TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

-------o0o-------
TS. LNG NGC LI
C HC THY KH
NG DNG
C hc thy kh ng dng
H Ni, 2008
Quyn sch gii thiu kin thc l thuyt c bn v c hc cht lng v cht kh
v ng dng ca n trong cc ngnh k thut. Ni dung ch yu gm tnh cht c bn
cht lng v cht kh ,tnh hc, ng hc, ng lc hc cht lng v mt s chuyn
ng dng trong tnh ton ng ng thu lc v kh ng, dng chy trong khe hp
(bi ton bi trn v lm mt), lc tc ng ln vt ngp trong lng cht lng chuyn
ng, l thuyt th nguyn-tng t. c bit c phn gii thiu thiu c bn dng tia
v nguyn l c bn v my thu lc.
Gio trnh ny cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh k thut tu thu vi thi lng 4 v
hc trnh theo ni dung ca Chng trnh khung ngnh K thut Tu thu c duyt
nm2008 ca B Gio dc v o to. Ngoi ra l gio trnh cho sinh vin cc ngnh
c kh, lm li liu tham kho cho sinh vin, k s cc ngnh k thut khc .
- 2 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
MC LC
trang
Chng 1 Mt s tnh cht vt l c bn ca cht lng 3
Chng 2 Tnh hc cht lng 10
Chng 3 ng hc cht lng 25
Chng 4 ng lc hc cht lng 36
Chng 5 Chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht lng khng nn c 59
Chng 6 Chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht kh 71
Chng 7 Tnh ton thu lc ng ng 82
Chng 8 Lc tc ng ln vt ngp trong lng cht lng chuyn ng 89
Chng 9 L thuyt th nguyn v tng t 98
Chng 10 My thy lc v trm 107
Ti liu tham kho 115
- 3 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
CHNG I
MT S TNH CHT VT L C BN
CA CHT LNG
1-1. I TNG, PHNG PHP NGHIN CU MN HC NG DNG.
I. i tng:
Mn hc Thu kh ng lc ng dng, cn c gi l C hc cht lng ng
dng hay gi mt cch gn ng l Thu lc. i tng nghin cu ca mn hc l
cht lng. Cht lng y hiu theo ngha rng, bao gm cht lng th nc - Cht
lng khng nn c ( Khi lng ring khng thay i) v cht lng th kh -
Cht lng nn c ( Khi lng ring thay i const ). tin cho vic nghin
cu, cng nh theo s pht trin ca khoa hc, ngi ta chia cht lng thnh cht lng
l tng hay l cht lng khng nht v cht lng thc, cn gi l cht lng nht (
nht 0). Cht lng tun theo quy lut v lc nht ca Niu-Tn (I.Newton) l cht
lng Niu-Tn. Cn nhng cht lng khng tun theo quy lut ny ngi ta gi l cht
lng phi Niu-Tn, nh du th chng hn.
Thu kh ng lc nghin cu cc quy lut cn bng v chuyn ng ca cht
lng. Thng thng trong gio trnh, ngi ta chia thnh ba phn:
Tnh hc cht lng: nghin c cc iu kin cn bng ca cht lng trnh
thi tnh.
ng hc cht lng: nghin cu chuyn ng ca cht lng theo thi gian, khng
k n nguyn nhn gy ra chuyn ng.
ng lc hc cht lng: nghin cu chuyn ng ca cht lng v tc dng tng
h ca n vi vt rn. C th l phi gii 2 bi ton c bn sau y:
Xc nh s phn b vn tc, p sut, khi lng ring v nhit trong cht
lng.
Xc nh lc tc dng tng h gia cht lng v vt rn xung quanh n.
V tr ca mn hc: n l nhp ni gia nhng mn khoa hc c bn(Ton, L..)
vi nhng mn k thut chuyn ngnh.
II. Phng php nghin cu
Dng 3 phng php sau y:
L thuyt: S dng cng c ton hc, ch yu nh ton gii tch, phng trnh vi
phn. Chng ta s gp li cc ton t vi phn quen thuc nh:
gradient:
z
p
k
y
p
j
x
p
i p grad

- 4 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
divergent:
z
u
y
u
x
u
u div
z
y
x

rotor:
z y x
u u u
z y x
k j i
u rot

Ton t Laplas:
2
2
2
2
x
2
2
z y x

o hm ton phn:
dt
dz
z
u
dt
dy
y
u
dt
dx
x
u
t
u
dt
u d
: ) t , z , y , x ( W

V s dng cc nh l tng qut ca c hc nh nh l bo ton khi lng,

nng lng, nh l bin thin ng lng, mmen ng lng, ba nh lut trao i
nhit (Fourier), vt cht (Fick), ng lng (Newton).
Phng php thc nghim: dng trong mt s trng hp m khng th gii bng
l thuyt, nh xc nh h s cn cc b.
Bn thc nghim: kt hp gia l thuyt v thc nghim.
III. ng dng:
Thu kh ng lc c ng dng rt rng ri trong cc ngnh khoa hc, k thut
nh giao thng vn ti, hng khng, c kh, cng ngh ho hc, vi sinh, vt liu v
chng u c lin quan n cht lng: nc v kh .
1-2. S LC LCH S PHT TRIN MN HC.
Thu kh ng lc biu th s lin h rt cht ch gia khoa hc v yu cu thc
t. Nng nghip i hi thu li pht trin rt sm nh knh o, p nc, ng
thuyn, b y ch xin nu ra mt s nh bc hc quen thuc m qua thy s
pht trin ca mn hc. Tn tui Acsimet (287-212, TCN) gn lin vi thu tnh-lc
y Acsimet.
Nh danh ho , Lna vanhxi (1452-1519) a ra khi nim v lc cn ca
cht lng ln cc vt chuyn ng trong n. ng rt mun bit ti sao chim li bay
c. Nhng phi hn 400 nm sau, Jucopxki v Kutta mi gii thch c: l lc
nng.
Hai ng L.le (1707-1783) v D.Becnuli (1700-1782) l nhng ngi t c
s l thuyt cho thu kh ng lc, tch n khi c hc l thuyt thnh mt ngnh
ring. Hai ng u l ngi Thu S, sau c n hong Nga mi sang lm vic Vin
hn lm khoa hc Ptcbua cho n khi mt. Chng ta s cn gp li hai ng nhiu ln
trong gio trnh sau ny. Tn tui ca Navie v Stc gn lin vi nghin cu cht lng
thc. Hai ng tm ra phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng t nm 1821 n nm 1845.
Nh bc hc ngi c L.Prandtl sng lp ra l thuyt lp bin (1904), gp phn
- 5 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
gii nhiu bi ton ng lc hc. Na cui th k ny, thu kh ng lc pht trin nh
v bo vi nhiu gng mt sng chi, k c trong nc ta.
1-3. MT S NH NGHA
V TNH CHT C L CA CHT LNG
I. Tnh cht chung.
Cht lng c tnh cht lin tc, di ng, khng chu lc ct, lc ko, c tnh chng
nn cao (nh nc, du), hoc kh nng chu nn tt( nh khng kh, hi).
Tnh lin tc: vt cht c phn b lin tc trong khng gian. Tnh d di ng
biu th ch: ng sut tip (ni ma st) trong cht lng ch khc 0 khi c chuyn ng
tng i gia cc lp cht lng.
II. Khi lng ring v trng lng ring.
Khi lng M ca cht lng c c trng bi khi lng ca 1 n v th tch
w gi l khi lng ring hay khi lng n v:
(1-1)
Tng t, trng lng ring (1-2)
Trng lng 1 vt c khi lng 1 kg c th coi bng 9,8N ;
1kG 10N = 1daN
Ta c mi lin h: = g; g = 9,8 m/s
2
T trng l t s gia trng lng ring ca cht so vi trng lng ring ca
nc nhit t
o
=4
o
C.
4 , n

(1-3)
S khc nhau v tnh cht ca mt s cht th hin trn bng 1-1.
III. Tnh nn c:
S thay i th tch W ca cht lng khi tc dng ca p sut p hoc nhit t.
biu th s thay i ta c h s nn c:
Do p sut
) N / m ( ,
dp
dW
W
1
2
p

(1-4)
Do nhit
) K / 1 ( ,
dT
dW
W
1
0
T

M uyn n hi:

1
E
(1-5)
L kh nng chng li s bin dng ca cht lng khi bi tc ng ca p sut hoc
nhit .
- 6 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Bng 1 1: Tnh cht vt l ca mt s cht
TT Tn gi
KLR,
r,kg/m
3
TLR
,N/m
3
T trng

Nhit ,
0
C
1 Nc sch 1000 9810 1 4
2 Xng 0,7-0,75 16
3 Thu ngn 13,55 15
4 St 7,8
5 Cn 0,8 0
6 Du madut 0,89-0,92 15
7 Khng kh 1,127 11,77 1,127.10
-3
27
1. Tnh nht v gi thuyt ca Newton:
Tnh nht l thuc tnh ca cht lng lm cn tr chuyn ng ca bn thn cht
lng. Ta nghin cu tnh nht da trn th nghim ca Newton. C hai tm phng :
Tm di II c nh, tm trn I c din tch S chuyn ng di tc dng ca ngoi lc
F. Gia 2 tm c 1 lp mng cht lng h. Sau mt thi gian no , tm I s chuyn
ng u vi vn tc tng i u // vi tm II.
n
u
Hnh 1-1
Th nghim cho ta thy rng cc phn t cht lng dnh cht vo tm I s di
chuyn cng vi vn tc u, cn nhng phn t dnh cht vo tm II th khng chuyn
ng. Vn tc cc lp cht lng gia 2 tm phng tng theo quy lut tuyn tnh v t l
vi khong cch tm II (Hnh 1-1).
Newton gi thit l khi cht lng chuyn ng, n chy thnh lp v cng mng
vi vn tc khc nhau, do trt ln nhau. Gia cc lp cht lng chuyn ng tng
i vi nhau y xut hin lc ma st. l lc ma st trong, cn gi l lc nht:
T = S (1-6)
- 7 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
ng sut tip:
dn
du

(1-7)
l h s ch ph thuc vo cht lng gia hai tm phng, n c trng cho tnh
nht gi l h s nht ng lc hoc nht ng lc.
Trong du/dn l gradient vn tc theo phng n vung gc vi dng chy u .
Nhng cht lng tun theo (1-6) gi l cht lng Newton nh ni trn.
T (1-6) rt ra:
Nu ly S=1 n v,
1
dn
du

n v th tng ng vi mt lc. n v o
trong h SI l N.s/m
2
; trong h CGS l poa-z: P; 1P = 10
-1
N.s/m
2
Ngoi , cn dng h s nht ng hc = / (1-8)
Trong cc biu thc c lin quan ti chuyn ng. n v o trong h SI l
m
2
/s, trong h CGS l Stc:(St) ; 1St = 10
-4
m
2
/s =cm
2
/s.
Cc h s v thay i theo nhit v p sut. Nhn chung v ca
cht lng gim khi nht tng v tng khi p sut tng; ca cht kh tng khi nhit
tng v gim khi p sut tng.
Bng 1 2: nht ng hc ca mt s cht
t,
0
C P,at
, St
Nc 20 0,0001
Du: IC-30, PS-46 30 30
2. Phn loi lc tc dng v cht lng cng tc:
thun tin cho vic tnh ton sau ny c th chia ngoi lc tc dng ln cht
lng c chia thnh 2 loi:
Lc mt l lc tc dng ln cht lng t l vi din tch mt tip xc (nh p lc:
P=p.S, lc ma st: T= .S,)
Lc khi l lc tc dng ln cht lng t l vi khi lng (nh trng lc:G=mg,
lc qun tnh: Fqt=m.a,)
Cht lng thc l cht lng c nht( khc khng). Khi gii nhng bi ton
thy lc phc tp, c nhiu n s ngi ta n gin ha bi ton. Mt trong cch l
coi cht lng c nht thp nh cht lng khng c tnh nht, gi l cht lng l
tng.
- 8 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
* Cu hi:
1. Khi nim v khi lng ring, trng lng ring, t trng ca cht lng,
cht kh. Ch ra s khc nhau c bn v gi tr ca nc thng, khng kh, thy
ngn, st.
2. Khai nim v tnh nn c ca cht lng. Th tch cht lng thay i
ph thuc nhng yu t n?
3. Khi nim v tnh cht ca cht lng. Bn cht ca vic sinh ra tnh nht.
4. Khi nim nht ng hc, nht ng lc hc, n v. S khc nhau
c bn nht ca khng kh, nc thng, du.
5. Khi nim v cht lng thc, cht lng l tng. Phn loi ngoi lc tc
ng ln cht lng.
- 9 -
Hnh 2 - 1
C hc thy kh ng dng
CHNG II
TNH HC CHT LNG
Tnh hc cht lng hay thu tnh hc nghin cu cc quy lut v cn bng ca
cht lng trng thi tnh. Ngi ta phn ra lm 2 trng thi tnh: Tnh tuyt i - cht
lng khng chuyn ng so vi h to c nh gn lin vi tri t; Tnh hc tng
i - cht lng chuyn ng so vi h to c nh, nhng gia chng khng c
chuyn ng tng i. Nh vy, y cht lng thc v l tng l mt. Chng ny
ch yu nghin cu p sut v p lc do cht lng to nn.
2-1. P SUT THU TNH.
I. nh ngha:
p sut thu tnh l nhng ng sut gy ra bi cc ngoi lc tc dng ln cht
lng trng thi tnh.
th hin r hn khi nim p sut thu tnh
trong cht lng, ta xt th tch cht lng gii hn bi
din tch (Hnh 2-1). Tng tng ct khi cht
lng bng mt phng AB, cht lng trong phn I tc
dng ln phn II qua mt ct . B I m vn gi II
trng thi cn bng th phi thay tc dng I ln II bng
lc P gi l p lc thu tnh tc dng ln mt .
p sut trung bnh:

P
p
tb
Cn p sut ti im M:

P
Lim p
0
M
n v ca p sut: N/m
2
= Pa
(Pascal)
1at = 9,8.10
4
N/m
2
= 10
4
kG/m
2
= 10mH
2
O = 10T/m
2
= 1kG/cm
2
1bar=10
5
.N/m
2
; MPa=10
6
N/m
2
; p sut l mt n v vct
II. Hai tnh cht ca p sut thu tnh.
a. p sut thu tnh lun lun tc dng thng gc v hng vo mt tip xc
(Hnh 2-2).
b. p sut thu tnh ti mi im theo mi phng bng nhau.
C th gi thch iu bng cch xt khi cht lng dng mt t din (Hnh
2-2) l mt gc ca to DCc.Cc cnh
dz , dx , dx
v cng nh b nh hnh v.
Trn bn mt c bn vct p sut tng ng.
- 10 -
A
B
P
P
I
I I

C hc thy kh ng dng

Hnh 2-2
Khi th tch khi cht lng W=dx.dy.dz 0 th cc vct hon ton khc
nhau:
p p p p
z y x


Khi th tch ny nh v cng W=dx.dy.dz0 th gi tr ca cc vect ny
hon ton bng nhau:
p p p p
z y x

(2-1)
2-2. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CN BNG CA CHT LNG
PHNG TRNH -LE TNH (1755)
Phng trnh biu din mi quan h gia ngoi lc tc dng vo mt phn t cht
lng vi ni lc sinh ra trong (tc l p sut thu tnh p).
Xt mt phn t cht lng hnh hp c cc cnh dx, dy, dz // x, y, z (Hnh 2-3).
Trng tm M(x,y,z) chu p sut thu tnh p(x,y,z).
Lc mt tc dng ln hnh hp gm cc lc do p sut thu tnh tc ng trn 6
mt (p lc).
Theo phng ox p lc t hai pha s l:
dydz dx
x
p
2
1
p P
x

,
_

+
v
dydz dx
x
p
2
1
p ' P
x

,
_

Lc khi theo phng ox l:
dxdydz X mX

Vi m = .dx.dy.dz;
x
y
z
F
M
x
P
/
x
P
h i n h 2 - 3
- 11 -
Hnh 2-3
C hc thy kh ng dng
Lp iu kin cn bng ca phn t cht lng hnh hp di tc dng ca lc khi
v p lc.
Hnh chiu ca cc lc ln trc x:
Do p sut
0 mX P ' P
x x
x
+
(2-2)
Thay vo (2-2) ta c:
0 dxdydz . X dxdydz
x
p
x
+

, vi: m= .dx.dy.dz 0
Hay l
Tng t cho trc y v z (2-3)
l phng trnh le tnh vit di dng ba hnh chiu.
Vit di dng vect:
0 gradp
1
F

(2-4)
Trong : Fl lc khi n v - lc khi ca 1 n v khi lng:
Z k Y j X i F + +
Nhn cc phng trnh (2-3) ln lt vi
, dz , dy , dx
ri cng ln lt li theo ct,
ta c:
Hay l
dp
1
Zdz Ydy Xdx

+ +
(2-5)
y l mt dng khc ca phng trnh vi phn cn bng ca cht lng th hin
s bin thin p sut theo khng gian ba chiu.
Mt ng p l mt trn ti mi im p sut p = const, hay dp =0. T (2-5)
suy ra phng trnh ca mt ng p:
Hay l
0 Zdz Ydy Xdx + +
(2-5)
2-3. PHNG TRNH C BN THU TNH
L vic p dng c th phng trnh vi phn cn bng trong cc trng hp cht
lng tnh tuyt i v tnh tng i.
I. Cht lng tnh tuyt i
Khi nim tnh tuyt i l tuyt i xt vi h quy chiu l tri t.
Xt khi cht lng trong bnh cha t c nh di mt t.Trng hp ny lc
khi ch c trng lc hng xung:
g m G

, nn cc thnh phn ca lc khi s l:

g Z , 0 Y , 0 X
- 12 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
T (2-5) ta c:
dp
1
gdz

Sau khi tch phn ln, ta c phng trnh c bn thu tnh:
C const z
p
+

(2-6)
Khi dp = 0 ta c phng trnh h mt ng p l:
z = const (2-6)
Cc mt ng p trong cht lng tnh tuyt i (trong c mt thong) l cc
mt phng nm ngang.
H qu: Tnh p sut im
Cn tnh p sut ti im M:
? p
T cng thc (2-6):
Const .. z
p
z
p
A
A
+

Hay l
( ) ) z z ( p p z z
p p
A A A
A
+ +

Hnh 2-4
Nu im A ti mt thong
a A
p p
v z
A
z = h l su t mt thong n
im M, ta c:
h . p p h p p
a A
+ +
(2-7)
h l trng lng ct cht lng cao bng h v c din tch y bng 1 n v;

a
p p
h
biu th p sut, nn c n v l m ct nc, 1at = 10mH
2
O.
ngha ca phng trnh c bn thu tnh (2-6).
ngha hnh hc hay thu lc.
z - cao hnh hc

p
- cao ca mt ct cht lng biu th p sut, gi l cao o p
const H
p
z
t
t

+
- ct p thu tnh tuyt i.
Vy, trong mt mi trng cht lng cn bng, ct p thu tnh ca mi im l
mt hng s.
- 13 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
ngha nng lng.
Xt phn t cht lng quanh im A c khi lng dm, dG = gdm cao hnh
hc z v chu p sut p. So vi mt chun ca phn t c th nng z.gdm = z.dG, c
trng cho v tr ca phn t, gi l v nng. Do chu p sut p nn c nng lng
dG
p

- cng l th nng, nhng c trng cho p sut thu tnh tc dng ln phn t cht
lng, gi l p nng.
Tng th nng l :
dG
p
z

,
_

+
Tnh cho mt n v trng lng cht lng:

,
_

+
p
z dG / dG
p
z
Trong mi trng cht lng cn bng, theo phng trnh c bn thu tnh,
const e
p
z
t

