
u
1
u
u
Trong mt s tnh ton, ngi ta cn dng t s cc chiu dy:
H ; H ; H
IV. Phng php lp bin.
1. Gii chnh xc:
V lp bin c hnh thnh ch khi s Rynl ln, nn phng trnh chuyn
ng trong lp bin c th nhn c t phng trnh Navie - Stc vit di dng tng
qut khng th nguyn, sau nh gi bc cc thnh phn trong phng trnh y da
trn iu kin c bn: chiu dy lp bin nh hn nhiu so vi chiu di ca vt
( <<1) nn suy ra gi tr cc i lng theo phng y nh hn gi tr cc i lng
theo phng x (Hnh 8-5).
Bng cch , nm 1904, L.Prandtl tm ra h phng trnh vi phn lp bin
cho trng hp chuyn ng phng, dng ca cht lng khng nn c v b qua lc
khi (xem trang 135-137 tp 2 [1]).
2
2
y
u
v
dx
du
u
y
u
v
x
u
u
0
y
u
x
u
(8-8)
Vi cc iu kin: ti y = 0: u=v=0
y = : u = u
(x)
Gii trc tip h phng trnh (8-1) vi cc iu kin bin tng ng ta s tm
c nghim u(x,y), v(x,y) trong ton lp bin v do c th tnh c ng sut tip
trn b mt vt. Li gii in hnh l ca Fokn v Skane tm ra t nm 1930 khi cho
phn b vn tc ngoi lp bin di dng hm s m:
- 95 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
x
l
0
y
Hnh 8-5
u
(x) = C. x
m
2. Gii gn ng:
H thc tch phn T. Karman
Da trn vic nh gi s bin thin ng lng trong lp bin qua chiu dy b
p
*
(H.8-5) Karman nhn c h thc tch phn:
2
w
u
) 2 (
d x u
d u
d x
d
d x
d p
+ +
(8-9)
S hng th nht trong v tri ca phng trnh (8-2) biu din ng sut ma st
i vi chuyn ng ca cht lng nn c. i vi cht lng khng nn c (
=
const) ta c phng trnh:
( )
2
w
w
u
2
d x
d u
u
1
d x
d
+ +
(8-10)
Khi u
(8-11)
Bng phng php ny ngi ta gii cho lp bin chy tng trn tm phng v
tm ra c h s cn ton b: Re / 444 , 1 C
x
H s cn cc b:
x
2
w
f
Re
722 , 0
u
2
1
C
(8-10)
Trong khi , li gii chnh xc cho:
x
f
Re
664 , 0
C
(8-12)
Do
v
x . u
Re
x
(8-13)
0
y
l
x
Hnh 8-6
Lc ma st trn tm phng:
3
l
0
w
lu .
3
b 4
dx b 2 x
(8-14)
Khi Re
x
> (3,6 5).10
5
lp bin ri
) x ( f )
v
x u
( x 37 , 0
5
4
5
1
r
(8-15)
(lp bin chy ri tng nhanh hn lp bin chy tng)
v
5
1
x f
Re 0576 , 0 C
(8-16)
5
1
x
Re . 072 , 0 C
(c th ly = 0,074) (8-17)
5
1
2
Re . l . b . u . . 072 , 0 x
(8-18)
* Cu hi:
1. Tng hp lc tc ng ln vt ngp trong lng cht lng chuyn ng.
2. Pht biu nh lut Giucpxki-Kutra.
- 97 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
3. Nhng yu t nh hng n lc cn sinh ra khi mt vt chuyn ng
trong lng cht lng.
4. nh ngha lp bin, cc thng s lp bin.