+
Vy, th nng n v ca mi im trong mt mi trng cht lng cn bng u
bng nhau v bng ct p thu tnh H
t
.
II. Cht lng tnh tng i.
Ta xt hai dng tnh tng i c trng sau y.
Bnh cha cht lng chuyn ng thng thay i u (gia tc a = const).
Hin tng ny c trong cc xe ch du, nc sau khi khi ng, b ch ho kh
ca t, my bay v.v..
y cn xc nh s bin thin p sut trong khng gian v mt ng p ca
cht lng.
Chn h to nh hnh v (Hnh 2-5).
Xut pht t phng trnh (2-5), lc khi tc dng y gm:
Trng lc g m G , lc qun tnh a m F . Cc hnh chiu ca lc khi n v
tng ng l:
X = 0; Y = - a; Z = -g
Do dp = (- a.dy g.dz)

p = - ay - gz + C
Khi y = 0, z = 0 th p = C = p
o
.
Vy, phn b p sut ti mi im trong cht lng p = p
0
- z - ay
Phng trnh cc mt ng p khi p = const dp = 0 l:
ady + gdz = 0

ay + gz = C
- 14 -
x
y
L
g
a
?
p
a
O
Hnh 2-5
C hc thy kh ng dng
l h cc mt phng nghing mt gc so vi mt nm ngang:
g
a
tg
;
0 a 0
g
a
> <
: vn tc tng, chuyn ng nhanh n u, ng dc xung nh
hnh 2-5.
0 a 0
g
a
< >
: vn tc gim (khi hm), chuyn ng chm n u, ng dc
ln..
Bnh cha cht lng quay u theo trc thng ng vi vn tc gc = const
(Hnh 2-6).
Lc ny lc khi gm: trng lc G = mg; lc qun tnh li tm: F
qt
= m
2
r
Cc hnh chiu ca lc khi n v: X =
2
x, Y =
2
y, Z = -g.
Do dp = (
2
xdx +
2
ydy gdz)
( ) C gz y x
2
p
2 2
2
+ +

khi x = y = z = 0, th p=C=p
0
=p
a
v

0
2
2
p z . r
2
p +

Phng trnh cc mt ng p s l : C z .
2
r
2
2

l phng trnh cc mt paraboloit quay quanh trc 0z.
Phng trnh mt thong khi gc to trng vi mt thong: p = p0 = pa
H. 2-6.
Phn b p sut
- 15 -
O
z
y
x
y
x
p
a
F

O
q
t
C hc thy kh ng dng
v mt ng p
Th 0 z .
2
r
2
2

Do
g 2
r
2
r
z h
2 2 2 2

(2-8)
Trong , h- l chiu cao ca mt thong so vi gc to O ca im M c
khong cch r so vi trc quay.
Da trn hin tng ny, ngi ta ch to cc my o vng quay, cc h thng
bi trn trc, c cc bnh xe, cc ng gang thp v.v..
2- 4. PHN LOI P SUT, BIU P SUT
I. Phn loi p sut:
Trn c s cng thc tnh p sut im (2-7) ngi ta ch to ra cc dng c o
p sut im bng cht lng trong ng o p ch U(ng bng thu tinh c ng knh
d = 0,015 m, un hnh ch U, cht lng l thu ngn hoc nc, cn,). Ni trc tip
mt u ng thu tinh qua ng cao su vo im cn o p sut, mt u thng vi kh
tri c p sut p
a
= 1 at.
Khi p sut cn o trong bnh bng p sut khi tri (Hnh 2-7a) th mc nc hai
ct ng ch U bng nhau .
Khi p sut bnh ln hn p sut kh tri (Hnh 2-7b) mc nc ct thng vi
bnh gim xung, ct nc t do dng cao hn ct kia mt lng l h. p
sut tnh theo (2-7):
p p
a
= p = . h.
Ta nh ngha l p sut d: p = . h=p
d
.
p
d
=p - p
a
(2-9)
Khi p sut bnh nh hn p sut kh tri (Hnh 2-7c) mc nc ct thng vi
bnh dng ln, ct t do h xung hn nhau mt lng l - h. p sut tnh
theo (2-7):
p p
a
= p = - . h
Ta nh ngha l p chn khng: - p = . h=p
ck
.
- 16 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
p
ck
= p
a
p (2-10)
chn khng c k hiu l

p p p
H
a CK
cK . chn khng tuyt i
khi p = 0,
) 0 H ( m 10
9810
98100 . 1 p p p
H
2
a CK
cK

.
Nh vy, khi trong bnh l chn khng tuyt i th nc ch dng ln mt cao
l h
n
=10m, cn thu ngn c dng l h
Hg
= (10/13,55) m.
Hnh 2-7
II. Biu p sut:
L biu th hin s thay i p sut theo khng gian trong cc trng hp cht
lng l tnh tuyt i hay tnh tng i. n gin ta ch xt trng hp cht lng
tnh tuyt i.
T biu tc (2-7)
h . p p
a
+
hay
P
d
= .h (2-10)
Trong thc t ch cn v biu vi p sut d (2-11). Chn mt trc to l
chiu su h hng xung theo thc t, gc to s l im nm trn mt thong (ti
p sut d bng khng), trc to th hai l gi tr p sut d p
d
( n gin t
sau y gi tt l p) c th chn bn tri hay phi tu theo cch b tr bn v. th
h . p
l ng thng nghing vi trc h mt gc vi tg =p/h= . d nh ta
k hiu gc = vi hm l gc (trn biu l ) ph thuc vo gi tr
ca trng lng ring cht lng (N/m
3
) .
V biu p sut theo ng v tr ca vt khi vt chn l tm phng ch
phng v chiu ca cc vct p sut lun hng vo v vung gc b mt tc dng
- 17 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
(Hnh 2-7d), vi cht lng hai lp (
2
>
1
) trn (Hnh 2-7e), vi mt chi tc dng l
bnh dng cu (Hnh 2-7g).
2.5. NH LUT PASCAL V MY P THU LC
Xt bnh nc v kh c y kn bi qu pittong (Hnh 2-8). p sut phn kh
trn b mt nc l p
0
. Ap sut ti im 1 v 2 bt k trong lng nc c su l h
1
v h
2
trong hai trng hp ti trng trn pittong khc nhau:
Hnh 2-8
G = 0 th p sut ti hai im l;
p
10
= p
0
+ h
1

p
20
= p
0
+ h
2
G 0, trn mt nc c p sut l: p
0
+
p
V, ti hai im s c p sut l:
p
1
= p
0
+ h
1
+ p = p
10
+ p
p
2
= p
0
+ h
2
+ p = p
20
+ p
vi p = P/S
p sut tnh do ngoi lc tc ng ln b mt cht lng c truyn nguyn vn
n mi im trong lng cht lng ( vi tc m thanh).
Theo nh lut Pascal ngi ta ch to ra my p thu lc, my kch, my tch
nng, cc b phn truyn lc v.v..
Theo s my p thu lc (Hnh 2-9), ti trng G cn bng vi p lc di y
piston ln:
G = p. D
2
/4
Pha piston nh, lc P, sinh ra do lc R tc ng ln tay n cn bng vi p lc
di piston nh P = p. d
2
/4
H s khuych i thu lc: K
t
= G/P = (D/d)
2
H s khuych i ton b: K = G/R = (D/d)
2
.(a+b)/b
ch to my p thu lc ngi ta ch cn thm vo khi xylanh mt khung
chu lc (Hnh 2-9).
2-5. TNH P LC THU TNH.
L vic tnh p lc ca cht lng ln cc cng trnh, thit b.
I. p lc ln thnh phng.
Tnh p lc P ln din tch S (H. 2-10). Phi xc nh 3 yu t: phng chiu, tr
s, im t ca P.
Cch tnh: tnh dp tc dng ln dS, sau tch phn trn ton S s c P.
- 18 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Phng chiu: PS, hng vo.
Hnh 2-9
Tr s:
c c c
S S S S S
Sp h . . S S y . sin
ydS sin dS . sin . y . dS . h . dS . p dP P



vi: p
c
= h
c
- p sut ti trng tm.
h = ysin ; h
c
= y
c
sin (Hnh 2-10);
I
x
=
S y ydS
c
S

- m men tnh ca din tch S so vi trc ox.

Vy, gi tr ca p lc l: P = .h
c.
S (2-12)
im t ca p lc:
y
y
c
y
D
D
C
M
y
x
dP
P
s
dS
o
h
Hnh 2-10
Gi s hnh phng S c 1 trc i xng // vi oy. Gi D l im t ca P c to
l y
D
. Ly m men ca lc P v cc dP vi trc ox, theo nh l Varinhong( M
men ca hp lc (P) i vi mt trc bng tng cc mmen ca cc lc thnh phn
(dP) i vi trc ):
Vi

+ S y J dS y J
2
c xc
2
ox - l mmen qun tnh ca S i vi trc ox
- 19 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Thay cc gi tr vo biu thc trn, ta rt ra:
S y
J
y y
c
xc
c D
+
(2-13)
J
xc
- l mmen qun tnh ca S i vi trc song song vi ox i qua trng tm C.
Trng hp hnh phng khng c trc i xng phi tnh thm x
D

II. p lc cht lng ln thnh cong (ng dn nc, b cha du)
Xt trng hp thnh cong S ca bnh cha c mt mt tip xc vi cht lng cn
mt kia tip xc vi khng kh (Hnh 2-11). t h to x0y trng vi mt thong.
Chia nh mt cong thnh cc mt cong nh. dS nh nn coi nh mt phng. Tnh dP
ln dS cha im M c su h.
n P d ....... ........,. dS p P d (vct php ca phn t din tch dS). Cc phn t
lc P d

khng song song vi nhau nn khng th cng i s c. Mt phng php

gii quyt nh sau:
Chia P d thnh 3 vc t theo to cc:
Lc ta c ba cp cc phn t lc. Mi cp cc phn t lc cng phng, cng
chiu vi nhau nn c th tng i s c.
Cc hnh chiu ca cc vct
P d
ca cc dS u cng phng nn:
Al
z z
cy y y
c x x
V dV hdSz ) z , n cos( . dS . p ) z , n cos( . dP dP P
Sy h . hdSy ) y , n cos( . dS . p ) y , n cos( . dP dP P
Sx h . hdSx ) x , n cos( . dS . p ) x , n cos( . dP dP P






(2-14)
Trong : Sx, Sy l hnh chiu ca mt cong S theo phng x,y.
- 20 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
O
y
x
- z
0
p
x
C
x
S
z
S
x
C
h
`
d P
d P z
d P x
d P y
V
AL
l vt th p lc, l hnh lng tr c y di l mt cong S, y trn l hnh
chiu ca n ln mt thong (S
z
), din tch xung quanh l cc mt chiu.
Cui cng lc
( ); P , P , P P
z y x

c gi tr
2
z
2
y
2
x
P P P P + +
im t ca lc P l giao im ca ba lc z y x
P , P , P
III. Phng php gii.
Gi thit rng cn tnh lc tc dng ln cnh ca hnh ch nht c kch thc: h .
b (Hnh 2-12).
Hnh 2-12
- 21 -
Hnh 2-11
C hc thy kh ng dng
V biu p sut thu tnh tc dng ln cnh ca theo p sut d ta c tam
gic vung c y l h (theo tnh cht 1 ca p sut thu tnh v cng thc tnh p
sut im).
Theo cng thc gii tch tnh p lc ln thnh phng (2-12):
b .
2
h
. h . b . h .
2
h
S . h . P
c

' S
2
h
. h chnh l din tch ca tam gic biu p sut. Gi tr ca lc:

b .
2
h
. h b '. S " V " P
(2-15)
Vy, P c tr s bng th tch ca lng tr c mt hnh chiu l biu p sut (
2
h
h . ' S
) v hnh chiu th hai l din tch chu p sut (b.h), im t ca lc i
qua trng tm ca lng tr .
V d:Tnh p lc bng biu rt thun tin trong trng hp c nc hai bn
(Hnh 2-10). Biu p sut l hnh thang vung nn p lc ln cnh ca s l:
2 1
P P P

+ vi
b ). h h (
2
1
P
2 1 1

v
b . h . P
2 2

,
im t ca hai lc ny xc nh n gin l trng tm ca tam gic vung v
ca hnh ch nht.
Hnh 2-13
2-7. NH LUT ACSIMET V IU KIN CN BNG VT NI
nh lut: Mt vt ngp trong lng cht lng chu mt lc thng ng t di
ln; Gi tr ca n bng trng lng khi cht lng m vt chim ch, im t ca
lc l trng tm hnh hc khi cht lng b chim ch .
P
A
= V
C
(2-16)
- 22 -
P
2
P
1
C hc thy kh ng dng
G
P
1
2
A
3
c
V
Hnh 2-14
Xt ba vt th c trng lng ring khc nhau th xung lng h nc. Khi vt
ng yn l chu hai lc cn bng, ngc chiu: lc Acsimet v trng lc G = V. Vt
1 l g c
1
<
n
nn V
C
< V, ni mt phn ln mt nc. Vt 2 l c
2
>
n
,
m khi chm ht xung nc V
C
= V nn P
A
< G, vt chm xung tn y b. Vt 3 l
bc nc c
2
=
n
, V
C
=V nn s ng yn ti bt c im no trong lng nc.
Chng s chim ba v tr khc nhau nh (Hnh 2-14).
iu kin cn bng vt ni:
Mun cho vt ni trng thi cn bng iu kin cn v l trng lng cn
bng vi lc y Acsimet v im t ca chng nm trn mt ng thng ng.
Mt vt nni cn bng c th n nh hoc khng n nh tnh. nn nh l tnh
cht ca vt ni c khuynh hng chng li cc lc ngoi lm nghing vt ni khi v
tr cn bng ban u.
Kh nng n nh ca vt ni c c trng bng m men phc hi M
p
. Gi s
do tc ng no vt ni b nghing i mt gc so vi v tr cn bng ban u
(Hnh 2-15) v vt ni chu tc ng ca trng lc v lc y Acsimet. Lc tm y
D dch chuynn sang v tr D.Xut hin hai ngu lc c xu hng chng i nhau:
M
d
=(m+n) P = (m+n) V, l m men n n hnh dng;
M
t
= n G, l m men n nh trng lng.
M men phc hi s l:
M
p
= M
d
M
t
iu kin tnh ca vt ni c xc nh bi:
M
p
> 0
Khi nh c th xem:
n=a
n+m=(a + h) =r
k
.
Trong : a + h =r
k
, l khong cch tm nh khuynh v tm y gi l bn knh
nh khuynh.
Kh nng n nh ca vt ni c c trung bng mmen phc hi M. Ti v tr
cn bng ban u.
- 23 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Gi s di tc dng ca ngoi lc vt ni nghing i mt gc so vi v tr cn
bng ban u (Hnh 2-15) v vt ni ch chu tc dng ca trng lc v lc y
Acsimet. Lc tm y D dch sang v tr D.
S lch i v tr ca vt so vi v tr cn bng ban u sinh ra hai ngu lc c xu
hng chng i nhau. Ngu lc c xu hng chng i nhau. Ngu lc th nht l
mmen quay n nh hnh dng:
(2-17)
Ngu lc th hai c mmen l mmen n nh trng lng:
nG M
t

(2-18)
Mmen n nh hnh dng ph thuc rt ln vo dng din tch ca vt ni, c xu
hng lm vt ni tr li v tr cn bng ban u; cn mmen n nh trng lng lm
cho vt cng b nghing hn.
Mmen phc hi s l:
M
p
= M
d
- M
t
(2-19)
iu kin n nh tnh l M
p
> 0 (2 - 19)
Khi gc nghing b c th xem:
(2-20)
Trong :
a: khong cch gia trng tm C v tm y D.

dk
= m + n : khong cch gia tm ng khuynh M v tm y D gi l bn
knh nh khuynh
h: khong cch tm nh khuynh v trng tm C, gi l cao nh khuynh.
Thay (2-20) vo (2-17), (2-18) ta c:
(2-21)
Kt hp vi (2-19) ta c:
h > 0
Vy, vt ni s n nh nu trng tm C ca vt v tr sao cho cao nh
khuynh c gi tr dng.
i vi tm truyn tng n nh ngi ta h thp trng tm C v nng cao tm
nh khuynh (bng cch to tuyn tnh thch hp). Khi vt ngp hon ton trong nc,
do th tch ngp khng i (V = V
C
), tm nh khuynh M trng vi tm y D, iu
kin n nh tnh l trng tm C phi thp hn tm y D.
- 24 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
D
D'
C
P
M
h
a
m
n
G
Hnh 2-15
* Cu hi:
1. nh ngha p sut tnh, n v o p sut.
2. Hai tnh cht ca p sut thy tnh.
3. Phng trnh vi phn cn bng cht lng.
4. Khi nim mt ng p.
5. S phn b p sut trong lng cht lng tnh tuyt i v cht lng tnh
tng i.
6. Phn loi p sut. Biu p sut theo cc thnh rn khc nhau.
7. nh lut Pascal v nguyn l my p thy lc.
8. Xc nh lc tc ng ln din tch phng, nghing.
9. Xc nh lc tc ng ln mt cong 3 chiu.
10. Th no l vt th p lc, n v tnh, tc dng.
11. Pht biu v chng minh nh lut Acsimet. Lc y Acsimet c
ph thuc vo chiu su?
12. iu kin n nh tnh v iu kin n nh chuyn ng ca vt
ni l g?
- 25 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
CHNG III
NG HC CHT LNG
Trong chng ny ta nghin cu chuyn ng ca cht lng, ngha l nghin cu
cc i lng c trng ca chuyn ng nh dng chuyn ng, vn tc, khi lng
ring v.v.. Ta cha xt nguyn nhn gy ra chuyn ng, tc l lc.
3-1. HAI PHNG PHP NGHIN CU CHUYN NG
CA CHT LNG
I. Phng php Lagrangi
z
x
O
r
z
x
y
c
b
a
0
r
) t ( A
0 0
) t ( A
Hnh 3-1
Phng php ny kho st chuyn ng ca tng phn t cht lng ring bit. Gi
s thi im ban u t
o
, phn t cht lng c v tr A
o
(a,b,c); thi im t, n chuyn
sang A(x,y,z). Gi r l vct bn knh chuyn ng ca mi phn t thi im t:
Hay, hnh chiu ln cc trc to (Hnh 3-1):
). t , c , b , a ( z z
); t , c , b , a ( y y
); t , c , b , a ( x x
3
2
1

Nu bit x
1
, y
2
, z
3
ta s bit chuyn ng ca phn t cht lng v qu o ca n
v t suy ra vn tc: gia tc
a,b,c,t - gi l bin s Lagrngi.
II. Phng php le.
Kho st mt cch tng qut chuyn ng ca cht lng i qua nhng im c
nh trong khng gian nhng thi im t khc nhau (Hnh 3-2). Chn im M c
- 26 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
nh trong khng gian c xc nh bi vct bn knh
). z , y , x ( r
Ti thi im t ta
xc nh c vct vn tc ca phn t cht lng i qua im :
Kho st chuyn ng ca nhiu phn t cht lng ti cc im c nh trong
dng chy.
3
2
1
u
u
u

Hnh 3-2
ng vi thi im t xc nh, ta c cc vct vn tc phn b ti cc im trong
khng gian, ngha l ta c trng vn tc.
Hnh chiu ca ln cc trc to :
Gia tc:
z y x
u
z
u
u
y
u
u
x
u
t
u
dt
dz
z
u
dt
dy
y
u
dt
dx
x
u
t
u
dt
u d

So snh hai phng php: Phng php Lagrngi nghin cu chuyn ng bng
cch gn cht vo mt phn t cht lng, do tm c qu o ca n ( nh chuyn
ng sng). Cn phng php le xc nh c trng vn tc v s tm c dng
ca cc phn t cht lng. Trong gio trnh ny ta nghin cu theo phng php le.
C th chuyn t bin s Lagrngi sang bin s le v ngc li.
3-2. CC C TRNG NG HC.
I. Phn loi chuyn ng.
Hnh 3-3
Theo thi gian:
- 27 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Chuyn ng dng: cc yu t chuyn ng khng bin i theo thi gian:
0
t
),.., t , z , y , x ( u u

Chuyn ng khng dng:

0
t
),..., t , z , y , x ( u u

Theo s phn b vn tc:

Dng chy u (trong chuyn ng dng): s phn b vn tc trn mi mt ct
dc theo dng chy ging nhau (khng i):
Dng chy khng u:
Theo gi tr p sut:
Dng chy c p l dng chy khng c mt thong, cn dng chy khng p l
dng chy c mt thong.
II. Cc yu t thu lc.
Hnh 3-4
Mt ct t l mt ct vung gc vi vct vn tc ca dng chy, k hiu trong
cng thc l , trong bn v l1-1, b-b,, n v l m
2
Chu vi t l on tip xc gia cht lng v thnh gii hn dng chy, k hiu
, n v l m
Bn knh thu lc:

R
, v d: tit din trn
2
r
r . 2
r .
R
2

Lu lng l lng cht lng chy qua trong 1 n v thi gian,

Lu lng th tich: k hiu l Q:

ud Q
n v o Q: m
3
/s
Lu lng trng lng: k hiu l G:

d . u . G
n v o G: N/s, KG/s
- 28 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Trong trng hp xt chuyn ng theo ng cong kn trong mt phng
(Hnh 3-4):

s
n
ds u Q

s
s
ds . u
- gi l lu s vn tc.
dS
S
u
n
u
s
u
A
B
Hnh 3-4
Vi 1 cung AB:
ds tip tuyn ti mt im no ca AB
Vn tc trung bnh ca tit din t:

Q
v
Suy ra: Q=v.
III. ng dng, Dng nguyn t.
ng dng l ng cong trn vct vn tc ca mi im trng vi tip
tuyn vi ng cong ti im .
T nh ngha suy ra:
Cch v ng dng l v ng cong tip tuyn vi cc vc t vn tc ti mt
thi im trong khng gian.
Phng trnh ng dng trong chuyn ng dng: t nh ngha ta xt chuyn
ng dng vn tc trng phng vi dch chuyn dS
0
dz dy dx
u u u
k j i
.. 0 s d u s d // u
z y x

T , nh thc bng khng th:

z y x
u
dz
u
dy
u
dx

(3-1)
- 29 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
3
2
1
u
u
u
d
Ch : Ti mi im trong khng gian, mi thi im ch i qua mt ng
dng, ngha l cc ng dng khng ct nhau.
Cn phn bit qu o vi ng dng:
Qu o c trng cho s bin thin v tr ca phn t cht lng theo thi gian,
cn ng dng biu din phng vn tc ca cc phn t cht lng ti mt thi im.
Trong chuyn ng dng th chng trng nhau.
Cc ng dng ta ln mt vng kn v cng nh d ta c mt ng dng.
Cht lng chy y trong ng gi l dng nguyn t. Cht lng khng th xuyn qua
ng dng.
IV. Hm dng v th vn tc.
n gin, ta kho st chuyn ng trong mt phng xoy. T phng trnh
ng dng:
a vo hm (x,y) v (x,y) sao cho tho mn iu kin:
y x
u ;
x y
u
y x

Ta c:
0 d dy
y
dx
x
: hay .; 0 dy u dx u
x y

+
Do phng trnh ng dng c dng: = const = C. gi l hm dng;
Tng t, ta c = const biu din h ng ng vn tc,gi l th vn tc.
T nh ngha ca v ta c:
0
y y x x

- 30 -
Hnh 3-5
C hc thy kh ng dng
l iu kin trc giao ca cc
ng dng v ng th vn tc hay
goi l iu kin Csi-Riman.
thy r ngha vt l ca
v , t nh ngha ca lu s vn tc
trn:
Hnh 3-6
) A ( ) B ( d dy
y
dx
x
) dy u dx u ( ds u
B
A
B
A
y
B
A
x
B
A
s AB

,
_

+

Tng t:
) A ( ) B ( d dy
y
dx
x
) dy u dx u ( ds u Q
B
A
B
A
y
B
A
x
B
A
n AB

,
_

Ngha l hiu cc gi tr hm dng ti hai im no bng lu lng cht lng
chy qua ng dng gii hn bi hai ng dng i qua hai im .
V. ng xoy, ng xoy.
Chuyn ng quay ca mi phn t cht lng xung quanh mt trc quay tc thi
i qua n c gi l chuyn ng xoy.
Vect vn tc gc quay trong chuyn ng xoy:
u rot
2
1

Chuyn ng khng xoy hay chuyn ng th khi:
0 u rot
Tng t nh khi nim v ng dng v ng dng, y ta c khi nim v
ng xoy v ng xoy. Nu cho trc trng vn tc, t biu thc trn ta c th xc
nh trng vect vn tc gc

. ng cong tip xc vi vect vn tc gc gi l

ng xoy. Tp hp cc ng xoy bao quanh mt phn t din tch d no gi
l ng xoy. Cht lng chy y trong ng xoy gi l si xoy.
Cng ca ng xoy:

d . u rot i
n
Phng trnh ng xoy:
z
dz
y
dy
x
dx

Hnh 3-7
3.3. NH L COSI HEMHON (NH L HEMHON 1)
- 31 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Hay l nh l c bn ca ng hc cht lng.
nh l v s bin dng ca phn t cht lng.
Theo c hc l thuyt, i vi vt rn, vn tc ti M bng vn tc tnh tin ti 0
cng vi vn tc quay ca M quanh 0 (H.3-8):
MO o M u u u +
r uMO
O
r
0
u
M

Hnh.3-8
i vi cht lng, mi th tch bt k no u b bin dng trong qu trnh
chuyn ng. V vy kho st vn tc ca mt phn t cht lng phi thm vo thnh
phn vn tc bin dng
bd u :
bd o u r u u + +
l nt dung ca nh l Hemhon 1.
bd u ca phn t cht lng ti M c th vit
di dng ma trn: v
S S

- tenx vn tc bin dng, vi cc thnh phn:

,
_

i
j
j
i
v
x
u
x
u
2
1
S
; i,j = 1,2,3
Ngoi ra, cn c cc nh l v chuyn ng xoy sau y:
nh l Hemhon 2: nh l bo ton xoy.
nh l Stc: nh l v s lin h gia cng ca ng xoy v lu s vn tc:
i =
Cng thc Bi - Xava: Tm phn b vn tc cm ng quanh si xoy bit.
3.4. PHNG TRNH LIN TC
y l mt dng ca nh lut bo ton khi lng: Khi lng m ca h c lp
khng thay i trong sut qu trnh chuyn ng:
I. Dng tng qut (hay l dng le)
- 32 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Trong mi trng cht lng chuyn ng ta tng tng tch ra mt phn t hnh
hp c th tch
dxdydz V
(Hnh 3-9).
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
0
dt
) V . ( d

) t , z , y , x (
khi lng ring ca cht lng
Ly o hm:
0
dt
V d
V
1
dt
d 1

y
x
z
1
2
O
x
u
dx
x
u
u
x
x

+
Hnh 3-9
dt
V d
l vn tc bin dng tng i ca th tch phn t cht lng, c xc
nh nh l tng hp ca cc bin dng di thnh phn theo ba phng x,y,z.
Xt theo phng x, vn tc mt 1: U
x

vn tc mt 2:
,
_

+ dx
dx
u
u
x
x
Th tch ca phn t cht lng thay i theo hng trc x mt lng tuyt i sau
thi gian dt bng:
dxdydzdt
x
u
dydzdt u dydzdt dx
x
u
u
x
x
x
x

,
_

+
Tng t cho hai phng y,z, v tng bin dng theo ba phng s l:
dxdydzdt
z
u
y
u
x
u
V d
z
y
x

,
_

v
z
u
y
u
x
u
dt
V d
V
1
z
y
x

Vy
0
z
u
y
u
x
u
dt
d 1
z
y
x

- 33 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
chnh l phng trnh lin tc dng tng qut. C th vit di dng gn hn:
0 u . div
dt
d 1
+

Hay l:
0 ) u ( div
t
+

(3-1)
Trong chuyn ng dng:
0
t

nn
0 ) u ( div
i vi cht lng khng nn c (` = const) ta c:
0 u . div
C th chng minh phng trnh lin tc gn hn bng cc cng thc v bin i
tch phn.
III. i vi dng nguyn tv ton dng chy.
Hnh 3-10
i vi dng nguyn t:
Kho st i vi cht lng trong dng nguyn t gia hai mt ct 1-1 v 2-2. Gi
thit chuyn ng dng.
Sau thi gian dt lng cht lng:
- i vo 1-1: dm
1
=
1
u
1
.d
1
dt
- i ra 2-2: dm
2
=
2
u
2
d
2
dt
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng, lng mt i phi bng lng thm vo:

1
u
1
d
1
=
2
u
2
d
2
Cht lng khng nn c: u
1
d
1
= u
2
d
2
= dQ = Const
i vi ton dng:
v
1

1
=

v
2

2
= Const
Hay l: Q
1
= Q
2
= Const,
Ngha l, trong dng chy dng ca cht lng khng nn c, lu lng qua
mi mt ct u bng nhau, suy ra vn tc t l nghch vi tit din.
* Cu hi:
1. Th no l chuyn ng dng, khng dng, dng chy u, dng chy
khng u, dng chy c p, dng chy khng p?
2. Th no l tit din t, chu vi t, bn knh t?
3. Khi nim v lu lng, vn tc phn b, vn tc trung bnh.
- 34 -
1
2
1
u
1
d
2
d 2
u
1
2
C hc thy kh ng dng
4. Khi nim ng dng, ng qu o, ng dng, dng nguyn t.
5. Cc ng dng c th ct nhau? Khi no ng dng trng vi ng
qu o.
6. Phng trnh vi phn ca ng dng.
7. Khi nim v hm dng.
8. nh l th nht ca Hemhom v s chuyn ng tng qut ca mi
phn t cht lng.
9. Th no l chuyn ng xoy ca phn t cht lng? Khi nim hm th
v iu kin Csi-Riman v s trc giao ca ng dng v ng th vn tc
trong dng th phng.
10. Khi nim ng xoy, ng xoy, sc xoy. Phng trnh ng
xoy, lu s vn tc.
11. Quan h gia cc thnh phn vn tc xoy vi c thnh phn vn
tc tnh tin?
12. Phng trnh lin tc ca mi trng cht lng, cht kh chuyn
ng dng tng qut ca dng nguyn t v i vi ton dng chy.
CHNG IV
NG LC HC CHT LNG
- 35 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Trong chng ny ta nghin cu cc quy lut chuyn ng ca cht lng di tc
dng ca lc v nhng ng dng ca n. tit kim thi gian, ta kho st cht lng
thc trc, sau suy ra cho cht lng l tng.
4.1. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CHUYN NG
CA CHT LNG THC.
I. Dng ng sut.
Trong cht lng thc chuyn ng, p sut thu ng vn hng vo mt tc
dng (ging nh p sut thu tnh, chng II), nhng khng ch hng theo php
tuyn, m n l tng ca thnh phn ng sut php tuyn, k hiu l p v thnh phn
ng sut tip do lc nht gy ra (Hnh 4-1).
x
y
z
O
mF
xy

xx
p
dx
x
xz
xz

xz

dx
x
xy
xy

dx
x
p
p
xx
xx

+
dx
dy
dz
Hnh 4-1
thnh lp c phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng, ta tin hnh ging nh khi
thnh lp phng trnh le tnh (2-3). Trong mi trng chuyn ng, ta kho st mt
phn t hnh hp cht lng vi vn tc u . y, lc mt gm p lc P , v lc ma st
T. Lc khi m Ftc dng ln khi cht lng c th tch ra c lc qun tnh
dt
u d
m Fqt .
Theo nguyn l almbe, ta c iu kin cn bng:
0 F T P F m qt + + +

Xt hnh chiu cc lc ln trc x gm:
V lc mt: ng sut nhn vi din tch dydz.
p
xx
- ng sut php(do p sut).
ng sut tip:
xy

ch s x: nm trong mt phng Ox ;
ch s y: chiu ln Oy;
- 36 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Tng ng vi ng sut tip
xz
Lc qun tnh: F
qt,x
=- .dx.dy.dz.
dt
du
Lc khi: (m F)
x
= .dx.dy.dz.X.
Vy
x
= (mF)
x
+ T
x
- P
x
+F
qt,x
= 0
Hayl:
+ X . dz . dy . dx .

,
_

z y x
p
xz
xy
xx
.
0 dz . dy . dx .
dt
du
. dz . dy . dx
Sau khi n gin cho .dx.dy.dz, ta c:
dt
du
z y x
p 1
X
x xz
xy
xx

,
_

+
;
Tng t cho trc y v z:
dt
du
z y
p
x
1
Y
y yz yy yx

,
_

+
dt
du
z
p
y x
1
Z
z zz
zy
zx

,
_

+
(4-1)
(4-1) l phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca cht lng thc dng ng sut.
C th chng minh:

xy
=

;
xz
=
zx
;
zy
=
yz
;
II. Phng trnh Navie-Xtc:
Hai ng Navie (ngi Php) v Stokes (ngi Anh) vit h phng trnh (4-1)
di dng khc, tin s dng, da trn cc gi thuyt v ng sut, v phng trnh
c mang tn hai ng.Vi cc gi thuyt sau:
p sut thu ng p ti mt im l trung bnh cng ca cc ng sut php tuyn
ln ba mt vung gc vi nhau qua im :
( )
zz yy xx
p p p
3
1
p + +
(4-2)
C du tr v p sut nn vo cn ng sut c chiu ko gin phn t cht lng.
ng sut php ca cht lng nht ng cht lm xut hin cc ng sut php
b sung
xx xx
p p +
; vi
divu .
3
2
x
u
2
x
xx

;
yy yy
p p +

divu .
3
2
y
u
2
y
yy

(4-3)
zz zz
p p +

divu .
3
2
z
u
2
z
zz

ng sut tip:
- 37 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Theo Newton: ng sut tip gy ra bi lc nht t l vi cc vn tc bin dng
tng ng. Trong mt phng ta c (1-1):
dy
du

Trong khng gian:

,
_

y
u
x
u
x
y
xy ;

,
_

x
u
z
u
z x
xz
(4-4)

,
_

y
u
z
u
z
y
yz
Thay cc biu thc (4-2) (4-4) vo (4-1) v sau mt s php bin i phc tp,
ta c phng trnh Navie Xtc:
u div
x
v
3
1
u . v
x
p 1
X
dt
du
x
x

+ +

u div
y
v
3
1
u . v
y
p 1
Y
dt
du
y
y

+ +

(4-5)
u div
z
v
3
1
u . v
z
p 1
Z
dt
du
z
z

+ +

Hay vit di dng vct:

( ) u div grad
3
v
u . v gradp
1
F
dt
u d
+ +

(4-6)
Trong - ton t Laplas; = / nht ng hc.
T (4-6) ta c mt s nhn xt sau:
i vi cht lng khng nn c:
0 u . div const
nn phng trnh (4-6) mt i s hng cui cng:
u . v gradp
1
F
dt
u d
+

(4-7)
Nh vy 3 phng trnh (4-7) v phng trnh lin tc 0 u div xc nh 4
n: u
x
, u
y
, u
z
v p, c ngha m hnh ton l kn.
i vi cht lng khng chuyn ng ( trng thi tnh): 0 u , hay chuyn ng
thng u: 0
dt
u d
, phng trnh (4-8) c dng:
0 gradp
1
F

chnh l phng trnh le tnh (2-4).

4.2. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CHUYN NG
CA CHT LNG L TNG
I. Dng le:
Khi = 0, ngha l cht lng l tng, t phng trnh Navie-Stoc (4-6) ta c
phng trnh dng:
- 38 -
C hc thy kh ng dng

gradp
1
F
dt
u d

(4-8)
chnh l phng trnh (4-8), hay cn gi l phng trnh le ng.
II. Dng Lmb- Grmca:
T phng trnh le ng (4-8) biu din chuyn ng tng qut ca cht lng.
thy r hn nhng dng chuyn ng ring bit nh chuyn ng tnh tin,
quay, bin dng, Lmb - Grmca bin i v dng sau y.
Ta xt phng trnh hnh chiu xung trc ox ca (4-8)v bin i
x
u
u
x
u
u
z
u
u
y
u
u
x
u
u
t
u
x
p 1
X
z
z
y
y
x
z
x
y
x
x
x

x
p 1
X

,
_

,
_

,
_

x
u
z
u
u
x
u
y
u
u
x
u
u
x
u
u
x
u
u
t
u
z x
z
y
x
y
z
z
y
y
x
x
x
y z
2
x
w 2 v 2
2
u
x t
u
x
p 1
X +

,
_

Hay l:

( )
y z z y
2
x
u u 2
2
u
x t
u
x
p 1
X

,
_

Tng t:
( )
z x x z
2
y
u u 2
2
u
y t
u
y
p 1
Y

,
_

( ) u v 2
2
u
z t
u
z
p 1
Z
y x
2
z

,
_

Hay vit di dng vct:

u 2
t
u
2
u
p grad F
2

,
_

+
(4-9)
l phng trnh Lmb - Grmca.
t

dp
P
l hm p sut v c cc o hm ring:
x
p 1
x
P

;
y
p 1
y
P

;
z
p 1
z
P

Nu lc khi l hm c th, ta a vo hm th U

x
U
X

y
U
Y

z
U
Z

Khi phng trnh (4-9) c vit di dng:

u 2
t
u
2
u
P U grad
2

,
_

+ +
; (4-10)
- 39 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
4.3. TCH PHN PHNG TRNH VI PHN CHUYN NG CA
CHT LNG L TNG
I. Tch phn Csi Lagrngi:
Xt chuyn ng th v khng dng . Khi tn ti hm th vn
tc : th
Do phng trnh (4-10) c dng:
0
t 2
u
P U grad
2

,
_

+ + +
(4-10)
Suy ra biu thc trong du ngoc khng ph thuc vo to m ch ph thuc
vo thi gian:
( ) t C
t 2
u
P U
2

+ + + (4-11)
l tch phn Csi Lagrngi.
Nu lc khi ch l trng lc, trc Oz hng ln:
X=Y=0; Z=-g; -U=-gZ
Khi (4-11) c dng:
( ) t C
t 2
u
P gz
2

+ + +
II. Tch phn Bc nu li.
Xt cho cht lng chuyn ng dng: . Khi phng trnh (4-10) vit
di dng hnh chiu c dng:

( )
y z z y
2
u u 2
2
u
P U
x

,
_

+ +

;

( )
z x x z
2
u u 2
2
u
P U
y

,
_

+ +

; (4-12)

( )
x y y x
2
u u 2
2
u
P U
z

,
_

+ +

;
Nhn phng trnh (4-12) ln lt vi dx, dy, dz ri cng li, ta c:
z
u u u
dz dy dx
2
2
u
P U d
y x
z y x
2

,
_

+ +
(4-13)
Phng trnh (4-13) d dng phn tch khi v phi = 0, ngha l:
a.
z y x
u
dz
u
dy
u
dx
: Phng trnh (4-13) tch phn dc theo ng dng.
- 40 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
b.
z y x
dz dy dx

: Tch phn dc theo si xoy.

c.
z
z
y
y
x
x
u
u
u

: Ngha l:chuyn ng xon inh vt.

d.
x
=
y
=
z
= 0 : Chuyn ng th.
Do : const
2
u
P U
2
+ + (4-13)
Nu lc khi ch l trng lc:
, g
z
u
Z

ta c:

C const
2
u dp
gz
2
+

(4-14)
l tch phn Bc nu li.
4.4. CC PHNG TRNH BECNULI
I. Phng trnh Bcnuli vit cho dng nguyn t ca cht lng khng nn c:
a. Cho cht lng l tng chuyn ng dng (
0
t

), lc khi ch c trng lc
T (4-14) khi =const tch phn ln ta c:
C Const
2
u p
gz
2
+

+
Hay l:
g 2
u P
z
g 2
u P
z
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
+

+ +

+
(4-15)
ngha ca phng trnh Bc nu li

n
g

u
n
g
n
ng
thc
ung nng l tung
v
1
1
2
2
hw
z
p/
2
v /2g
Hnh 4-2
ngha hnh hc (Hnh 4-2)
z - cao hnh hc, m
- 41 -
C hc thy kh ng dng

p
- cao o p,m;

+
P
z
=H
t
ct p tnh

g 2
u
2
=H

- cao vn tc, ct p ng, m;
H
g 2
u P
z
2
+

+
- Ct p ton phn
ngha v nng lng:
z V nng n v, m

p
- p nng n v, m;

+
P
z
- Th nng n v: e
t
g 2
u
2
- ng nng n v: e

const e
g 2
u p
z
2
+

+

- Nng lng n v
Ngha l, nng lng n v ti cc mt ct dc theo dng nguyn t ca cht
lng l tng khng nn c trong chuyn ng dng l khng i.
b. Cho cht lng l tng chuyn ng khng dng , lc khi ch c trng
lc:
T phng trnh (4-11), suy ra:
const dl
t
u
g
1
g 2
u p
z
1
0
2

+ +

Khong cch dc theo ng dng t mt ct u n mt ct xt.

qt
1
0
h dl
t
u
g
1

- Ct p qun tnh.
Cho dng nguyn t:

qt
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
h
g 2
u P
z
g 2
u P
z + +

+ +

+
(4-16)
c. Trong chuyn ng tng i:
Lc khi by gi c thm lc qun tnh X=-a (H.4-3a) hoc
(Hnh 4-3b). T (4-13) phng trnh Becnuly c dng ging (4-16):

qt
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
h
g 2
w P
z
g 2
w P
z + +

+ +

+
(4-17)
Nhng w vn tc tng i.
Cn h
qt
c tnh nh sau:
- 42 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Hnh 4-3
ng cht lng chuyn ng vi gia tc khng i (Hnh 4-3a)
l
g
a
h
qt

(4-18)
Rnh mang cht lng quay vi vn tc gc = const (Hnh 4 3b)