5. Kt qu phng php gii lp bin cho dng chy trn tm phng.
CHNG IX
C S L THUYT TH NGUYN, TNG T
9.1. M U
Nhng li gii chnh xc (bng phng php l thuyt) ca mt s bi ton thu
kh ng lc l rt him. Trn thc t, ngi ta s dng nhiu phng php thc
nghim. Phng php m hnh ha tng i ph bin. N da trn l thuyt th
nguyn v tng t. M hnh ho l s thay th vic nghin cu hin tng ca mt
i tng trn nguyn mu bng vic nghin cu hin tng tng t trn m hnh c
kch thc b hn hay ln hn.
ngha ca phng php: da vo nhng kt qu th nghim trn m hnh c th
kt lun v cc hin tng xy ra trn nguyn mu. iu kin s dng c nhng kt
qu trn m hnh l khi tin hnh th nghim phi tun theo nhng qui lut nht nh
ca m hnh ha. Nhng quy lut l nhng tiu chun tng t.
Vic xc nh cc tiu chun tng t hay l cc i lng khng th nguyn
(cc s) khi m hnh ho cc hin tng l mt vn rt phc tp. Khi gii bi ton
ny c th chia cc hin tng nghin cu ra lm hai loi.
- 98 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
I. Nhng hin tng v cc qu trnh:
C th c m t bng cc phng trnh (nh phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng
ca cht lng trong ng, trong khe hp v.v...)
Khi cc tiu chun tng t c xc nh d dng nh l cc h s ca
phng trnh vit di dng khng th nguyn.
II. Cc qu trnh v cc hin tng:
Cha c m t bng cc phng trnh. Khi , l thuyt duy nht cho php tm
cc tiu chun tng t l l thuyt th nguyn.
nguy n hnh m hnh
l thuyt th ng uyn
Php tung t
Hnh 9-1
9.2. L THUYT TH NGUYN.
I. Cc i lng c th nguyn:
Nh di, din tch, vn tc, p sut v.v... Cc i lng khng th nguyn nh
gc o bng raing (rad), s Rynl Re, s Mc, v.v..
nh ngha: i lng c th nguyn l i lng m cc gi tr bng s ca n
ph thuc vo h n v o lng do ta chn.
i lng khng th nguyn l i lng m cc gi tr bng s ca n khng
ph thuc vo h n v o lng do ta chn.
Cc nh ngha nu trn ch c tnh cht tng i.
II. Th nguyn
n v c bn v n v dn xut.
Cc i lng vt l c lin h vi nhau bng nhng biu thc nht nh.
Trong c hc thng chn 3 i lng c bn: di L, thi gian T, khi lng M v
thit lp cho chng mt n v o lng no gi l n v c bn, nh h n v SI
(m,s,kg), h n v CGS (cm, gam, s)...
n v dn xut l n v biu din qua n v c bn nh cm/s, kg/m
3
v.v..
- 99 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Th nguyn l biu thc biu din n v dn xut qua n v c bn v c k
hiu bng du [ ]. V d nh th nguyn ca vn tc [L/T], ca gia tc [L/T
2
] v.v..
III. Cng thc tng qut ca th nguyn.
L thuyt th nguyn da trn hai nh l sau y:
a. T s gia hai gi tr bng s ca mt i lng dn xut bt k no y khng
ph thuc vo vic chn cc kch thc ca h n v c bn. V d nh t s gia hai
din tch khng ph thuc vo vic l chng c o trong h n v no.
T nh l ny c th suy ra cng thc th nguyn tng qut ca cc i lng
vt l:
a = L
l
T
t
M
m
(9-1)
Chng hn nh cng thc th nguyn ca vn tc [L/T] s c l=1,t=-1, m = 0
b. Biu thc bt k gia cc i lng c th nguyn c th biu din nh biu
thc gia cc i lng khng th nguyn. y chnh l ni dung ca nh l Pi ( ) -
Buckingham.
Biu thc ton hc ca nh l ny c th biu din di dng sau: nu i lng
c th nguyn a l hm ca cc i lng c lp vi nhau c th nguyn a
1,
a
2
, ...,
a
k
,..., a
n
, ngha l:
a = f (a
1,
a
2
, ..., a
k
,a
k+1
,..., a
n
) (9-2)
Nu k
+
Ngha l s t hp bng hiu gia s i lng c th nguyn v s th nguyn
c bn.