( )
2
2
2
1
2
qt
r r
g 2
h

(4-19)
d. vit cho dng nguyn t cht lng thc.
i vi cht lng thc, do tnh nht nn khi cht lng chuyn ng, n gy ra
nhng lc ma st trong lm cn tr chuyn ng. Mt phn nng lng ca cht lng
b tiu hao khc phc nhng lc ma st , ngha l c s tn tht nng lng: h

w1-2
ca dng chy dc theo dng chy, nn:
const
g 2
u p
z
2
+

+
suy ra:
'
2 1 w
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
h
g 2
u p
z
g 2
u p
z

+ +

+ +

+
(4-20)
l phng trnh Bc nu li vit cho dng nguyn t ca cht lng thc.
Ta c th nhn c phng trnh (4-20) mt cch cht ch c ngha l tch phn
t phng trnh Navie Stc (4-7) vi cc iu kin:
= const ;
0
t

; X=Y=0; Z=-g
K hiu: - u . T
ms
- Hm lc ma st, c trng cho lc nht. Gi L l cng
ma st gy ra do mt n v khi lng cht lng chuyn ng:

z
L
R ;
y
L
R ;
x
L
R
z y x

Vi nhng iu kin trn, phng trnh (4-7) vit di dng hnh chiu:

x
L
x
p 1
dt
du
x

y
L
y
p 1
dt
du
y

(4-21)

z
L
z
p 1
g
dt
du
z

- 43 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Nhn ln lt cc phng trnh (4-21) vi : dx=u
x
dt, dy=u
y
.dt, dz=u
z
dt
Ri cng li theo ct ta c:
Hay l:
Vi
g
L
h
'
2 1 w

l tn tht nng lng ca mt n v trng lng cht lng di
chuyn t mt ct 1-1 n mt ct 2-2 ( c th nguyn di)
ngha
Biu din trn hnh 4-2
ng nng lun lun dc xung v c tn tht nng lng. xc nh dc
ca ng nng, ta a vo khi nim dc thu lc J: l t s gia tn tht nng
lng n v trn n v di:

dL
dh
J
'
w

L
h
J
'
w
tb
(4-22)
Trong L di ng ng tnh theo phng ngang
II. phng trnh Bc-nu-li cho ton dng:
Ta phi tnh nng lng ton dng chy ti cc mt ct 1-1; 2-2;
Cch lm nh sau: Vit phng trnh Bc-nu-li (4-17) cho dG trng lng, sau
tch phn trn ton mt ct, ngha l nhn phng trnh (4-17) vi dG= dQ, ri tch
phn:


+

,
_

+
1 1
dQ
g 2
u
dQ
P
z
2
1 1
1 =

+ +

,
_

+
2 2 2
dQ h dQ
g 2
u
dQ
P
z
'
2 1 w
2
2 2
2
Nh vy ta ln lt xt ba loi tch phn.
Ti cc mt ct, p sut phn b theo quy lut thu tnh (2-6) v coi cht lng ti
chuyn ng gn nh u:
const
p
z

+
, nn:

,
_

,
_

+ Q
p
z dQ
p
z
- 44 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
ng nng trung bnh:
2 2
tb
Qv
g 2
1
mv
2
1
T
ng nng tnh ton:
tb
2
tt
T dQ u
g 2
T

l h s hiu chnh ng nng:

Q v
dQ u
T
T
2
2
tb
tt


gi tr ca n ph thuc vo ch chy(s chng minh trong chng 5):
= 2: chy tng
= 1: chy ri
Vy, phng trnh Bc nu li cho ton dng:

2 1
w
2
2 2 2
2
2
1 1 1
1
h
g 2
v p
z
g 2
v p
z

+

+
(4-23)
Trong v
1
, v
2
- vn tc trung bnh ti mt ct: v=Q/

dQ h
Q
1
h
2
2 1
w
'
2 1 w w

- tn tht nng lng trung bnh dc theo dng chy.

4.5 P DNG PHNG TRNH BC- NU- LI
I. Xc nh cao t bm:
C mt trm bm li tm (H.4-5). Cho bit lu lng Q, p
ck
, ng knh d v
chn khng cho php ca cht lng cng tc
[ ] ]
p
[ H
ck
ck

. Tnh cao t bm H
s
.
Hnh 4-5
Tng tng c dng chy nh hnh v. Chn mt ct 1-1 l mt thong b di (
ngoi ng) v 2-2 mt ct ng trc khi vo bm, mt chun trng vi mt thong.
Vit phng trnh Bc-nu-li (4-15)
- 45 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Vi
2 2
d
Q 4 Q
u

Trong trng hp c tn tht h

w1-2
, cao t bm s thp hn:
iu kin trnh xm thc
p
bh
- p sut bo ho (l p sut m ti cht lng s si mt nhit nht
nh); h - ct p d tr chng xm thc.
Theo Rtnhp:
3
4
)
C
Q n
( 10 h
n(vng/ph) Q(m
3
/s) C = 800 1000
Hnh 4-6: Vt xm thc trn BCT bm ly tm
] Hck [ ) h
p
(
p
bh a
+

[ ]
wh
2
v v
ck s
h
g 2
v
H H

Bng 4.1 p sut bay hi ca nc khi nhit khc nhau [8]
t,
o
C 0 5 10 20 25 30 40 50
P
bh
,bar 0.006 0.009 0.012 0.024 0.032 0.043 0.075 0.0126
- 46 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
t,
o
C 60 70 75 80 90 100 125 150
P
bh
,bar 0.202 0.317 0.392 0.482 0.714 1.033 2.370 4.850
II. Dng chy qua vi.
Cho H, d- ng knh ca vi. Tnh u, Q.
Xt vi nh, bnh ln (H.4-7)
Chn cc mt ct nh hnh v. p dng phng trnh (4-15) ta c :
gH 2 u u
g 2
u
0 0 0 0 H
2
2
2
+ + + +
Hnh 4-7
chnh l cng thc Torixeli:
Q = u.
Trong thc t, khi dng chy qua vi c tn tht do hnh dng ca vi, nn
gH 2 u
vi < 1, gi l h s vn tc. Cn lu lng qua vi, tit din b thu
hp (h.4-6b):
0
= : < 1-h s co hp. Nn:
gH 2 . . gH 2 . . u Q
0

Cc h s , , c lp thnh bng v c nghin cu k trong thu lc-
chng dng chy qua l, vi.
III.Dng c o vn tc, ng pit - prandtl.
o vn tc ca mt im trong dng chy. Cm ng o p v ng Pit hnh ch L
vo dng chy nh hnh v 4-8. ng o p cho cn chnh . Suy ra
.
Kt hp hai ng ny c ng Pit - Prandtl (xem [4]).
- 47 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Hnh 4-8
IV. Lu lng k ven-tu-ri.
Bit D l n knh ln , d l ng knh nh ca lu lng k, h l chnh lch
mc nc dng ln trong ng thu tinh. Tnh c lu lng chy qua Q (hnh 4-8b):
T (4-15):
g 2
u P
z
g 2
u P
z
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
+

+ +

+
Suy ra:
g 2
u u p
z
p
z h
2
1
2
2 2
2
1
1

,
_

,
_

+
2 1
D
Q 4
u

;
2 2
d
Q 4
u

,
_

4 4 2
2
D
1
d
1 Q 16
h g 2
h K
D
1
d
1
h g 2
4
Q
4 4

i vi cht lng thc s c tn tht
g 2
u
h
2
1
0 2 1 w

,
0
l h s tn tht cc b
qua l nh.
Khi : h K Q
1

Vi
1
0 4 4
K
) 1 (
D
1
d
1
g 2
4

+

Tm li, cc bc p dng phng trnh Bc nu li nh sau:

Chn cc mt ct th t 1-2 dc theo dng chy (mt ct u).
Ti cc mt ct cht lng chuyn ng u. S n ti mt ct nh hn 2, nu
bng 2 phi vit thm phng trnh lu lng : Q = v.
Lu lng qua cc mt ct khng i: Q = v = const.
Mt chun chn tu , nhng tin cho tnh ton.
p sut c th l tuyt i, d, nhng phi thng nht cho 2 v.
Nu ly p sut d th ti mt ct no c p sut chn khng phi i du.
- 48 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
4.6. CC NH L LE
Mt s bi ton khng th gii c bng phng trnh Bc nu li thng phi
dng n nh l le.
I. NH L LE 1. (Hay l phng trnh ng lng)
L vic ng dng nh l bin thin ng lng ca c l thuyt vo cht lng:
S bin thin ng lng theo theo gian ca dng cht lng bng tng ngoi lc tc
dng ln chng;
( )

c
F u m
dt
d

c
F
l ngoi lc.
Nh vy khng phi xt n ni lc ca cht lng (lc nht).
Hnh 4-9
Xt dng nguyn t (H.4-9). Lc tc dng ln khi cht lng: gi
m
R l tng lc
khi,
s
R l tng lc mt.
(2-24)
Th hin phng trnh (4-24) l a gic vec t trn hnh H.4-9b
2. nh l le 2. Hay l phng trnh m men ng lng.
S bin thin m men ng lng theo thi gian ca dng cht lng bng tng
m men ngoi lc tc dng.

0
0
M
dt
L d
Xt khi cht lng chuyn ng trong rnh bnh cng tc (ca tua bin chng hn)
(Hnh 4-11).
- 49 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
M
0
m men ngoi lc tc
ng ln dng chy, chnh l m
men trn trc ca tua bin (hoc
bm) truyn qua thnh rnh bnh
cng tc- mmen lm quay bnh
cng tc ca tua bin.
Hnh 4-11
dL = (mch)
2
(mch)
1
=
2
v
2
c
2
r
2
cos
2
dt -
1
v
1
c
1
r
1
cos
1
dt
= Q(c
2
r
2
cos
2
c
1
r
1
cos
1
)dt
i vi bm: M
0
= Q(c
2
r
2
cos
2
c
1
r
1
cos
1
) (4-25)
i vi tua bin: M
0
= Q(c
1
r
1
cos
1
c
2
r
2
cos
2
) (4-25)
Tua bin quay vi vn tc gc th cng sut hu ch l cng sut trn trc ca
n v l:
N = M
0

Cng sut vo l cng sut thu lc:

N
v
= QH=N/
< 1- hiu sut chung ca tua bin.
Vi lu : r = u vn tc theo ca dng nc tc l vn tc vng ca bnh
cng tc.
4.7. DNG TIA
I. nh ngha v phn loi
1. nh ngha:
Dng cht lng khi ra khi l, vi v chy vo mi trng cht lng hay cht kh,
gi l dng tia.
2. Phn loi:
Dng tia c th chy t do hoc chy ngp.
Dng tia cht lng chuyn ng trong mi trng cht lng l dng tia ngp, v
d dng tia nc t nhng vi t ngm di mt nc sng ph t lng sng.
- 50 -
C hc thy kh ng dng

Dng tia t do (khng ngp) l dng tia chuyn ng trong mi trng kh, v d
dng tia nc ca vi cha chy, ca my lm ma nhn to.
Trng thi chy trong dng tia c th l chy tng hoc chy ri, nhng trong
thc t thng gp trng thi chy ri.
Di y ta ch nghin cu mt s tnh cht ca dng tia trng thi chy ri.
II. Cu to dng tia
2-1. Dng tia ngp:
Dng tia c th ngp trong mi trng cht lng cng loi hoc khc loi. Khi
dng tia chuyn ng, do tnh nht v s mch ng vn tc ca dng chy ri m xut
hin cc xoy ch gip ca dng tia v mi trng xung quanh. Cc xoy ny lm
cho mt phn cht lng ca mi trng b li ko trong dng tia, ng thi li gy tc
dng km hm chuyn ng ca dng tia. V vy m dng tia ngp loe rng dn ri
phn tn vo mi trng cht lng bao quanh (Hnh 4-12).
Da vo biu phn b vn tc trn cc mt ct ngang dng tia ta thy trong
dng tia c hai phn: li v lp bin chy ri.
a) Li l phn trong cng, trong vn tc trn cc mt ct ngang dng tia u
khng i.
Li bt u t ming vi phun n mt ct qu trn ch c im trn truc
dng tia l c vn tc bng vn tc ban u ti ming vi. ng gii hn li l ng
thng (theo thc nghim).
b) Phn c gii hn bi li v mi trng bao quanh dng tia gi l lp bin
chy ri, trong vn tc bin i lin tc cho n khi bng vn tc mi trng bn
ngoi. ng gii hn lp bin chy ri vi mi trng bao quanh cng l ng
thng (theo thc nghim).
Theo chiu di dng tia c th chia lm hai on:
on u, t ming vi phun cho n mt ct qu tc l mt ct kt thc li
dng tia. Trong on u c li v mt phn ca lp bin chy ri quanh li.
- 51 -
Hnh 4-12
C hc thy kh ng dng
on c bn, t mt ct qu tr i. on c bn ch gm lp bin chy ri,
trong vn tc gim dn dc theo trc dng tia.
2-2. Dng tia t do (tia khng ngp)
Quan st mt dng tia t do, v d mt tia nc t mt vi hnh tr trn phun vo
khng kh ta thy c ba phn r rt (Hnh 4-13).

Hnh 4-13
Phn tp trung: Trong phn ny dng tia vn gi nguyn hnh tr trn, cht lng
vn lin tc.
Phn ri rc: Trong phn ny dng tia m rng hn, s lin tc ca cht lng b
ph hoi.
Phn tan r: Trong phn ny dng tia tan thnh nhng ht rt nh, nh bi.
Dng tia t do c s dng nhiu trong k thut, nh sng thy lc dng ph
t, khai thc than, dng tia cha chy. Nhng loi ny cn dng phn tp trung ca
dng tia. Nhng khi cn lm ma nhn to ti th li phi li dng phn tan r.
2-3. Dng tia thng ng:
Xt mt dng tia phun thng ng (H.4-14).

Hnh 4-14
- 52 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Mt phn t cht lng ti ming vi c vn tc v s c ng nng l . Khi vn
tc ca phn t cht lng gim n bng khng, ng nng bin hon ton thnh th
nng, th cao n t c tnh t ming vi l:
(4-26)
chnh l cao l thuyt ca dng tia thng ng.
Nhng do nh hng ca sc cn khng kh, ca sc cn trong ni b dng tia v
ca trng lc nn cao ton b ca dng tia phun thng ng H
dt
lun lun nh hn
H, v c xc nh theo cng thc:
(4-27)
Trong l mt h s, ch yu ph thuc ng knh d ca ming vi phun,
thng c xc nh theo cng thc:
=
3
d 001 , 0 d
25 , 0
+
(4-28)
d = tnh bng mm.
Bng (4-2) sau y cho mt s gi tr h s tnh theo cng thc (4-28)
Bng 4-2 Gi tr h s ca vi phun[7]
d(mm) 10 13 16 19 22 25
0,0228 0,0165 0,0124 0,0097 0,0077 O,0061
cao phn tp trung H
ttr
tnh theo cng thc sau:
H
ttr
= H
dt
(4-29)
Trong l mt h s ph thuc phun cao ca dng tia. Bng (4-3) sau y
cho mt s gi tr rt t thc nghim v thng c dng trong thc t:
Bng 4-3 Gi tr h s dng tnh cao phn tp trung Httr ca dng tia
H
dt
(m) 7 9,5 12 14,5 17,2 20 22,9 24,5 30,5
0,840 0,840 0,835 0,825 0,815 0,805 0,790 0,785 0,725
2-4. Dng tia nghing:
Cc tia phun nghing, v mt l thuyt cho n nay vn cha c nghin cu
mt cch y . Th nghim chng t rng nu nghing t tia phng vi ra
(Hnh 4-15).
- 53 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Hnh 4-15
Bn knh R
dt
vi( khong cch t ming vi n tm vng khuych tn) c xc
nh gn ng theo cng thc:
R
dt
= k. H
dt
(4-30)
k: H s ph thuc gc nghing ca dng tia khi ra khi ming vi gi tr ca
n cho trong Bng 4-4.
Bng 4-4: Gi tr h s k dng tnh gii hn ca tia phung nghing

0
90
0
75
0
60
0
45
0
30
0
15
0
0
0
k 1,00 1,03 1,07 1,12 1,20 1,30 1,40
i vi cc tia phun nc o t cc sng phun thy lc ( khai thc than ,
no vt lng sng) tm xa cng ph ca dng tia c th xc nh gn ng theo cng
thc thc nghim ca N. P. Gavrin.
L = 0,415
3
0
H . d .
(4-31)
Vi: L - Tm xa cng ph ca dng tia tnh bng mt.
- Gc nghing ca dng tia tnh bng ,
d
0
- ng knh ming vi phun, tnh bng mm.
H Ct p ca ra ca dng tia, tnh bng mt.
Cng thc (4-31) p dng ng vi
= 5
0
32
0
d
0
= 5 50mm
H = 30 80m
III. ng lc hc ca dng tia
Nghin cu tnh cht ng lc ca dng tia l nghin cu tc dng xung kch ca
dng tia vo mt vt chn. Vn c rt nhiu ng dng trong thc t k thut.
3.1 Tnh p lc ca dng tia ln vt chn
Gi thit c dng tia t mt vi hnh tr trn phun vo vt chn rn c nh
(Hnh 4-16).
- 54 -
C hc thy kh ng dng

Hnh 4-16
Khi gp vt chn th dng tia phn ra hai nhnh chy dc theo vt chn. Do thay
i hng dng chy p sut ch tip xc vi vt rn tng ln, sinh ra tng tc gia
cht lng v vt rn. Dng tia tc dng ln ch chm vo mt chn mt lc P, ngc li
dng tia chu mt phn lc R ca vt chn. Ta xc nh phn lc R, t s tm c
lc P, v P v R trc i nhau.
Ta vit hnh chiu ca phng trnh ng lng(nh l le I) ln phng n n
cho khi cht lng gia cc mt ct 0 0, 1 1 v 2 2 (ch rng ta b qua nh
hng ca trong lc):
-(m
1
v
1
cos
1
+ m
2
v
2
cos
2
) + m
0
v
0
= Rcos (4-32)
Trong :
m
0
, m
1
, m
2
l khi lng cht lng i qua mt ct 0 0, 1 1 v 2-2 trong mt
n v thi gian.
T phng trnh (4-32) ta rt ra:
R =

+ +
cos
v m ) cos v m cos v m (
0 0 2 2 2 1 1 1
(4-33)
Hay l: R =

+ +
cos
v Q . ) cos v Q . cos v Q . (
0 0 2 2 2 1 1 1
(4-34)
(Nh rng Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
)
3.2. ng dng tnh lc tc dng ca dng tia trong mt s trng hp n gin.
a) Vt chn l mt mt phng t vung gc vi dng tia (Hnh 4-17)
Trng hp ny ta c
1
=
2
= 90
0
; = 180
0
v
1
= v
2
= v
0
Q
1
= Q
2
=
2
Q
Thay cc gi tr trn vo (4-34), c:
R = .Q.v
0
Vy, lc tc ng ln tm chn s l: P = - Qv
0
(4-35)
Qua thc nghim thy rng tr s P nh hn tr s tnh theo (4-35), c th:
- 55 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
P =(0,92 0,95) Qv
0
. (4-36)
b) Vt chn l mt mt cong i xng (Hnh 4-18)
Trong trng hp ny:

1
=
2
= ; = 180
0
Q
1
= Q
2
=
2
Q
v
1
= v
2
= v
0
.
Sau khi thay cc gi tr trn vo (4-34) th c:
R = Qv
0
(1-cos )
c bit khi: = 180
0
th R = 2 Qv
0
(4-35)
c) Vt chn l mt mt phng t vung gc vi dng tia nhng di ng theo
chiu dng tia vi vn tc u (Hnh 4-19)

Hnh 4-19
Trong trng hp ny c s chuyn ng tng i ca dng tia i vi mt
chn, vi vn tc tng i l w = v
0
u. V vy lc tc dng ca dng tia trong
trng hp ny vn c tnh theo (4-34) nhng thay vn tc tuyt i v
0
bng vn tc
tng i w = v
0
u. Ta c:
R = Q(v
0
u) (4-36)
vi Q-lu lng va p vo tm chn: Q=
0
.(v
0
-u)
- 56 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
V vt chn vung gc vi dng tia nn cng sut ca dng tia cung cp cho vt
chn s l:
N =R.u = .
0
.(v
0
u)
2
u (4-37)
Cng sut cc tr ca dng tia cung cp cho vt chn s xy ra khi:
0
du
dN
'
khi u=o v u=v
0
/3
Cng sut ln nht khi u =
3
v
0
V N
max
=
g
v
. .
27
4
3
0
0