Nh vy, trong h n v mi biu thc (9-2) c th vit di dng:
= f(
1
,
2
,....,
n-k
)
Mi t hp khng th nguyn l mt tiu chun tng t. C ngha l nu i
lng khng th nguyn (v d h s lc cn Cx) ph thuc n i lng, m s th
nguyn c bn ca chng bng k, th s tiu chun tng t l = n - k. Trong thu
khi ng lc k = 3, vy nn biu din i lng no qua bn thng s.
V d 1.
- 100 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Hy xc nh s ph thuc h s lc cn Cx ca cnh vo cc thng s dng
chy.
Bi gii:
Gi s Cx ph thuc vo cc i lng c th nguyn sau y: khi lng ring
, nht , vn tc v chiu di ca cnh L. Khi :
Cx = f( , , ,L)
Dng cng thc th nguyn c th tm c mt t hp khng th nguyn ca
cc i lng vt l trn:
[Cx] = [ ]
b
[ ]
d
[ ]
c
[L]
n
= 1
tm cc s m b,d,c,n ta thay vo cng thc trn th nguyn ca cc i lng
vt l:
[ ] = [ML
-3
]; [ ] = [ML
-1
T
-1
]; [ ] = [LT
-1
]; [L] = [L]
Thay cc gi tr vo biu thc Cx:
[ML
-3
]
b
[ML
-1
T
-1
]
d
[LT
-1
]
c
[L]
n
= 1
T ta c 3 phng trnh i vi 3 th nguyn c bn:
M : b + d = 0
L : -3d -d +c +n = 0
T : - d - c = 0
Xem rng mt trong 4 s m, chng hn n bit, gii h phng trnh trn ta
c b = c = n; d = -n. Nh vy, ta tm c dng ph thuc ca Cx vo i lng th
nguyn:
) (Re f
vl
f Cx
n
n
1
1
]
1
,
_
Vit di dng th nguyn:
FLT
-1
= [L
3
T
-1
]
x
[FL
-3
]
y
[L]
z
- 101 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
T suy ra: x = y = z = 1
Do :
QH .
N
hay l N = QH
Qua hai v d trn, c th suy ra mt s bc c bn gii mt bi ton nh sau:
Lp biu thc ph thuc (n + 1) i lng a (9-2). Ghi th nguyn ca chng.
Chn k i lng c bn (thng thng k = 3). Vit cng thc th nguyn ca
cc i lng vt l. Nh vy ta c (n + 1 - k) s hng .
S hng u tin c th l tch ca k i lng c s m cha bit vi mt i
lng khc c s m bit (thng thng cho s m bng 1)
Ly nhng i lng chn mc 2 lm bin s (k i lng) v chn mt
trong nhng bin s cn li lp s hang tip theo. Lp li tng t lin tip cho
cc s sau.
Nh phn tch th nguyn ta s c h k phng trnh i s v t xc nh
c s m ca mi s hng
9.3. CC TIU CHUN TNG T
nh ngha tng t: Hai hin tng gi l tng t (hay ng dng) nu da
vo cc c trng ca hin tng ny c th suy ra cc c trng ca hin tng kia
bng mt php bin i n gin.
iu kin tng t c bn ca hai hin tng l cc tiu chun tng t phi
bng nhau (idem). Nu k hiu n cho nguyn mu: m cho m hnh, th Re
n
= Re
m
,
M
n
= M
m
, v.v...
I. Tng t hnh hc
Hai h thng thu kh ng lc c gi l tng t hnh hc l khi cc kch
thc tng ng ca chng t l vi nhau.
;..... k
S
S
; k
L
L
Dm
Dn
2
L
m
n
L
m
n
Trong k
L
- t l tng t hnh hc
Hnh 9-2
II. Tng t ng hc:
- 102 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Hai h thng thu kh ng lc c gi l tng t ng hc phi tng t hnh
hc v c thi gian di chuyn ca mt phn t cht lng t im ny sang im khc
trn cc ng dng tng ng t l:
Ta c: T
m
n
k
T
T
k
T
- T l tng t thi gian.
T t ng hc p dng trong cc my thu kh l cc tam gic vn tc
ng dng.
III. Tng t ng lc hc.
Hai h thng thu kh ng lc tng t ng lc hc v c cc khi lng tng
ng t l gi l tng t ng lc hc.
m
n
p
k
- t l tng t ng lc
T l cc lc:
2
T
4
L p
2
m m
3
m m
2
n n
3
n n
m
n
k
k k
T L L
T L L
F
F
T h phng trnh trn suy ra nu hai dng chy tng t, c ngha l chng
c m t bng nhng phng trnh v cc iu kin bin ging nhau, th cc h s
ca phng trnh ging nhau v phi c cng gi tr cc i lng khng th nguyn
sau y:
l v
;
v
p
;
v
gl
;
t v
l
0
0
2
0 0
0
2
0 0 0
- s le (L.Euler) c trng cho p lc.
iu kin bng nhau ca cc s tng t c ky hiu bng ch idem (l mt),
ngha l hai dng phng ca cht lng khng nn c s tng t khi:
Sh = idem; Fr = idem; Eu = idem; Re = idem;
S le i vi cht lng nn c c dng
Eu =
2 2
0
2
2
0 0
0
M
1
k
1
v
a
k
l p
Trong
p
k a
- vn tc m;
v
p
C
C
k
- ch s on nhit;
a
v
M
- s Mc.
- 104 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Nh vy, hai dng cht lng nn c s tng t khi Sh = idem, Fr = idem, Re =
idem, M = idem, k = idem.
Trong thc t cn rt nhiu nhng tiu chun tng t khc na. Mun c nhng
tiu chun ch cn ly phng trnh vi phn m t c qu trnh cho vit di dng
khng th nguyn. Chng hn nh kho st phng trnh nng lng ta s c thm cc
tiu chun tng t:
Cp
Pr
- S Prandl, c trng cho t s gia nhit lng c truyn bng
dn nhit v i lu.
3
3
T l g
Gr
- S Grashpm c trng cho t s gia lc Acsimet v lc nht.
Trong - h s dn nhit; - h s n th tch; T - chnh lch nhit
.
9.4. M HNH HO TNG PHN.
Khi kho st bi ton phng mc trn ta gp 4-5 tiu chun tng t. Nu
tho mn tt c cc tiu chun th bi ton rt kh v trong thc t khng th thc
hin c. Ngoi ra, khng phi tt c cc tiu chun c tm quan trng nh nhau.
Trong nhng iu kin c th thng c th xc nh c mc nh hng ca tng
tiu chun tng t, v lc c nhng tiu chun nh hng rt ln n vic thay i
iu kin ca qu trnh vt l - gi l tiu chun quyt nh, trong khi c nhng
tiu chun hu nh khng tham gia vo s bin i - nhng tiu chun khng
quyt nh. Do trong thc t phi dng m hnh ho tng phn, ngha l ch cn
tun theo mt s tiu chun quyt nh.
Chng hn nh khi tm iu kin m hnh ho ca chuyn ng tu ngm, ta thy
c th b qua tiu chun Frt, m phi k n tiu chun Rynl, ngha l s Re i vi
nguyn mu v m hnh phi nh nhau. Thc vy, i vi tu ngm s Fr ch c
ngha khi tu i xung v i ln mt nc, cn khi chy, s Fr c th b qua. Lc cn
khi chy ph thuc vo nht ca dng bao quanh khng c xm thc. Nhng trong
th nghim m hnh ca n chuyn ng vi vn tc ln, tiu chun Fr c nh hng
ln, cn c th b qua lc nht, ngha l khng tho mn tiu chun Re.
iu kin m hnh ho ca nhng my mc chuyn ng trn m, trc tin l
phi tho mn tiu chun Mc (M), cn s Re tu kh nng, s Fr b qua. y khng
phi l m hnh ho ton b m ch l tng phn. Thnh thong lm mi thnh cng khi
tho mn c hai tiu chun Fr v Re.