Cng sut ca bn thn dng tia vn c l:
N
1
=
0

g 2
v
3
0
= .Q.H (4-38)
Nu vt chn khng phi n chic m l h nhiu v cng cc cnh(v d nh
bnh cng tc ca tua bin) th lc tc dng ca dng tia ln tm chn s l:
P = Q(v
0
u)=
0
.v
0
. (v
0
u)
Cng sut ln nht khi u =
2
v
0
Do : N
max
=
g 2
v
. .
2
1
3
0
0

(4-39)
So snh (4-39) v (4-38) ta thy: khi vt chn l mt mt phng thng gc vi
dng tia v di ng theo chiu dng tia, ta ch li dng c nhiu nht l 1/2 cng
sut ca bn thn dng tia.
* Cu hi:
1. Xy dng phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca cht lng thc (Phng
trnh Navi-Xtc).
2. T phng trnh Navi-Xtc chng minh phng trnh vi phn chuyn
ng ca cht lng l tng dng le II v dng Lambo-Grmc.
3. T phng trnh le II, chng minh phng trnh Becnuli cho dng
nguyn t cht lng l tng, chuyn ng dng.
4. T phng trnh le II, chng minh phng trnh Becnuli cho dng
nguyn t cht lng chuyn ng, khng dng.
5. T phng trnh le II, chng minh phng trnh Becnuli cho dng cht
nguyn t cht lng chuyn ng tng i.
6. T phng trnh Navi-Xtc, chng minh phng trnh Becnuli cho
dng cht lng thc.
7. ngha ca phng trnh Becnuli cho dng nguyn t cht lng thc.
- 57 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
8. Pht biu v chng minh nh l le I Phng trnh ng lng tng
i vi dng nguyn t.
9. Pht biu v chng minh nh l le II Phng trnh mmen ng
lng.
CHNG V
CHUYN NG MT CHIU
CA CHT LNG KHNG NN C
Trong chng IV ta thnh lp c h phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca
cht lng. Chng ny xt c th mt s dng chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht lng
khng nn c nh nc chy trong ng, du trong cc khe hp ..v..v...T rt ra
nhng ng dng vo k thut.
5.1. TN THT NNG LNG TRONG DNG CHY.
I. Hai trng thi chy.
O.Reynolds lm th nghim vo nm 1883 v nhn thy c hai trng thi chy
khc bit nhau r rt. Th nghim gm mt bnh nc ln A v mt bu nh nc mu
C mu . Mt ng thu tinh trong sut trng thy nc chy (Hnh 5-1). iu
chnh kho nc mu chy thnh mt si ch cng xuyn sut ng thu tinh,
ngha l cc lp cht lng khng trn ln vo nhau, chy thnh tng lp. l trng
thi chy tng (Hnh 5-1b- chy qu ) sau chy hn lon ho vo nc
(Hnh 5-1c) - y l chy ri.
- 58 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Nh vy trng thi dng chy ph thuc vo vn tc v, nht v v ng knh
ng d. Reynolds tm ra t hp 3 i lng y l mt s khng th nguyn mang tn
ng: S Ry- nn: v tm c tr s trung bnh ca s Re hn tng ng vi
trng thi chy qu : Re
0
= 2320.
Vy : Re < 2320 : chy tng
Re > 2320 : chy ri
i vi knh h,tit din trn hay khng trn: s Reynolds gii hn thp
hn: Re
0
= 580., thm ch c th Re
0
= 380.
Re < 2320 : chy tng
Re
0
= 2320
Re > 2320 : chy ri
Hnh 5-1
II. Quy lut tn tht nng lng trong dng chy.
Nguyn nhn ca tn tht nng lng c nhiu: tnh nht ca cht lng (v), on
ng i di hay ngn (l), tit din dng chy ( ), trng thi chy.v .v...
tin tnh ton, ngi ta quy c chia thnh hai dng tn tht: tn tht dc
ng: h
d
v tn tht cc b: h
c
:h
w
= h
d
+ h
c
1. Tn tht dc ng.
c xi nhn thy: chy tng h
d
= k
1
v
chy ri h
d
= k
2
v
2
v ng a ra cng thc chung vo nm 1856, gi l cng thc Darcy:

g 2 R 4
lv
h
2
d

hay
g 2 d
lv
h
2
d

, i vi ng ng c p
Trong :
l- chiu di, d- ng knh ng, v - vn tc trung bnh.
- h s t l, gi l h s ma st. N ph thuc vo s Re v nhm thnh
ng n: (Re,n)
Vic tnh kh phc tp. C nhiu cng thc bn thc nghim. Ngi ta hay
dng th Ni cu rt ze (Hnh 5-2).
- 59 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Hnh 5-2
C 5 khu vc:
Chy tng
Re
A


Chy qu t tng sang ri: cha c quy lut vo.
Chy ri thnh trn: = f(Re)
Chy qu t thnh trn sang thnh nhm: = f(Re,n),
Chy ri thnh nhm: = f(n),
d
n

- bng tng i,- nhp nh,d- ng knh danh ngha

Trong tng khu vc c cng thc tnh tng ng ( Xem trong s tay thu lc)
2. Tn tht cc b.
Thng dng cng thc Vai z bc
g 2
v
h
2
c

h s t l, gi l h s tn tht cc b, thng c xc nh bng thc
nghim. N ph thuc vo h s Re v c trng hnh hc vt cn. V d xt hai
trng hp (Hnh 5-3a v 5-3b).
- 60 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
t m (h.5-3a)
2
1
2
1
1 c
1 ;
g 2
v
h
,
_

;
2
'
1
2
2 '
1 c
1 ;
g 2
v
h
,
_

t thu (h.5-3b)
2
1
2
2
2 c
1 5 , 0 ;
g 2
v
h
,
_

,
_

1 5 , 0 ;
g 2
v
h
'
2
2
1 '
2 c
5.2 DNG CHY RI TRONG NG
I. Cu trc dng ri trong ng.
Thc nghim chng t dng chy ri trong ng gm hai phn chnh (H.5-4a): li
ri v lp chy tng st thnh c chiu dy.

Re
d 30
T
Hnh 5-4a
Trong li ri, vn tc im thay i v tr s v c hng theo thi gian
Nu xt trong mt khong thi gian tng i di T, th thy u giao ng xung
quanh mt tr s khng i u (Hnh 5-4b) gi l vn tc trung bnh thi gian:
- 61 -
C hc thy kh ng dng

T
0
udt
T
1
u
Lc vn tc tc thi
'
u u u + , u

gi l vn tc mch ng.
Tng t c:
' '
; p p p + +
II. Phn b vn tc trong ng.
trng thi chy tng, theo Newton .
trng thi chy ri, ngi ta a vo h s nht ri b sung .
Nhng >> , nn
Hnh 5-4b
Gi thuyt v c nhiu, nhng theo Prandtl
dy
u d
l
2

Trong l = ky, chiu di xo trn, c trng cho s chuyn ng theo phng
ngang ca cc phn t cht lng; k = 0,4;
dy
u d
-gradient vn tc trung bnh thi gian
Do :
2
2
dy
u d
l
dy
u d

,
_

l
1
u
l
1
dy
u d

Vi

u
vn tc ng lc
y
dy
k
u
dy
l
u
u d



C y ln
k
u
u +


Ti trc ng: y=r; max
u u
k
u
u C
max



r ln
k
u
u C
max


- 62 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Vy :
y
r
ln
k
u
u u
max


ngha l vn tc bin thin theo lut lgarit (hnh 5-4a)
cn v = Q/ = 0,825 u
max
.
5.3 DNG CHY TNG TRONG NG DNG HAGEN POADI
I. Phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng.
Xt chuyn ng mt chiu (u 0) trong ng nm ngang do chnh p (p
1
>p
2
)
ca cht lng khng nn c ( = const) chuyn ng dng , b qua lc khi
(H.5-5). Vi nhng iu kin , xut pht t phng trnh lin tc:
v phng trnh Navie Stc:
dt
u d
u v gradp
1
+

,
0
r
0
r
dr
max
u
u
Hnh 5-5
Suy ra
0
z
u
y
u
dx
dp 1
2
2
2
2

,
_

C const
dx
dp 1
z
u
y
u
2
2
2
2

(5-1)
y cho hai v bng const, v v tri ph thuc vo y, z, cn v phi khng ph
thuc vo chng.
J
l
h
l
p
dx
dp
w

(5-2)
J: dc thu lc
d tch phn phng trnh (5-1), ta vit di dng to tr vi gi thit dng
chy i xng trc:
l
p 1
dr
du
r
dr
d
r
1

,
_

(5-3)
Vi iu kin r = 0 :u hu hn
r = R
0
:u = 0
- 63 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
II. Phn b vn tc.
Tch phn phng trnh (5-3) vi cc iu kin bin ta s tm c phn b vn
tc c dng parabn.
( )
2 2
0
r R
l 4
p
u

Vn tc max ti trc ng:

2
0 max
R
l 4
p
u

Ta tnh c lu lng:
max
2
0
R
0
R
0
u R
2
dr 2 dQ Q
0 0

Vn tc trung bnh:
2
u Q
v
max

chnh p:
4
0
2
0
R
lQ 8
R
lv 8
p

(5-4)
l nh lut Hagen Poadi, c ng dng tnh nht (xem [4])
H s hiu chnh ng nng:
2
Q v
d u
3
3

Phn b ng sut tip trong dng chy:

R
r
2
r
l
p
dy
du
0

Vi
( ) JR
2
R
l
p
R r
0
0 0

, R bn knh thu lc.
III. Tn tht dc ng ca ng.

p
h h
d w

( theo (5-2))
Thay p bng (5-4) 4 2 d
d
lQ 128
v l
d
32
h

(5-5)
T (5-5) ta c hai nhn xt sau y:
Th nht, h
d
v, ngha l nh nu 5-1: trong chy tng: h
d
= k
1
v;
Th hai, vi Q = const, d = const, khi gim (do nhit tng) th h
d
gim,
ngha l mun tn tht h
d
t th hm nng cht lng (hm c mc )
Tip tc bin i (5-5) bng cch thay = g v nhn vi
v 2
v 2
ta c
g 2
v
d
l
g 2
v
d
l
Re
64
h
2 2
d

Chnh l cng thc Darcy nu vi h s ma st trong chy tng

d
Re ;
Re
64
- 64 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
5.4 DNG CHY TNG C P TRONG CC KHE HP
Trong k thut, gia cc chi tit my c nhng khe h nn c s r r ca cht
lng (xng, du...) do cht lng lm vic di p sut cao. Nn cn tnh ton kht
cn thit ca nhng khe h , hn ch lu lng r r, v.v...
I. Dng chy gia hai tm phng song song.
Vi nhng iu kin nh dng chy tng trong ng ( 5-3) v do khe hp nn
u=u(y); (Hnh 5-6).
h
y
x
u
Hnh 5-6
Phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng c dng:
dx
dp 1
dy
u d
2
2

Vi iu kin bin: y = 0 v y= h th : u = 0
Sau khi phn tch ta s c phn b vn tc c dng parabn:
( ) y h y
dx
dp
2
1
u

Vn tc max (ti y = h/2)
2
max
h
dx
dp
8
1
u

Lu lng
b h
l
p
12
1
h
dx
dp
12
b
budy Q
3 3
h
0

Vn tc trung bnh
max
u
3
2
bh
Q
v
y: b b rng tm phng;
l chiu di ca khe.
II. Dng chy dc trc gia hai tr trn.
1. Mt tr ng tm:
- 65 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
1
r
2
r
Hnh 5-7a
Ta dng cc k hiu sau y (H.5-7a)
D
n
- ng knh ngoi,
2 n
r 2 D
D
t
- ng knh tron, 1 t
r 2 D
2
D D
D
t n
+

- ng knh trung bnh;

2
D D
t n


- chiu dy ca khe.
Xt << D/2, l chiu di ca on dng chy cn xt.
p dng cng thc (5-6) tnh lu lng thay b = D; h = , c:
1
p
12
D
Q Q
3
1

2. Mt tr lch tm.
Gi:
- chiu dy ca khe h khi mt tr lch tm;
l - lch tm (H.5-7b)
- gc ca l bn knh vc t vi ng qua tm ca hai mt tr (to cc 0 l
tm).
a( ) khe h theo bn knh vct ng vi .
2
r
1
r
e

d
O
/
O
Hnh 5-7b
- 66 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Xt a << D nn:

,
_

+ + cos
e
1 cos e
2
D
2
D
a
t n
p dng (5-6) cho phn t hnh thang vung:
a ; d
2
D
b

,
_

d cos
e
1
2
D
l 12
p
dQ
3
3

,
_

,
_

2
2
1 2
2
3
2
0
2
e
2
3
1 Q
e
2
3
1
l 12
p D
dQ Q Q

Vy Q
2
> Q
1
v Q
2
= 2,5Q
1
khi lch tm ln nht (e = )
y c th xt thm bi ton lc du, tc l dng chy tng theo phng bn
knh trong khe hp phng (xem [1] trang 181-184)
5.5 DNG CHY TRONG KHE HP DO MA ST
C S CA L THUYT BI TRN THU NG
Ta gp rt nhiu chuyn ng do ma st trong khe hp nh cht lng chuyn
ng gia pttng v xi lanh, gia con trt v bn trt, gia trc v trc .v.v...Cn
phi tnh lc ma st v m men cn.
I. Dng chy gia hai mt phng song song, bi ton Cut.
Dng chy do ma st (do tm phng trn chuyn ng vi vn tc U
1
(H.5-8) v
do chnh p dp/dx 0.
h
y
x
1
U
Hnh 5-8
Lc phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ging nh 5-4-1 nhng iu kin
bin khc khi y = h; u =U
1
; nn
( ) y h y
dx
dp
2
1
y
h
U
u
1

(5-7)
v
3 1
h
0
h
dx
dp
12
1
2
h U
udy Q

(5-8)
Khi khng c chnh p (dp/dx = 0)
- 67 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
h
y
U u
1

h
U
dy
du
1

Lc cn
S
h
U
S T
1

; S - in tch tm phng.
II. Bi trn hnh nm
Khi mt tm phng nghing i mt gc nh , ta c hnh nm (H.5-9). Lc ny,
ngoi lc cn F cn c lc nng P, ngha l cn tm s phn b ng sut tip v phn
b p sut.
T
a
l
h
P
y
x
O
1
h
2
h
x
h
0
dx
dp

Hnh 5-9
Tng t nh bi ton Cut ( 5.5-1) ta tnh c lu lng qua mt ct (5-8).
3 1
h
dx
dp
12
1
2
h U
Q

vi h = h (x) = (a-x)tg (a-x)
Gi s tng ng vi mt ct chiu cao h c p sut cc i, ngha l: ;
thay vo (5-8) ta tnh c .
3 1 1
h
dx
dp
12
1
2
h U
2
h U

( )

,
_

3
1
2 1 3
1
h U
Q 2
h
1
U 6
h
h h U 6
dx
dp
Khi x = 0 v x = l: p = p
a
Thay h bng (5-9) v ly

x
0
dx
, ta c:
( ) ( )
1
]
1

+
x a a
x a 2
U
Q
1
x a a
x U 6
p p
1
2
1
a
Suy ra p lc tc dng ln bn phng:
- 68 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
( )
2
2
2
1
p
0
a
h
l U
C dx p p P

( )
1
]
1

1
1
2 lg
1
6
C
2 p
H s nng
2
1
h
h

tnh lc cn F, ta phi tnh ng sut tip
'
dy
du

, u ly t phn b vn tc
chuyn ng Cu t (5-7). T thay y = h(x), ta c =
h
. Lc cn tnh theo l n v
b rng i vi bn phng chuyn ng l:
2
1
f
1
0
h
h
l U
C dx F

1
]
1

1
1
3 lg 2
1
2
C
f - h s cn
H s ma st:
l
h
C
C
P
F
f
2
p
f

III. Bi trn trc.
Tnh lc ma st v m men ca n gia trc v lp du bi trn theo P t rp
(Hnh 5-10). Gi r bn knh trc; l chiu di trc; lp u dy . Khi trc quay vi
vn tc u = r th cht im u bm trn mt trc cng chuyn ng vi vn tc ,
cn trn trc bng 0.
O

Hnh 5-10
ng sut tip ca lp du:
dr
du

Din tch tip xc gia lp du v mt trc: S = 2 rl
Lc ma st:

u
rl 2
dr
du
rl 2 S . T
M men lc ma st:
- 69 -
C hc thy kh ng dng

15
nl r
30
nr
rl 2 r . T M
3 2
, v u = r ,
30
n

.
Do lch tm khi quay trc, nn phi nhn cc kt qu trn vi h s hiu chnh:
( )
( )
2 2
2
C 1 C 2
C 2 1 2
+
+

;

e
C
C th tham kho li gii chnh xc ca bi ton bi trn trc [1], trang
191-196.
* Cu hi:
1. Trnh by th nghim th hin cc trng thi dng chy ca cht lng.
2. Bn cht ca tn tht nng lng dng chy, cch xc nh.
3. T phng trnh Navi-Xtc, tm quy lut phn b vn tc trn tit din
ca dng chy tng trong ng trn. V phn b vn tc v xc nh cc thng s
thy lc trong on ng.
4. Xc nh quy lut phn b vn tc trn tit din ca dng chy ri trong
ng.
5. So snh hnh dng ca Prfin vn tc vi dng chy trong ng khi chy
tng v khi chy ri.
6. V Prfin vn tc dng chy trong ng trn khi cng lu lng th tch
cho hai loi cht lng:
7. Nc thng trong trng thi chy ri.
8. Du trong trng thi chy tng.
9. So snh s phn b vn tc dng chy tng gia hai bn phng song song
c g khc so vi dng chy tng trong ng trn. Gii thch v vt l s khc nhau
.
- 70 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
10. S khc nhau v lu lng chy qua khe hp gia hai mt tr lch
tm v ng tm khi c cng gradien p sut. Gii thch v vt l s khc nhau
.
CHNG VI
CHUYN NG MT CHIU CA CHT KH
Nghin cu chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht lng nn c - cht kh, ngha l
const, n thay i theo p sut p v nhit T. Khi cc phng trnh c thay
i.
6.1 CC PHNG TRNH C BN CA CHT KH
I.Phng trnh trng thi:
Cho ta mi quan h gia trng lng ring = g, p sut v nhit . i vi
cht kh hon ho, ta c:
RT
p

(6-1)
R hng s cht kh, vi khng kh: R = 29,27 m/.
- 71 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Biu thc (6-1) vn cn phc tp p dng vo k thut, nn ngi ta cn tm
nhng quan h n gin hn, ph thuc vo qu trnh chuyn ng.
Qu trnh ng nhit (T = const): p = C
Qu trnh on nhit: p = C
k
(6-2)

v
p
C
C
k
Nhit dung ng p/nhit dung ng tch, vi khng kh k=1,4.
Qu trnh ny c p dng trong k thut
AR C C
v p

A - ng nhit lng ca cng c hc.
T (6-1) v (6-2) suy ra:
1 k
1
1
k
1
1 1
T
T
p
p

,
_

,
_

(6-3)
i vi qu trnh a bin :
n
c p

n ch s ca qu trnh a bin.
II. Phng trnh lu lng:
Ta c dng ging nh i vi cht lng.
2 2 2 1 1 1
v v : hay ... const Q G
Hay l:
0
d
v
dv d

+ +

III. Phng trnh bcnuli i vi dng nguyn t ca cht kh l tng, chuyn

ng dng (4-14)
T tch phn Becnuly(4-14)
const
g 2
u dp
z
2
+

Trin khai cho dng nguyn t cht lng t tit din 1-1 n 2-2 cn phi phi
gii dc tch phn:

2
1
dp
I
, cho cc qu trnh trao i nhit khc nhau.
Xt qu trnh on nhit :

p
1 k
k dp
d kC
dp
d kC dp C p
2 k 1 k k
Vy phng trnh Bcnuly c dng
g 2
u p
1 k
k
z
g 2
u p
1 k
k
z C
g 2
u p
1 k
k
z
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
+

+ +

+ +

+
(6-4)
i vi qu trnh ng nhit:

g 2
u p
1 n
n
z
g 2
u p
1 n
n
z C
g 2
u p
1 n
n
z
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
+

+ +

+ +

+
(6-5)
i vi qu trnh ng nhit:
- 72 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
p ln C
p
dp
C
dp
C
p
dp dp
C
p
C p