V d 3:
Mun c tng t ng lc hc th vn tc chuyn ng ca du th trong ng c
ng knh 30mm phi bng bao nhiu, khi vn tc ca nc trong ng c ng knh
- 105 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
5mm nhit 20
0
C l 6m/s. Cho
du
= 84 kGs
2
/m
4
;
du
= 0,2 P;
nc
= 102
kGs
2
/m
4
;
0
= 0,013 P
Bi gii:
iu kin cho hai dng cht lng chuyn ng trong ng trn tng t l s
v
Re
v s le
2
0
v
p
Eu
Do ta suy ra: Re
1
= Re
du
= Re
nc
= Re
2
2
2 2 2
1
1 1 1
p d v p d v
Suy ra:
2 , 24
p d
p d
v v
2 1 1
1 2 2
2 1
Vy, vn tc ca du v
1
= 24,2 m/s.
* Cu hi:
1. Cng thc tng qut th nguyn. Phng php tnh th nguyn.
2. nh ngha v tng t. Cc dng tng t ca hai hin tng thy kh
ng lc hc.
3. Cc tiu chun tng t.
4. Phng php m hnh ha tng phn.
- 106 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
CHNG XI
MY THU LC V TRM
11-1. KHI NIM CHUNG V MY THU LC
My thu lc l thit b dng trao i nng lng vi cht lng i qua n theo
cc nguyn l thu lc hc ni ring v c hc cht lng ni chung. V d: bm, dng
c nng ca ng c vn chuyn cht lng; tuabin nhn nng lng ca dng nc
bin thnh c nng ko cc my lm vicNgy nay my thu lc c dng ph
bin trong nhiu lnh vc sn xut cng nh sinh hot. C th ni hu nh khng mt
ngnh k thut no khng s dng my thu lc.
Vi nt v lch s my thu lc.
My thu lc th s c t thi c xa. Gung nc l loi my thu lc u
tin, li dng nng lng dng nc trn cc sng sui ko cc ci xay lng thc
hoc a nc vo knh ti rung, c dng Trung Quc, n khong 3000
nm trc y.
Trc th k 17, ni chung cc my cc my thu lc rt th s v t loi (ch
yu l cc loi gung nc v dng c n gin vn chuyn nc t thp ln
cao). Mi n th k 18 v sau ny mi c nhiu nh bc hc nghin cu mt cch
- 107 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
khoa hc v hnh dng v kt cu cu my thu lc v t v sau mi xut hin nhiu
loa phong ph.
Nm 1640 nh vt l hc ngi c Otto-Herich sng ch ra bm pittong u
tin bm kh v nc dng trong cng nghip. Nh bc hc nga Lmnsop
(1711-1765) l ngi u tin dng l lun c hc cht lng ci to kt cu gung
nc t ngn xa, nng cao hiu sut, cng sut ca gung dng trong sn xut
cng nghip thi by gi.
Trong nhng nm 1751-1754, Ole (1707-1783) vit v l thuyt c bn ca
tuabin nc ni ring v cc my thu lc cnh dn ni chung lm c s hn 50
nm sau, Phucnyrn (php) ch to thnh cng tuabin nc u tin 1831 v
Xablucot (Nga) sng ch ra bm ly tm u tin. Cng vi s ra ca my hi nc
cui th k 18 s pht minh ra tuabin nc v bm lytm u th k 19 l nhng
bc nhy ln trong lch s cc my nng lng.
V sau nhiu nh khoa hc ln Giucpki (1847-1921), Traplghin (1869-1942),
Prtskua sng to ra l thuyt v dng chy bao quanh h thng cnh dn, hon
chnh l thuyt v my thu lc cnh dn. c bit trong 50 nm gn y l thuyt v
thu kh ng lc pht trin rt mnh c nhiu thnh tu to ln v vic p dng nhng
thnh qu pht minh ny trong lnh vc my thu lc v cng phong ph.
Ngy nay my thu lc c nhiu loi vi nhiu kiu khc nhau c dng trong
mi lnh vc cng nghip. p ng yu cu nng lng ngy cng ln ca cng
nghip hin i ngi ta ch to c cc tuabin nc c ln c cng sut ti
500.000 KW hoc ln hn.Vic ng dng truyn ng thu lc ngy cng nhiu trong
ngnh ch to my gp phn nng cao cc ch tiu k thut, kinh t ca my mc v
nht l p ng mt phn yu cu t ng ho ngy cng cao trong k thut.
nc ta, t lu i nhn dn lao ng bit dng con ncci gi go, dng
sc nc phc v sn xut trong nng nghip, nhng di ch thng tr ca phong
kin quc, khoa hc k tht nc ta b km hm rt nhiu.
T cch mng thng 8 n nay khoa hc k thut nc ta pht trin mnh
m.Vic ch to v vic s dng my mc ngy cng nhiu trong cc lnh vc phc v
sn xut, chin u v sinh hot, trong c nhiu loi my thu lc. Hin nay trong
nc ta c nhiu nh my sn xut cc loi my thu lc thng dng nh cc loi
bm, tuabin nc. bc u phc v cng cuc thu li ho, c kh ho, in kh
ho ca t nc.
11-2. PHN LOI MY THU LC
Ta bit rng trong bt k mt dng cht lng chuyn ng no cng tim nng
mt nng lng nh nh; tc dng ca my thu lc l trao i (nhn hoc cho) nng
lng vi dng cht lng chuyn ng qua ko cc my lm vic hoc vn
chuyn cht lng.
- 108 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Theo tnh cht trao i nng lng vi cht lng my thu lc c chia lm
hai loi:
Loi my thu lc tip thu c nng ca dng chy cht lng ko cc my lm
vic khc c tc dng nh mt ng c gi l ng c thu lc (nh tuabin nc, cc
loi ng c thu lc trong my cng c)
Ngc li, loi my thu lc dng cho c nng cht lng, to nn p sut hoc
vn chuyn cht lng c gi l bm (nh cc loi bm, qut)
Trong k thut c nhng my thu lc khi th lm vic nh mt ng c, khi th
lm vic nh mt bm gi l my thu lc thun nghch.
Theo nguyn l tc dng ca my thu lc vi dng cht lng trong qu trnh lm
vic, ngi ta chia my thu lc thnh nhiu loi khc nhau, nhng ch yu c hai loi:
My thu lc cnh dn
My thu lc th tch.
Trong my thu lc cnh dn, vic trao i nng lng gia my vi cht lng
c thc hin bng nng lng thu ng ca dng cht lng chuyn ng qua my.
Dng chy qua my thu lc cnh dn l dng lin tc.Trn bnh cng tc c gn
nhiu bn cnh dn dng chy gi l cnh dn. Bin dng v gc b tr ca cnh
dn nh hng trc tip n cc thnh phn vn tc ca dng chy nn c ngha rt
quan trng trong vic trao i nng lng ca my vi dng chy. C th ni my thu
lc cnh dn dng cc cnh dn trao i nng lng vi cht lng.
Ni chung nng lng ca dng cht lng trao i vi my thu lc cnh dn
gm c hai thnh phn: ng nng
)
g 2
v
(
2
l ch yu v p nng
)
P
(
H
hiu sut thu lc ca my, c trng cho tn tht do xoy v masat trong
my.
II. Lu lng
Lu lng thc qua ng y Q < Q
lt
v mt phn nh Q chy tr v li vo
bnh cng tc hoc r r ra ngoi. nh gi tn tht lu lng, ngi ta a vo h
s lu lng:
lt
Q
Q
Q
(10-3)
Tronng , Q
lt
lu lng l thuyt hay l lu lng tnh ton ca my.