Vy ta c phng trnh Becnuly
const
g 2
u
p ln C z
2
+ +

Hay
g 2
u
p
p
ln C z
g 2
u
z
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
+ + +
(6-6)
IV. Phng trnh entanpi.
1
2
1
2
1
u
2
u
O
Hnh 6-1
Thnh lp cho dng nguyn t ca cht kh l tng, chuyn ng dng. Kho st
s bin thin nng lng trong khi kh t 1-1 n 2-2 sau khong thi gian dt trong h
to c nh (Hnh 6-1). Da vo nh lut bo ton nng lng: nng lng thu vo
hay sinh ra bng bin thin nng lng ca th tch cht kh, ngha l:
Nhit hp th + Cng ca p lc = Th nng + ng nng + ni nng + cng c
hc + cng ma st.
Vit cho mt n v trng lng cht kh:
( )

+ +

+
+
+

+
m
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2
2
2
1
1
L L
A
U U
g 2
u u
z z
p p
A
Q
Nhit lng Q = Q
n
(to nhit ra ngoi) +Q
t
(ni nhit do ma st)
Q
t
= AL
m
,
Tip tc bin i phng trnh trn da vo cc biu thc sau y:

P
RT
A
T C
A
T C
ART T C T C ; RT
p
v
p
v p
;
A
T C p
A
T C
v
p
+

i =
T C
p -entanpi
A
U p
A
i
+

U =
T C
v -ni nng
Nu xt qu trnh on nhit (Q
n
= 0) v b qua cng c hc (L = 0), ta s c
phng trnh entanpi.
- 73 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
g 2
u
A i
g 2
u
A i
2
2
2
2
1
1
+ +
(6-7)
Ngha l tng entanpi v ng nng l mt i lng khng i.
6.2 CC THNG S DNG KH
I.Vn tc m.
Theo nh ngha

d
gdp
d
dp
a
Xt:
kgRT
p
k a , c p
k

T ~ a : Vn tc m ph thuc vo nhit tuyt i.
Chng han: t = 15
0
C, T = 273+15 = 288
0
K, k = 1,4 ; a = 341 m/s
so snh vn tc dng chy v vi vn tc m a ng Mc (ngi o) a vo s
Mc: M = v/a.
S Mc l tiu chun quan trng nh gi mc nh hng ca tnh n n n
chuyn ng, n l tiu chun quan trng ca hai dng kh tng t.
M < 1: Dng di m
M = 1: Dng qu
M > 1: Dng trn m (siu m)
Trong dng kh trn m (M > 1) thng xy ra hin tng sng va (sng v thng
v sng va xin). l mt vn rt th v, c nghin cu trong cc gio trnh
nhiu gi hay chuyn .
II. Dng hm, dng ti hn.
Khi cht kh trng thi tnh v = 0, ngi ta ni cht kh trng thi hm, cn p
0
,
T
0
,
0
...gi l cc thng s dng hm.
1
1
0 v
T
p
0
0
0
0

v
T
p

0
0
Hnh 6-2
Tm mi lin h gia cc thng s dng hm vi cc thng s dng kh. T
phng trnh entanpi (6-7) vit cho dng hm:
g 2
u
A T C T C
2
p 0 p
+
- 74 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
kgRT
u
kRA
C
2
1
1
T C
u
g 2
A
1
T
T
2
p
p
2
0
+ +
V C
p
- C
v
= RT , a
2
= kgRT, nn:
2 2 0
M
2
1 k
1 M
1 k
2
1
1
T
T
+

+
Bin i theo (6-3) s c:
(6-8)
Ta c th tnh c vn tc cc i ca dng kh t bnh cha ra (Hnh 6-2) . T
thc t c th coi dng kh bin i theo qu trnh on nhit.
T phng trnh Bcnuly (6-4) ta c:
g 2
u p
1 k
k p
1 k
k
2
0
0
+

,
_

p p
1 k
gk 2
u
0
0
T biu thc , ta thy p gim th u tng v p = 0 th vn tc t cc i:
0
2
0
0
0
max
RT
1 k
gk 2
1 k
a 2 p
1 k
gk 2
u u

i vi khng kh: 0 max
T 8 , 44 u
Vi T
0
= 300
0
K; u
max
= 776 m/s
Khi vn tc dng kh bng vn tc m; u = a, ta c trng thi ti hn. Lc c
cc thng s ca dng ti hn: u = a
*
,p
*
,
*
, T
*
,...
Tm mi lin h gia cc thng s dng hm v dng ti hn bng cch t cc
biu thc (6-8) cho M = 1.
2
1 k
2
1 k
1
T
T
0
+

Hay l: (6-9)
- 75 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Tnh lu lng trng lng t bnh cha ra ngoi (Hnh 6-2)
G = u
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

+
k
1 k
0
k
2
0
0 0
p
p
p
p
p
1 k
k
g 2 G


u G G
max
6.3. CHUYN NG CA CHT KH TRONG NG PHUN
ng phun l loi ng m cht kh trong c th thay i ch chuyn ng t
di m sang trn m hay ngc li
Xt chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht kh trong cc loi ng phun khc nhau. .
I. Cc phng trnh thng s ca ng phun
Vit cc phng trnh c bn dng kh di dng vi phn :
Phng trnh trng thi: dp = d( RT)
Phng trnh lu lng trng lng trng lng: dG = d( v ) = 0
Phng trnh Bcnuly khi k n cng c hc v cng ma st:
0 dL dL
g 2
dv dp
ms
2
+ + +

Phng trnh nng lng: ms
2
dL dL
A
dU
g 2
dv
)
p
( d
A
dQ
+ + + +

Trong 4 phng trnh c 5 thng s: , p, v, U, T v 5 yu t tc dng dng

chy: , G, Q, L, L
ms
.
V vy t 4 phng trnh trn cng vi cng thc tnh ni nng U = C
v
T, ta kh 4
thng s thnh lp phng trnh lin h gia thng s cn li, chng hn nh vn
tc v, vi 5 yu t( , G, Q, L, L
ms
). Kt qu cui cng ta c:
- 76 -
Hnh 6-3
C hc thy kh ng dng

( )
ms 2 2 2
2
dL
a
kg
dL
a
kg
dQ
A
1 k
a
g
G
dG d
v
dv
1 M

(6-10)
Nu xt ch yu s thay i vn tc ca dng chy trong ng phun (t dng di
m sang dng trn m) nh hng c tng trng hp ring, cc yu t khc coi nh
khng thay i ta c cc ng phun khc nhau:
II. ng phun hnh hc (ng La Van, nm 1883)
Ch c tit din thay i (d 0), cn cc yu t khc b qua (dG = dQ = dL =
dL
ms
= 0). T phng trnh (6-8) suy ra:

d
v
dv
) 1 M (
2
c
1
C
I
I I
M
x
1
b
d
a
Hnh 6-4
dng kh tng tc dv > 0,
Khi v < a, M < 1 th d < 0 tc l din tch thu hp.
v = a, M = 1, d = 0: din tch khng i gi l mt ct ti hn .
v > a, M > 1, d > 0: din tch m rng.
Nh vy gi l ng phun hnh hc v mang tn nh thit k La Van c dng H.6.4
C 2 ch quan trng:
S thay i tit din gn mt ct ti hn c-c nh hng rt ln n vn tc v.
Chng hn nh tit din thay i 1% th s Mc M thay i t 0,9 ti 1.
Dng cht kh chuyn t di m sang trn m ch c th xy ra vi iu kin l v
= a ti mt ct nh nht c-c (Hnh 6-4)
Ta nhn xt thm rng dng kh trn m, khi tit din tng, vn tc cng tng.
l khc bit ni bt khi so snh dng nc v dng kh chuyn ng trong ng
thng tit din bin i.
III. ng phun lu lng.
- 77 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Ch lm thay i lu lng dG 0, cn cc yu t khc khng thay i. T
phng trnh (6-10) c dng:
G
dG
v
dv
) 1 M (
2

cho dng kh tng tc dv > 0,
Khi M < 1; dG > 0: ht kh vo G tng,
M = 1; dG = 0,
M > 1; dG < 0: nh kh ra, Ggim
Vy, ng phun lu lng c dng hnh 6.5.
c
c
c u n g c p k h t h i k h
Hnh 6-5
IV. ng phun nhit.
Ch lm thay i lu lng dQ 0, cn cc yu t khc khng thay i . T
phng trnh (6-10) c dng:
dQ
A
1 k
a
g
v
dv
) 1 M (
2
2


cho dng kh tng tc dv > 0,
Khi M < 1; dQ > 0: cung cp nhit,
M = 1; dG = 0,
M > 1; dG < 0: ly nhit ra.
Nguyn l lm vic ca ng phun c hc (dL 0) hon ton ging ng phun
lu lng.
Hnh 6-6
V. ng phun ma st.
Khi ch c cng ma st thay i : dL
ms
0. khi
- 78 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
ms 2
2
dL
a
kg
v
dv
) 1 M (
Nu dng chy c ma st th dng kh trong ng s sinh cng thng ma st,
nn cng ca lc ma st lun lun dng( dL
ms
> 0), suy ra v phi lun lun m.
Khi M < 1: dv > 0
M < 1: dv < 0
Ngha l, khi dng di m th lc ma st lm tng vn tc, cn khi dng trn m
th lc ma st lm gim vn tc.
Vy tr ng phun ma st, nhng ng phun cn li mun tng tc th phi c tc
dng ngc. l nguyn l Tc dng ngc.
6.4. TNH TON DNG KH BNG CC HM KH NG V BIU
Hm kh ng l hm c dng f(k, ) hay f(k,M). Vi gi tr k nht nh v cc
gi tr h s vn tc v M, ngi ta tnh gi tr cc hm v lp thnh bng hay v
cc biu . Nh cc bng hm kh ng (Bng 1. phn ph lc) v biu o, c th
tnh cc thng s dng kh mt cch thun tin.
C th nu ra nhng u im ca phng php ny:
Rt ngn cc qu trnh tnh ton.
n gin rt nhiu cc php bin i khi vng gii nhiu phng trnh, ngha l
tm c li gii chung ca nhng bi ton phc tp.
Bit mt cch nh tnh c bn nhng quy lut ca chuyn ng v mi lin quan
gia cc thng s ca dng kh.
I. Tnh cc thng s dng kh:
T (6-6) v (6-8) ta tm c cc hm kh ng sau y:

,
_

2
o
1 k
1 k
1
T
T
) (
1 k
k
2
o
1 k
1 k
1
p
p
) (

,
_

1 k
1
2
o
1 k
1 k
1 ) (

,
_

V d 1:
Trong mt ct 1-1 phn di m ca ng Lavan l tng cho p
1
=16kG/cm
2
;
T
01
= 400
0
K,
1
= 0,6. Tnh
2
v p
2
2-2. Bit T
2
= 273
0
K
Gii: Trong ng phun Lavan l tng: T
02
= T
01
; p
02
= p
01
; (T
0
= const, p
0
= const)
Tm
2
:
6825 , 0
400
273
T
T
T
T
) (
01
2
02
2
2

Tra bng 1 tm c = 1,38. Vy tit din 2-2 phn ng trn m
- 79 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Tm p
2
:
) (
p
) (
p
p
p
) (
2
2
1
1
0

2 1
2
1
1 2
cm
kG
23 , 5
8053 , 0
2628 , 0
16
6 , 0 (
) 38 , 1 (
p
) (
) (
p p

II. Tnh lu lng.

G = v
T cc biu thc = f(p
0
, k, ) v v = a
*
, ta c:
) ( q . B .
T
p
G
0
0

Trong : 4 , 0 )
1 k
2
(
R
kg
B
1 k
1 k

+
) ( f
) v (
v
q
*

q lu lng dn xut, hm kh ng lu lng.

Tnh lu lng qua p sut tnh p:
( )

p
p
0
( ) By
T
p
G
0

( )
( )
( )

q
y
mt hm kh ng na
V d 2:
Tnh
2
, p
2
ming ra ca ng gim tc, nu bit ming vo ng gim tc:
p
01
=3kG/cm
2
;
2
= 0,85;
1
2

= 2,5 v h s p sut ton phn

94 , 0
p
p
01
02

Gii: T cng thc tnh lu lng
) ( q
T
p
) ( q
T
p
2
02
02
2 1
01
01
1

B qua s trao i nhit qua thnh ng gim tc, ta c T
02
= T
01
, suy ra
( ) ( )
2
2
1
2
q
1
q

Tra bng 1 : q(
1
) = q(0,85) = 0,9729
Nn q(
2
) = 0,413

2
= 0,27 v (
2
) = 0,9581
p
2
= p
02
(
2
) = p
01
(
2
) = 0,94.3.0,9581 = 2,7 kG/cm
2
III. Tnh xung lc
( )
+

,
_

+ + Z a
g
G
k 2
1 k
v
p
v
g
G
p v
g
G
I
*
- 80 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Vi
( )

+
1
Z
Vy bit (bng s hay biu thc) hay f( ,k) tra bng hay th H.6-7 s tm
c f( ,k) hay khc.
Hnh 6-7
* Cu hi:
1. Vit phng trnh Navi-Xtc cho dng kh mt chiu khi chuyn ng
dng v khi chuyn ng khng dng.
2. Vit phng trnh Becnuli cho dng kh l tng chuyn ng on
nhit, chuyn ng ng nhit.
3. Xc nh vn tc v lu lng ca cht kh t bnh cha ra.
4. Nguyn l hot ng ca cc loi ng phun kh ng.
- 81 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
CHNG VII
TNH TON THU LC NG NG
ng ng dng vn chuyn cht lng t ni ny n ni khc hay l phng
tin truyn c nng ca cht lng. Vn ti ng ng cn l mt ngnh kh pht trin.
Hc chng ny thit k, kim tra hoc iu chnh h thng sn c cho ph hp vi
yu cu v ct p v lu lng, t gy tn tht nng lng.
7.1. C S L THUYT TNH TON NG NG
I. Phn loi:
1. Da vo tn thy nng lng h
w
:
Chia ng ng thnh hai loi:
ng di: h
d
l ch yu, b qua h
c
, h
c
< 10%h
w
, thng l>>d (hng 1000 ln)
ng ngn: h
c
> 10% h
w
2. Da kt cu ng ng
Ngi ta chia thnh:
ng ng n gin l ng ng c ng knh d v Q khng i dc theo
chiu di.
ng ng phc tp c d hay Q thay i, ngha l gm nhiu ng ng n
gin ghp ni li.
Vic tnh ton ng n gin s l c s cho vic tnh ton ng phc tp.
II. Cng thc tnh.
1. Tnh cng sut tiu hao khi vn chuyn ng ng:
QH N
,w (7.1)
Trong : +

-trng lng ring ca cht lng vn chuyn,N/m

3
+ Q,m
3
/s
+ H= e=e
1
- e
2
- chnh ct p (hay nng lng n v) trc v sau ng, m.
2. Phng trnh Bcnuli i vi cht lng thc (h
w
tn tht ct p = tn tht
nng lng n v):
w
2
2 2 2
2
2
1 1 1
1
h
g 2
v p
z
g 2
v p
z +

+
;
Hay l: e
1
= e
2
+ h
w
- 82 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
K hiu: e
1
=
g 2
v p
z
2
1 1 1
1

+

+
nng lng n vi u ng
e
2
=
g 2
v p
z
2
2 2 2
2

+

+
- nng lng n vi cui ng
Phng trnh lu lng: Q = v
Cng thc tnh tn tht h
w
:
g 2
v
h ;
g 2
v
d
1
h
2
c
2
d

, trong =f(R
e
,n),
Gi
d
n

- nhm tng i, l - chiu di ng,

Da vo cc phng trnh trn suy ra cng thc chung:
f(e, d, Q, l,n) = 0
III. Bn bi ton c bn v ng ng n gin.
i vi ng ng n gin v
1
=v
2
nn e= H=H
1
-H
2
=
)
p
z ( )
p
z (
2
2
1
1

+
1. Tnh H khi bit Q, l, d, n
T phng trnh Bcnuli
w 2 1
h H H H
Suy ra
4 2
2
gd
Q 8
d
1
H

,
_

+
(7-2)
2. Tnh Q, bit H, l, d, n
Gii bng 2 phng php:
Phng php ct p ti hn (H
c
) khi khng c cn cc b. Ta c:
H = H
1
- H
2
=
Re .
gd
l v 32
H
3
2
d

Nu cht lng chy tng: = 64/Re
T (7-1) c:
vl 128
gd
H Q Q
gd
vl 128
H
4
4

Nu H > H
c
: chy ri, nn tnh bng phng php th dn.
Phng php biu (cho c 0)
Cho cc tr s Q, v H(Q) theo cng thc (7-2). T biu , khi cho H s c Q
tng ng.
3. Tnh d, bit l, H, Q, n
T cng thc (7-2) suy ra
2
2
4
Q
d
1
gH
8
d
,
_

- 83 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Tm d bng th:

'

,
_

2
2
2
4
1
Q
d
1
g H
8
y
d y
Hnh 7-1
Giao im 2 ng cong chiu xung honh l d cn tm.
4. Tnh d, H, khi bit Q, l, n
Tnh trc d theo v
kt
vn tc kinh t do thc t xc nh(v d:v
kt
= 1,2m/s-
ph lc1) hay v
tb
. Sau tnh H

nh bi ton a.
7.2. TNH TON THU LC NG NG NGN PHC TP
Da trn c s tnh ton ng ng n gin.
I. ng ng ni tip.
Tm quan h gia H v Q.
c im thu lc (H.7-2a)
Q = Q
1
= Q
2
= .. = Q
n
H = H
1
+ H
2
+ .. + H
n
Chn ngun H thch hp.
T (7-2):
2
1 1
2
1 4 2 1
Q S Q
g d
8
d
1
H

,
_

+

2
2 2 2
Q S H
.
- 84 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Suy ra
( )

+ + +
2
i
2
n 2 1
Q S Q S ...... S S H
Bng phng php gii: Xy dng ng quan h H - Q
II. ng ng ni song song.
c im thu lc (Hnh 7-2b)
Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
+ .. + Q
n
H = H
1
= H
2
= .. = H
n
T (7-2):
H S Q
i i

Suy ra:
1
2
1
2
Q
S
S
Q
2
n
1
3
1
2
1
2
1 1
1
n
1
3
1
2
1
1
3
1
3
S
S
....
S
S
S
S
1
Q
S H H
Q
S
S
....
S
S
S
S
1 Q
..........
Q
S
S
Q

,
_

+ + + +

,
_

+ + + +

Tng t, c th gii bng gii.

III. ng ng phn nhnh h:
Hnh 7-3
Gi s ta c s nh H.7-3.
Q
1
,Q
2
,Q
3
,Q
4
,Q
5
: Lu lng cht lng phn phi theo cc vi tr.
Cc bc tnh ton.
Bc 1: Chn ng ng c bn: l ng ng vn ti nng lng ca cht lng
ln nht; thng chn Q hay l di nht.
Bc 2: Tnh ton thu lc cho ng ng chn
Bc 3: Kim tra trn ng ng nhnh, xem vi nng lng tnh c ti
cho mt ng nhnh khng ? Khng , phi chn li, tnh li.
- 85 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Xt c th trn s hnh 7-3
Bc 1: Gi s ta chn OABCD5
Bc 2: Cc s liu cho ti 1,2,3,4,5 nh Q
i
lu lng cn thit cc v tr,
Z
i
- chiu cao t vi , l
i
, n(hay ),
i
-tn tht cc ch ngot dng, kho,vv...
Yu cu thit k phi tnh c d ca cc on sao cho khi m ht cc van m
bo lu lng vn cp cho cc ni tiu th.
Tnh ton t cui ng ng tr ln ngun:
Tnh on ng 0-5vi gi thit l ng n gin vi: H
05
=H v Q
05
=Q
5
ta tnh c
d
05
theo cng thc (7-2). Chn
D5
=d
05
, sau khi d lm trn ng knh theo dy tiu
chun.
Tnh chnh p H
D5
theo (7-2)
Tnh ng knh d
D4
theo (7-2) khi bit H
D4
v Q
4
Tnh d
CD
vi Q
CD
=Q
5
+Q
4
Tnh chnh p H
CD
theo (7-2)
Tip tc tnh cho dn gc O v ta ch thng ng nhnh nh mt cy
ng ng,.
IV. ng ng phn phi lin tc.
S nh H. 7-4
Q
ff
= ql (q - lu lng trn 1 n v di).
x .
l
Q
Q Q x .
l
Q
Q Q
ff
ff f
ff
V M
+
Hnh 7-4
Tnh tn tht nng lng dh trn dx (coi lu lng khng i trn dx) theo (7-2)
vi = 0:
2
n
n 1 3 2
x
l
Q
Q Q
d
dx
g
8
dh
,
_

Suy ra:

,
_

+ +

2
ff ff f
2
f 5 2
1
0
d
Q
3
1
Q Q Q
d
1
g
8
dh h
Chnh l chnh lch ct p
Ngoi ra, c th tnh ton thu lc ng ng di phc tp da trn c s tnh
ton ng ng ngn phc tp b qua h
c
(xem s tay thu lc).
- 86 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
* Cu hi:
1. Phn loi ng ng.
2. Cc bi ton c bn tnh ton ng ng n gin.
3. Phng php tnh ton ng ng phc tp.
- 87 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
CHNG VIII
LC TC DNG LN VT NGP TRONG CHT
LNG CHUYN NG.
Trong chng ny gii thiu tng qut v tng tc gia cht lng vi vt ngp
trong n.
8.1.CNG THC TNG QUT
Ta c dng cht lng chuyn ng vi vn tc U

bao quanh vt rn c nh (hay

coi gn ng l vt rn chuyn ng vi vn tc U

trong cht lng tnh). Gi s U

khng i v tr s v hng. Cht lng chuyn ng:
dPn
U
dP
dS
Hnh 8-1
Tc dng ln vt cn, gy ra lc php tuyn v tip tuyn (Hnh 8-1). Tng hp
lc s c mt hp lc P v mt ngu lc M. Hp lc P gm 2 thnh phn:
Do p sut

+ P P P
n
(8-1)
n
P vung gc vi phng ca vn tc v cng U

gi l lc nng;

P cng
phng vi U

nhng ngc chiu, gi l lc cn.

V tr s, cc lc c biu thc sau:
S
2
U
C P
S
2
U
C P
2
y n
2
x

(8-2)
Trong : C
x
- h s lc cn, khng th nguyn.
C
y
- h s lc nng, khng th nguyn.
- Khi lng ring ca cht lng.
S - Tit din cn chnh (hnh chiu ca vt cn ln mt phng
vung gc vi
U).
I. Lc cn
- 88 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Lc cn thng thng c hai thnh phn. Mt do ma st trong lp bin gy nn
P
ms
m ta s xt trong phn sau; mt do phn b ca p sut trn b mt vt cn gy nn
P
mp
. Trong dng phng ta c:
P
r
= P
rms
+ P
rmp
(8-3)
Khi vt rn nm trong dng chy n s gy ra cc kch ng. Do trong lp
bin cc thng s ca dng chy s thay i. Phn b p sut v lc ma st trn b mt
vt ph thuc vo hnh dng, vo v tr ca n trong dng chy v vo vn tc v
cng (dng cha b kch ng).
Phn b p sut v lc ma st trn b mt c c trng bng cc h s lc cn
p sut C
zap
v h s lc cn ma st C
xms
C
x
= C
xap
+ C
xms
(8-4)
Vi vn tc dng chy nh, khi tnh nn c ca cht lng thc t khng c
tc dng, th nh hng chnh n h s lc cn l hnh dng vt cn, gc ti v s
Rynol.
Cc lc P
rms
v P
rmp
ln hay nh ch yu ph thuc vo hnh dng ca vt cn. Vt
c hnh dng kh ng xu ngha l vt khi dng bao quanh n c im ri, khng bao
kn (nh hnh tr trn, thuyn thng v.v..) th P
rmp
ln hn P
rms
.
Vi cc vt nh cnh my bay, cch tua bin, tm phng v.v.. lc cn do ma st
ln hn v c th tnh theo cng thc:
P
r
= P
rms
(1+k)(8-5)
Vi k = 0,1 0,25
- 89 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
- 90 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
II. Lc nng - nh l Giucpxki - Kutta.
Khi nghin cu dng th ca cht lng l tng bao quanh tr trn, ngha l dng
bao quanh tr trn khng c lu s vn tc ( =0) ngi ta thy khng c bt k mt
lc no tc dng ln n. Trong c hc cht lng, kt lun ny c gi l nghch l le
- almbe. iu ny cn ng c i vi nhng vt c hnh dng bt k.
Cn khi dng bao quanh tr trn c lu s vn tc th vect chnh ca p lc ch
c mt thnh phn hng vung gc vi vn tc v cng U

v c tr s bng
U

. y l trng hp ring ca nh l Giucpxki v lc nng.

Trong thc t, khi cc vt hnh tr hay hnh trn quay trong cht lng thc chuyn
ng ta c th xem nh dng bao quanh chng c lu s vn tc v do xut hin lc
ngang vung gc vi vn tc ca cht lng tc dng ln cc vt . y l ni dung
ca hiu ng mang tn Mc nt. Da vo hiu ng ny ta c th gii thch mt s hin
tng nh vic sinh ra cc phu xoy nc khi tho nc t b cha ra, n o b
lch ngang, chuyn ng b un cong, qu bng xoy v.v...
U
Py
Hnh 8-2a
Py
U
Hnh 8-2b
nh l Giucpxki Kutta ni v lc nng ca dng cht lng l tng tc dng
ln cnh n nh cnh my bay.
Ni dung: Nu dng chy c vn tc v cng U

bao quanh prfin cnh v lu

s vn tc dc theo prfin cnh l , th hp lc ca p lc cht lng tc dng ln
prfin cnh s c tr s U

, cn phng chiu c xc nh bng cch quay vect

U

mt gc 90
0
ngc chiu .
- 91 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
C th chng minh nh l bng cch p dng nh l bin thin ng lng cho
khi cht lng nm gia vng trn kh ln v prfin cnh, hay nh l thuyt hm bin
phc nh Traplghin lm .
V mt vt l:Sc nng mt chic cnh bt ng l do s chuyn ng trn
(xoy) ca dng cht lng xung quanh cnh (lu s vn tc ). Do nh hng chuyn
ng ca dng cht lng y, vn tc trn lng cnh ln hn vn tc di bng cnh.
T sinh ra s chnh lch v p sut, to thnh mt lc y t di ln.
8.2. LP BIN
Nh va nu trn, mun tnh lc cn phi bit phn b lc ma st (ng sut
tip) dc b mt ca vt b cht lng bao quanh, ngha l phi nghin cu lp cht lng
st vt, l lp bin.
I. nh ngha:
Khi cht lng thc bao quanh mt vt ng yn, do tnh nht nn hnh nh n
dnh vo b mt vt. V vy, vn tc ca dng chy trn mt vt bng khng. Khi ra xa
vt theo phng php tuyn vi b mt, vn tc s tng dn v ti khong cch no
k hiu l n s gn bng vn tc ca dng bn ngoi U

(= 0,99 U

). Lp cht lng
c chiu dy l gi l lp bin. (Hnh 8-3). Trong lp bin tp trung hu ht nh
hng ca tnh nht, c ngha cht lng l cht lng thc. Min cn li nh hng ca
tnh nht khng ng k v c th xem n nh l min cht lng l tng.
i lng ph thuc vo vic chn u im quy c ch r bin gii ca
lp bin. Do trong khi tnh ton ngi ta a vo nhng chiu dy c trng khc
ca lp bin: chiu dy b p
*
, chiu dy tn tht xung lc
**
v chiu dy tn tht
nng lng
***
.
II. Chiu dy b p
i vi cht lng l tng: cc ng dng gn tng khng thay i phng
nh khi xa tng. Cn i vi cht lng thc, cc ng dng gn tng s b un
cong v u < U

- to thnh lp bin. Nh vy, y xt nh hng ng hc ca tnh

nht ln v tr ca ng dng, ngha l tnh khong cch bng bao nhiu (Hnh 8-
4).
U
0,99U
- 92 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Hnh 8-3
Xc nh khong cch dch chuyn ca ng dng do nh hng ca tnh
nht da trn tnh cht ca ng dng l ng lu lng bng nhau. Tnh lu lng
Q
t
cht lng thc qua mt ct gia b mt vt v ng dng cch thnh mt khong y.

y
0
t
udy Q
ng dng tng ng ca cht
lng l tng s gn b mt vt hn
mt on v c tnh t iu kin
cn bng lu lng:



u dy u ) y ( u Q
y
0
l

y
0
l t
dy ) u u ( u Q Q
Hay

,
_

y
0
dy
u
u
1
Khi y

th =
max
= * =

,
_

0
dy
u
u
1
Hay vit di dng khng th nguyn
* =


1
0
d ) 1 (
, vi

;
u
u
i vi cht lng nn c: *=

,
_

0
dy
u
u
1
(8-6)
Nh vy, * c trng cho s dch chuyn ng dng ca dng ngoi khi
phng chuyn ng ng dng trong ca cht lng l tng. Lng cht lng i
qua chiu dy * bng lng cht lng i qua ( - *). S gim lu lng gy ra
do lp bin p cht lng, nn * mang tn chiu dy b p. i vi tm phng:
* = 0,375 .
III. Chiu dy tn tht xung lc.
- 93 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Xt nh hng ng lc ca tnh nht ln dng chy bao quanh vt.
Tnh lc cn X theo nh l bin thin ng lng (nh l le 1(4-20)) cho
khi cht lng cha trong ABAB (Hnh 8-3)
ng lng cht lng chy vo qua AB:
2
1
hu . 2 q


V lng cht lng chy vo qua AB gn bng lng chy ra qua AB nn:

h
h
udy hu 2
Suy ra:

+

h
h
1
udy u q
ng lng cht lng chy ra qua AB:

h
h
2
2
dy u q
Theo nh l bin thin ng lng:
' q dy u udy u X
h
h
2
h
h
+

+

Trong q - ng lng cht lng chy qua , BB. Khi h

th
0 ' q

nn:

,
_

dy
u
u
1 u u X
Tm h s lc cn:
b
2
dy
u
u
1
u
u
b
2
b u
2
1
X
C
2
*

,
_

Trong d y
u
u
1
u
u

,
_

- chiu dy tn tht xung lc
Trong lp bin c dng: d y
u
u
1
u
u
0

,
_

(8-7)
Hay l vit di dng khng th nguyn: ( )

1
0
d 1
Nh vy, chiu dy tn tht xung lc l chiu dy m trong ng lng ca
cht lng l tng (tng ng vi U

) bng ng lng tiu hao trong lp bin:

- 94 -
C hc thy kh ng dng

0
d y ) u u ( u u u
Tnh cho tm phng:
**
= 0,146
i vi cht lng nn c:

,
_

0
d y
u
u
1
u
u
Trong mt s tnh ton, ngi ta cn dng t s cc chiu dy:

H ; H ; H
IV. Phng php lp bin.
1. Gii chnh xc:
V lp bin c hnh thnh ch khi s Rynl ln, nn phng trnh chuyn
ng trong lp bin c th nhn c t phng trnh Navie - Stc vit di dng tng
qut khng th nguyn, sau nh gi bc cc thnh phn trong phng trnh y da
trn iu kin c bn: chiu dy lp bin nh hn nhiu so vi chiu di ca vt
( <<1) nn suy ra gi tr cc i lng theo phng y nh hn gi tr cc i lng
theo phng x (Hnh 8-5).
Bng cch , nm 1904, L.Prandtl tm ra h phng trnh vi phn lp bin
cho trng hp chuyn ng phng, dng ca cht lng khng nn c v b qua lc
khi (xem trang 135-137 tp 2 [1]).
2
2
y
u
v
dx
du
u
y
u
v
x
u
u

0
y
u
x
u

(8-8)
Vi cc iu kin: ti y = 0: u=v=0
y = : u = u

(x)
Gii trc tip h phng trnh (8-1) vi cc iu kin bin tng ng ta s tm
c nghim u(x,y), v(x,y) trong ton lp bin v do c th tnh c ng sut tip
trn b mt vt. Li gii in hnh l ca Fokn v Skane tm ra t nm 1930 khi cho
phn b vn tc ngoi lp bin di dng hm s m:
- 95 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
x
l
0
y
Hnh 8-5
u

(x) = C. x
m
2. Gii gn ng:
H thc tch phn T. Karman
Da trn vic nh gi s bin thin ng lng trong lp bin qua chiu dy b
p
*
(H.8-5) Karman nhn c h thc tch phn:
2
w
u
) 2 (
d x u
d u
d x
d
d x
d p

+ +

(8-9)
S hng th nht trong v tri ca phng trnh (8-2) biu din ng sut ma st
i vi chuyn ng ca cht lng nn c. i vi cht lng khng nn c (

=
const) ta c phng trnh:
( )
2
w
w
u
2
d x
d u
u
1
d x
d

+ +

(8-10)
Khi u

= const, s hng th hai bng 0.

Phng trnh (8-2), (8-3) gi l h thc tch phn Karman v n cha cc tch
phn
*
,
**
. T h thc tch phn ta s xc nh c
w
,
*
,
**
. Khi cho bit
dng prfin vn tc trong lp bin, chng hn nh Pn hau den cho prfin vn tc
khng th nguyn:
- 96 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
0
dx
du
; A A A
u
u
3
3
2
2 0
+ +

(8-11)
Bng phng php ny ngi ta gii cho lp bin chy tng trn tm phng v
tm ra c h s cn ton b: Re / 444 , 1 C
x

H s cn cc b:
x
2
w
f
Re
722 , 0
u
2
1
C

(8-10)
Trong khi , li gii chnh xc cho:
x
f
Re
664 , 0
C
(8-12)
Do
v
x . u
Re
x

(8-13)
0
y
l
x
Hnh 8-6
Lc ma st trn tm phng:
3
l
0
w
lu .
3
b 4
dx b 2 x

Lp bin chy tng:

) x ( f
u
x . v
30

(8-14)
Khi Re
x
> (3,6 5).10
5
lp bin ri
) x ( f )
v
x u
( x 37 , 0
5
4
5
1
r

(8-15)
(lp bin chy ri tng nhanh hn lp bin chy tng)
v
5
1
x f
Re 0576 , 0 C

(8-16)
5
1
x
Re . 072 , 0 C

(c th ly = 0,074) (8-17)
5
1
2
Re . l . b . u . . 072 , 0 x

(8-18)
* Cu hi:
1. Tng hp lc tc ng ln vt ngp trong lng cht lng chuyn ng.
2. Pht biu nh lut Giucpxki-Kutra.
- 97 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
3. Nhng yu t nh hng n lc cn sinh ra khi mt vt chuyn ng
trong lng cht lng.
4. nh ngha lp bin, cc thng s lp bin.
5. Kt qu phng php gii lp bin cho dng chy trn tm phng.
CHNG IX
C S L THUYT TH NGUYN, TNG T
9.1. M U
Nhng li gii chnh xc (bng phng php l thuyt) ca mt s bi ton thu
kh ng lc l rt him. Trn thc t, ngi ta s dng nhiu phng php thc
nghim. Phng php m hnh ha tng i ph bin. N da trn l thuyt th
nguyn v tng t. M hnh ho l s thay th vic nghin cu hin tng ca mt
i tng trn nguyn mu bng vic nghin cu hin tng tng t trn m hnh c
kch thc b hn hay ln hn.
ngha ca phng php: da vo nhng kt qu th nghim trn m hnh c th
kt lun v cc hin tng xy ra trn nguyn mu. iu kin s dng c nhng kt
qu trn m hnh l khi tin hnh th nghim phi tun theo nhng qui lut nht nh
ca m hnh ha. Nhng quy lut l nhng tiu chun tng t.
Vic xc nh cc tiu chun tng t hay l cc i lng khng th nguyn
(cc s) khi m hnh ho cc hin tng l mt vn rt phc tp. Khi gii bi ton
ny c th chia cc hin tng nghin cu ra lm hai loi.
- 98 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
I. Nhng hin tng v cc qu trnh:
C th c m t bng cc phng trnh (nh phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng
ca cht lng trong ng, trong khe hp v.v...)
Khi cc tiu chun tng t c xc nh d dng nh l cc h s ca
phng trnh vit di dng khng th nguyn.
II. Cc qu trnh v cc hin tng:
Cha c m t bng cc phng trnh. Khi , l thuyt duy nht cho php tm
cc tiu chun tng t l l thuyt th nguyn.
nguy n hnh m hnh
l thuyt th ng uyn
Php tung t
Hnh 9-1
9.2. L THUYT TH NGUYN.
I. Cc i lng c th nguyn:
Nh di, din tch, vn tc, p sut v.v... Cc i lng khng th nguyn nh
gc o bng raing (rad), s Rynl Re, s Mc, v.v..
nh ngha: i lng c th nguyn l i lng m cc gi tr bng s ca n
ph thuc vo h n v o lng do ta chn.
i lng khng th nguyn l i lng m cc gi tr bng s ca n khng
ph thuc vo h n v o lng do ta chn.
Cc nh ngha nu trn ch c tnh cht tng i.
II. Th nguyn
n v c bn v n v dn xut.
Cc i lng vt l c lin h vi nhau bng nhng biu thc nht nh.
Trong c hc thng chn 3 i lng c bn: di L, thi gian T, khi lng M v
thit lp cho chng mt n v o lng no gi l n v c bn, nh h n v SI
(m,s,kg), h n v CGS (cm, gam, s)...
n v dn xut l n v biu din qua n v c bn nh cm/s, kg/m
3
v.v..
- 99 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Th nguyn l biu thc biu din n v dn xut qua n v c bn v c k
hiu bng du [ ]. V d nh th nguyn ca vn tc [L/T], ca gia tc [L/T
2
] v.v..
III. Cng thc tng qut ca th nguyn.
L thuyt th nguyn da trn hai nh l sau y:
a. T s gia hai gi tr bng s ca mt i lng dn xut bt k no y khng
ph thuc vo vic chn cc kch thc ca h n v c bn. V d nh t s gia hai
din tch khng ph thuc vo vic l chng c o trong h n v no.
T nh l ny c th suy ra cng thc th nguyn tng qut ca cc i lng
vt l:
a = L
l
T
t
M
m
(9-1)
Chng hn nh cng thc th nguyn ca vn tc [L/T] s c l=1,t=-1, m = 0
b. Biu thc bt k gia cc i lng c th nguyn c th biu din nh biu
thc gia cc i lng khng th nguyn. y chnh l ni dung ca nh l Pi ( ) -
Buckingham.
Biu thc ton hc ca nh l ny c th biu din di dng sau: nu i lng
c th nguyn a l hm ca cc i lng c lp vi nhau c th nguyn a
1,
a
2
, ...,
a
k
,..., a
n
, ngha l:
a = f (a
1,
a
2
, ..., a
k
,a
k+1
,..., a
n
) (9-2)
Nu k

n l s cc i lng c th nguyn c bn th (n+1-k) t hp khng th

nguyn Pi ca cc i lng c th nguyn trn c th biu din di dng:
(theo (9-1))
qk
k
2 q
2
1 q
1
n
k n
pk
k
2 p
2
1 p
1
1 k
1
mk
k
2 m
2
1 m
1
a ..... a a
a
... ..........
a ..... a a
a
a ..... a a
a

+
Ngha l s t hp bng hiu gia s i lng c th nguyn v s th nguyn
c bn.
Nh vy, trong h n v mi biu thc (9-2) c th vit di dng:
= f(
1
,
2
,....,
n-k
)
Mi t hp khng th nguyn l mt tiu chun tng t. C ngha l nu i
lng khng th nguyn (v d h s lc cn Cx) ph thuc n i lng, m s th
nguyn c bn ca chng bng k, th s tiu chun tng t l = n - k. Trong thu
khi ng lc k = 3, vy nn biu din i lng no qua bn thng s.
V d 1.
- 100 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Hy xc nh s ph thuc h s lc cn Cx ca cnh vo cc thng s dng
chy.
Bi gii:
Gi s Cx ph thuc vo cc i lng c th nguyn sau y: khi lng ring
, nht , vn tc v chiu di ca cnh L. Khi :
Cx = f( , , ,L)
Dng cng thc th nguyn c th tm c mt t hp khng th nguyn ca
cc i lng vt l trn:
[Cx] = [ ]
b
[ ]
d
[ ]
c
[L]
n
= 1
tm cc s m b,d,c,n ta thay vo cng thc trn th nguyn ca cc i lng
vt l:
[ ] = [ML
-3
]; [ ] = [ML
-1
T
-1
]; [ ] = [LT
-1
]; [L] = [L]
Thay cc gi tr vo biu thc Cx:
[ML
-3
]
b
[ML
-1
T
-1
]
d
[LT
-1
]
c
[L]
n
= 1
T ta c 3 phng trnh i vi 3 th nguyn c bn:
M : b + d = 0
L : -3d -d +c +n = 0
T : - d - c = 0
Xem rng mt trong 4 s m, chng hn n bit, gii h phng trnh trn ta
c b = c = n; d = -n. Nh vy, ta tm c dng ph thuc ca Cx vo i lng th
nguyn:
) (Re f
vl
f Cx
n
n