Q
< 1 v ph thuc vo cht lng ca b phn lt kn (
Q
=0,95 0,98).
III. Cng sut:
L nng lng cht lng trao i vi my trong mt n v thi gian.
Cng sut thu lc l cng sut c ch ca bm hay l cng sut vo ca tua bin:
) kW (
1000
QH
N
tl
, (10-4)
vi: (N/m
3
), Q(m
3
/s), H(mH
2
O).
Cng sut trn trc bm hay l cng sut vo ca bm hay l cng sut ra ca tua
bin: N
t
= M , (10-5)
IV. Hiu sut:
nh gi tn tht nng lng trong qu trnh my trao i nng lng vi cht
lng:
t
tl
b
N
N
tl
t
tb
N
N
(10-6)
C ba loi tn tht nn c ba loi hiu sut: ct p, c kh v lu lng:
=
H
Q
. (10-7)
Trong
C
-l hiu sut c kh c trng cho cc tn tht ma st c kh trong
a bnh cng tc, trong cc vng lm kn.
Cng sut ng c ko bm: N
c
> N. Bn thng s ca bm va nu c lin
quan mt thit vi nhau, v trong k thut mi lin quan c biu din bng th,
gi l ng c tnh m ta s xem cc ti liu tham kho.
V. cao ht cho php.
- 111 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Vit phng trnh Becnuli cho 1 - 1 v v - v (hnh 10 -1):
wd
2
v v v
s
1
h
g 2
v p
h
p
+
a)
wd
2
v v v 1
s scp
h
g 2
v p p
] h [ h
(10-8)
ck
v 1
h
p p
- ct p ht ca bm
1
max s s
p
h h
Suy ra, nu p
1
= p
a
th h
smax
= 10m ct nc.
b) Khi bit h
ck
th tnh [h
s
] theo iu kin khng xy ra xm thc: (do bc hi ca
cht lng gy nn)
iu kin trnh xm thc:
h
p
g 2
v p
bh
2
v v v
+
p
bh
- p sut bo ho (l p sut m ti cht lng s si mt nhit nht
nh); h - ct p chng xm thc.
Mt khc, theo (10-3)
) h h
p
(
p
] h [
h h
p
g 2
v p
wh
bh s
s
wd s
s
2
v v v
+ +
Theo Rt nhp:
3
4
)
C
Q n
( 10 h
n(vng/ph) Q(m
3
/s) C = 800 1000
11- 4. TRM MY THU LC
S b tr trm my thu lc, v d tram bm nh H.10-1
Cch tnh ct p thc t. Bm bao gi cng lm vic trong h thng ng ng.
g 2
v v p p
) z z ( e e H
2
v
2
r v r
v r v r b
+
+
ck a v
d a r
v r
p p p
p p p
z z z
+
Suy ra
g 2
v v p p
z H
2
v
2
r ck d
b
+
+
+
Nu ng ht bng ng y
; v v
v r
nu z b qua
+
ck d
b
p p
H
- 112 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Khi khng c cc s liu o dc ca bm ang lm vic (p
d
,p
ck,
...) m ch c cc
s liu yu cu ca h thng trong bm s lm vic (p
1
, p
2
, h...), th c th tnh H
b
nh sau:
Vit phng trnh Bc-nu-li cho 1-1 v v -v:
e
1
= e
v
+ h
wh
e
v
=e
1
- h
wh
Cho r - r v 2 - 2: e
r
= e
2
+ h
w
wh wd 1 2 v r b
h h e e e e H + +
V
2 2 2
H e e
:
w wd wh
h h h +
w 2 b
h H H +
(10-9)
Hnh 10-1: B tr trm bm
Nh vy ct p yu cu ca bm H
b
khc
phc: dng cao H
2
( chnh 2 mt thong) v
tn tht nng lng trong ng ht v ng y.
C th vit: H
b
= H
t
+ H