1
1
]
1

,
_

Ngha l Cx ph thuc vo s Rynl. S m n c th tm bng thc nghim hoc

t cc iu kin ph thuc v sc cn ca cnh.
V d 2:
p dng nh l Pi lp biu thc tnh cng sut N ca bm.
Bit N ph thuc lu lng Q, ct p H v trng lng ring .
Bi gii:
Quan h gia cc i lng trn c th biu din qua phng trnh (9-2):
f( ,Q,H) = N
C 4 i lng c th nguyn v ch c 3 th nguyn ca n v c bn, do c
4 - 3 = 1 s hng . Chn , Q, H l 3 i lng c th nguyn c bn, ta c th lp
s hng :
z y x
H Q
N

Vit di dng th nguyn:
FLT
-1
= [L
3
T
-1
]
x
[FL
-3
]
y
[L]
z
- 101 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
T suy ra: x = y = z = 1
Do :
QH .
N

hay l N = QH
Qua hai v d trn, c th suy ra mt s bc c bn gii mt bi ton nh sau:
Lp biu thc ph thuc (n + 1) i lng a (9-2). Ghi th nguyn ca chng.
Chn k i lng c bn (thng thng k = 3). Vit cng thc th nguyn ca
cc i lng vt l. Nh vy ta c (n + 1 - k) s hng .
S hng u tin c th l tch ca k i lng c s m cha bit vi mt i
lng khc c s m bit (thng thng cho s m bng 1)
Ly nhng i lng chn mc 2 lm bin s (k i lng) v chn mt
trong nhng bin s cn li lp s hang tip theo. Lp li tng t lin tip cho
cc s sau.
Nh phn tch th nguyn ta s c h k phng trnh i s v t xc nh
c s m ca mi s hng
9.3. CC TIU CHUN TNG T
nh ngha tng t: Hai hin tng gi l tng t (hay ng dng) nu da
vo cc c trng ca hin tng ny c th suy ra cc c trng ca hin tng kia
bng mt php bin i n gin.
iu kin tng t c bn ca hai hin tng l cc tiu chun tng t phi
bng nhau (idem). Nu k hiu n cho nguyn mu: m cho m hnh, th Re
n
= Re
m
,
M
n
= M
m
, v.v...
I. Tng t hnh hc
Hai h thng thu kh ng lc c gi l tng t hnh hc l khi cc kch
thc tng ng ca chng t l vi nhau.
;..... k
S
S
; k
L
L
Dm
Dn
2
L
m
n
L
m
n

Trong k
L
- t l tng t hnh hc
Hnh 9-2
II. Tng t ng hc:
- 102 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Hai h thng thu kh ng lc c gi l tng t ng hc phi tng t hnh
hc v c thi gian di chuyn ca mt phn t cht lng t im ny sang im khc
trn cc ng dng tng ng t l:
Ta c: T
m
n
k
T
T

k
T
- T l tng t thi gian.
T t ng hc p dng trong cc my thu kh l cc tam gic vn tc
ng dng.
III. Tng t ng lc hc.
Hai h thng thu kh ng lc tng t ng lc hc v c cc khi lng tng
ng t l gi l tng t ng lc hc.
m
n
p
k

- t l tng t ng lc
T l cc lc:
2
T
4
L p
2
m m
3
m m
2
n n
3
n n
m
n
k
k k
T L L
T L L
F
F

Tiu chun tng t Niutn (Newton) hay s Niutn

Nh vy trong thc t, hai h thng thu kh ng lc tng t phi tho mn cc
iu kin sau:
Hnh 9-3
Chng phi tng t hnh hc.
C tnh cht ging nhau v c cng phng trnh vi phn.
Ch c th so snh vi nhau gia cc i lng ng cht ti nhng to khng
gian ging nhau v thi gian ging nhau.
Cc hng s tng t ca hai hin tng c mi lin quan cht ch vi nhau. Vic
chn bt k mt trong nhng i lng no s to nn s ph thuc xc nh i vi
nhng i lng hng s tng t cn li.
IV. Tng t ca hai chuyn ng phng.
- 103 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
lm sng t nhng iu nu trn, ta hy tm cc iu kin cn thit cho
hai chuyn ng phng tng t. Mun vy, ta vit phng trnh chuyn ng Navie-
Stc (4-5) cho trng hp chuyn ng phng di dng khng th nguyn bng cch
chn cc i lng c trng (t l) sau y: chiu di l (nh bi knh ng, cung ca
cnh...). Vn tc v
0
(nh vn tc trn trc ng, v cng...) p sut p
0
, khi lng
ring
0
, nht ng hc
0
, thi gian t
0
, lc khi vit cho mt n v khi lng,
g - gia tc trng trng. K hiu cc i lng khng th nguyn cng bng nhng
ch nh cc i lng c th nguyn:

0
y
u
x
u
; u
l v y
p 1
v
p
Y
v
gl
)
y
u
u
x
u
u (
t
u
t v
l
; u
l v x
p 1
v
p
X
v
gl
)
y
u
u
x
u
u (
t
u
t v
l
y
x
y
0
0
2
0 0
0
2
0
y
y
y
x
y
0 0
y
0
o
2
0 0
0
2
0
x
y
x
x
x
0 0

T h phng trnh trn suy ra nu hai dng chy tng t, c ngha l chng
c m t bng nhng phng trnh v cc iu kin bin ging nhau, th cc h s
ca phng trnh ging nhau v phi c cng gi tr cc i lng khng th nguyn
sau y:
l v
;
v
p
;
v
gl
;
t v
l
0
0
2
0 0
0
2
0 0 0

Trong l thuyt tng t, nhng i lng c tn ring v gi l nhng s hay

l tiu chun tng t:
0 0
t v
l
= Sh - s Struhan (Shtrouhal), c trng cho qu trnh khng dng.
Fr
gl
v
0

- s Frt (Froud), c trng cho lc trng trng.

Re
l v
0
0

- s Rynn (Reynolds) quen thuc, c trng cho lc nht.

Eu
p
0 0
0

- s le (L.Euler) c trng cho p lc.
iu kin bng nhau ca cc s tng t c ky hiu bng ch idem (l mt),
ngha l hai dng phng ca cht lng khng nn c s tng t khi:
Sh = idem; Fr = idem; Eu = idem; Re = idem;
S le i vi cht lng nn c c dng
Eu =
2 2
0
2
2
0 0
0
M
1
k
1
v
a
k
l p


Trong

p
k a
- vn tc m;
v
p
C
C
k
- ch s on nhit;
a
v
M
- s Mc.
- 104 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Nh vy, hai dng cht lng nn c s tng t khi Sh = idem, Fr = idem, Re =
idem, M = idem, k = idem.
Trong thc t cn rt nhiu nhng tiu chun tng t khc na. Mun c nhng
tiu chun ch cn ly phng trnh vi phn m t c qu trnh cho vit di dng
khng th nguyn. Chng hn nh kho st phng trnh nng lng ta s c thm cc
tiu chun tng t:

Cp
Pr
- S Prandl, c trng cho t s gia nhit lng c truyn bng
dn nhit v i lu.
3
3
T l g
Gr

- S Grashpm c trng cho t s gia lc Acsimet v lc nht.
Trong - h s dn nhit; - h s n th tch; T - chnh lch nhit
.
9.4. M HNH HO TNG PHN.
Khi kho st bi ton phng mc trn ta gp 4-5 tiu chun tng t. Nu
tho mn tt c cc tiu chun th bi ton rt kh v trong thc t khng th thc
hin c. Ngoi ra, khng phi tt c cc tiu chun c tm quan trng nh nhau.
Trong nhng iu kin c th thng c th xc nh c mc nh hng ca tng
tiu chun tng t, v lc c nhng tiu chun nh hng rt ln n vic thay i
iu kin ca qu trnh vt l - gi l tiu chun quyt nh, trong khi c nhng
tiu chun hu nh khng tham gia vo s bin i - nhng tiu chun khng
quyt nh. Do trong thc t phi dng m hnh ho tng phn, ngha l ch cn
tun theo mt s tiu chun quyt nh.
Chng hn nh khi tm iu kin m hnh ho ca chuyn ng tu ngm, ta thy
c th b qua tiu chun Frt, m phi k n tiu chun Rynl, ngha l s Re i vi
nguyn mu v m hnh phi nh nhau. Thc vy, i vi tu ngm s Fr ch c
ngha khi tu i xung v i ln mt nc, cn khi chy, s Fr c th b qua. Lc cn
khi chy ph thuc vo nht ca dng bao quanh khng c xm thc. Nhng trong
th nghim m hnh ca n chuyn ng vi vn tc ln, tiu chun Fr c nh hng
ln, cn c th b qua lc nht, ngha l khng tho mn tiu chun Re.
iu kin m hnh ho ca nhng my mc chuyn ng trn m, trc tin l
phi tho mn tiu chun Mc (M), cn s Re tu kh nng, s Fr b qua. y khng
phi l m hnh ho ton b m ch l tng phn. Thnh thong lm mi thnh cng khi
tho mn c hai tiu chun Fr v Re.
V d 3:
Mun c tng t ng lc hc th vn tc chuyn ng ca du th trong ng c
ng knh 30mm phi bng bao nhiu, khi vn tc ca nc trong ng c ng knh
- 105 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
5mm nhit 20
0
C l 6m/s. Cho
du
= 84 kGs
2
/m
4
;
du
= 0,2 P;
nc
= 102
kGs
2
/m
4
;
0
= 0,013 P
Bi gii:
iu kin cho hai dng cht lng chuyn ng trong ng trn tng t l s

v
Re
v s le
2
0
v
p
Eu

bng nhau. Nhng theo iu kin ca bi ton, v vn

tc ca nc cho bit nn tiu chun tng t ch l s Re, cn s Eu l hm ca s Re.
Hay ni mt cch khc, v i lng c trng ca p sut p
0
khng cho trc nn c
th chn p
0
bng gi tr bt k. cho tin, ta chon p
0
= v
2
t iu kin s le
1
v
p
Eu
2
0

Do ta suy ra: Re
1
= Re
du
= Re
nc
= Re
2
2
2 2 2
1
1 1 1
p d v p d v

Suy ra:
2 , 24
p d
p d
v v
2 1 1
1 2 2
2 1

Vy, vn tc ca du v
1
= 24,2 m/s.
* Cu hi:
1. Cng thc tng qut th nguyn. Phng php tnh th nguyn.
2. nh ngha v tng t. Cc dng tng t ca hai hin tng thy kh
ng lc hc.
3. Cc tiu chun tng t.
4. Phng php m hnh ha tng phn.
- 106 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
CHNG XI
MY THU LC V TRM
11-1. KHI NIM CHUNG V MY THU LC
My thu lc l thit b dng trao i nng lng vi cht lng i qua n theo
cc nguyn l thu lc hc ni ring v c hc cht lng ni chung. V d: bm, dng
c nng ca ng c vn chuyn cht lng; tuabin nhn nng lng ca dng nc
bin thnh c nng ko cc my lm vicNgy nay my thu lc c dng ph
bin trong nhiu lnh vc sn xut cng nh sinh hot. C th ni hu nh khng mt
ngnh k thut no khng s dng my thu lc.
Vi nt v lch s my thu lc.
My thu lc th s c t thi c xa. Gung nc l loi my thu lc u
tin, li dng nng lng dng nc trn cc sng sui ko cc ci xay lng thc
hoc a nc vo knh ti rung, c dng Trung Quc, n khong 3000
nm trc y.
Trc th k 17, ni chung cc my cc my thu lc rt th s v t loi (ch
yu l cc loi gung nc v dng c n gin vn chuyn nc t thp ln
cao). Mi n th k 18 v sau ny mi c nhiu nh bc hc nghin cu mt cch
- 107 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
khoa hc v hnh dng v kt cu cu my thu lc v t v sau mi xut hin nhiu
loa phong ph.
Nm 1640 nh vt l hc ngi c Otto-Herich sng ch ra bm pittong u
tin bm kh v nc dng trong cng nghip. Nh bc hc nga Lmnsop
(1711-1765) l ngi u tin dng l lun c hc cht lng ci to kt cu gung
nc t ngn xa, nng cao hiu sut, cng sut ca gung dng trong sn xut
cng nghip thi by gi.
Trong nhng nm 1751-1754, Ole (1707-1783) vit v l thuyt c bn ca
tuabin nc ni ring v cc my thu lc cnh dn ni chung lm c s hn 50
nm sau, Phucnyrn (php) ch to thnh cng tuabin nc u tin 1831 v
Xablucot (Nga) sng ch ra bm ly tm u tin. Cng vi s ra ca my hi nc
cui th k 18 s pht minh ra tuabin nc v bm lytm u th k 19 l nhng
bc nhy ln trong lch s cc my nng lng.
V sau nhiu nh khoa hc ln Giucpki (1847-1921), Traplghin (1869-1942),
Prtskua sng to ra l thuyt v dng chy bao quanh h thng cnh dn, hon
chnh l thuyt v my thu lc cnh dn. c bit trong 50 nm gn y l thuyt v
thu kh ng lc pht trin rt mnh c nhiu thnh tu to ln v vic p dng nhng
thnh qu pht minh ny trong lnh vc my thu lc v cng phong ph.
Ngy nay my thu lc c nhiu loi vi nhiu kiu khc nhau c dng trong
mi lnh vc cng nghip. p ng yu cu nng lng ngy cng ln ca cng
nghip hin i ngi ta ch to c cc tuabin nc c ln c cng sut ti
500.000 KW hoc ln hn.Vic ng dng truyn ng thu lc ngy cng nhiu trong
ngnh ch to my gp phn nng cao cc ch tiu k thut, kinh t ca my mc v
nht l p ng mt phn yu cu t ng ho ngy cng cao trong k thut.
nc ta, t lu i nhn dn lao ng bit dng con ncci gi go, dng
sc nc phc v sn xut trong nng nghip, nhng di ch thng tr ca phong
kin quc, khoa hc k tht nc ta b km hm rt nhiu.
T cch mng thng 8 n nay khoa hc k thut nc ta pht trin mnh
m.Vic ch to v vic s dng my mc ngy cng nhiu trong cc lnh vc phc v
sn xut, chin u v sinh hot, trong c nhiu loi my thu lc. Hin nay trong
nc ta c nhiu nh my sn xut cc loi my thu lc thng dng nh cc loi
bm, tuabin nc. bc u phc v cng cuc thu li ho, c kh ho, in kh
ho ca t nc.
11-2. PHN LOI MY THU LC
Ta bit rng trong bt k mt dng cht lng chuyn ng no cng tim nng
mt nng lng nh nh; tc dng ca my thu lc l trao i (nhn hoc cho) nng
lng vi dng cht lng chuyn ng qua ko cc my lm vic hoc vn
chuyn cht lng.
- 108 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Theo tnh cht trao i nng lng vi cht lng my thu lc c chia lm
hai loi:
Loi my thu lc tip thu c nng ca dng chy cht lng ko cc my lm
vic khc c tc dng nh mt ng c gi l ng c thu lc (nh tuabin nc, cc
loi ng c thu lc trong my cng c)
Ngc li, loi my thu lc dng cho c nng cht lng, to nn p sut hoc
vn chuyn cht lng c gi l bm (nh cc loi bm, qut)
Trong k thut c nhng my thu lc khi th lm vic nh mt ng c, khi th
lm vic nh mt bm gi l my thu lc thun nghch.
Theo nguyn l tc dng ca my thu lc vi dng cht lng trong qu trnh lm
vic, ngi ta chia my thu lc thnh nhiu loi khc nhau, nhng ch yu c hai loi:
My thu lc cnh dn
My thu lc th tch.
Trong my thu lc cnh dn, vic trao i nng lng gia my vi cht lng
c thc hin bng nng lng thu ng ca dng cht lng chuyn ng qua my.
Dng chy qua my thu lc cnh dn l dng lin tc.Trn bnh cng tc c gn
nhiu bn cnh dn dng chy gi l cnh dn. Bin dng v gc b tr ca cnh
dn nh hng trc tip n cc thnh phn vn tc ca dng chy nn c ngha rt
quan trng trong vic trao i nng lng ca my vi dng chy. C th ni my thu
lc cnh dn dng cc cnh dn trao i nng lng vi cht lng.
Ni chung nng lng ca dng cht lng trao i vi my thu lc cnh dn
gm c hai thnh phn: ng nng
)
g 2
v
(
2
l ch yu v p nng
)
P
(

. Hai thnh phn

nng lng ny do nng lng thu ng ca dng chy qua my to nn, c lin quan
mt thit vi nhau.Trong qu trnh lm vic ca my, s bin i ng nng bao gi
cng ko theo s bin i p nng.
My thu lc cnh dn c tnh nng k thut cao, ch tiu kinh t tt v phm vi
s dng rng ri nn c dng rt ph bin.
My thu lc th tch thc hin trao i nng lng vi cht lng theo nguyn l
nn cht lng trong mt th tch kn di p sut tnh.
Nh vy nng lng trao i ca my thu lc th tch vi cht lng c thnh
phn ch yu l p nng
)
p
(

cn thnh phn ng nng(ca cc phn t cht lng

chuyn ng qua my ) khng ng k nn c khi cn gi my thu lc th tch l my
thu lc thu tnh. Loi my thu lc th tch c nhiu u im trong phm vi s dng
cn c p sut cao v lu lng nh c dng nhiu trong ngnh ch to my.
Ngoi ra cn c cc loi my thu lc khc khng thuc hai loi my trn lm
vic theo nhng nguyn l khc nhau nh bm phun tia, bm nc vaPhn ln cc
- 109 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
loi my thu lc ny c nng sut v tnh nng k thut thp so vi my thu lc cnh
dn v th tch, do phm vi s dng ca chng trong cng nghip b hn ch.
Trong k thut hin i, cc ngnh ch to my v t ng ho s dng nhiu
truyn ng thu lc. Truyn ng thu lc l t hp cc c cu thu lc (gm c my
thu lc) truyn c nng t b phn dn ng n cc b phn cng tc, trong c
th bin i vn tc, lc, momen v bin i dng hay quy lut chuyn ng.
Bng 10-1
Theo NNG LNG chnh
v
2
/2g p/g
Theo
ngha
TRAO
I
Cho NL
-Bm, qut, my thi ly tm
-Bm xoy t do
-Bm, qut hng trc
-Bm, my nn kh ptton
-Bm thu lc roto
-Bm mng
-Bm trc vt
Nhn NL
-Tuabin ly tm, TB hng
trc
-Tua bin kh
-xylanh thu lc tnh tin
-ng c thu lc quay
Cho v nhn -Truyn ng thu ng -Truyn ng thu tnh
Loi
khc
-Bm nc va, bm tia, thu lun
Theo nguyn l lm vic, truyn ng thu lc c chia lm hai loi:
Truyn ng thu ng,
Truyn ng thu tnh .
Trong truyn ng thu ng vic truyn c nng gia cc b phn my ch yu
c thc hin bng ng nng ca dng cht lng. Truyn ng thu ng c hai loi:
khp ni thu lc v bin tc thu lc, thng c dng nhiu trong ngnh c kh
ng lc v vn ti.
Cn trong truyn ng thu tnh vic truyn c nng gia cc b phn my ch
yu c thc hin bng p nng ca dng cht lng, thng dng cho cc my thu
lc th tch nn cn gi truyn ng thu tnh l truyn ng thu lc th tch.Truyn
ng thu tnh c rt nhiu dng khc nhau c dng ph bin trong cc ngnh ch
to my v cc h thng iu khin t ng.
hnh dung tng qut s phn loi cc my thu lc hy xem bng 11-1 phn
loi cc my thu lc km theo trong c ghi cc my thu lc v truyn ng thu
lc.
11-3. CC THNG S C BN MY THU LC
I. Ct p
- 110 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Ct p thc t ca my thu lc l chnh ct p (hay chnh nng lng
n v) trc khi vo my v sau khi ra khi my:
i vi bm: H
b
= H
r
- H
v
= e
r
- e
v
, (10-1)
i vi tua bin: H
t
=H
v
- H
r
= e
v
- e
r
. (10-1)
Ct p l thuyt: H
lt
= H/
H
(10-2)

H
hiu sut thu lc ca my, c trng cho tn tht do xoy v masat trong
my.
II. Lu lng
Lu lng thc qua ng y Q < Q
lt
v mt phn nh Q chy tr v li vo
bnh cng tc hoc r r ra ngoi. nh gi tn tht lu lng, ngi ta a vo h
s lu lng:

lt
Q
Q
Q

(10-3)
Tronng , Q
lt
lu lng l thuyt hay l lu lng tnh ton ca my.

Q
< 1 v ph thuc vo cht lng ca b phn lt kn (
Q
=0,95 0,98).
III. Cng sut:
L nng lng cht lng trao i vi my trong mt n v thi gian.
Cng sut thu lc l cng sut c ch ca bm hay l cng sut vo ca tua bin:
) kW (
1000
QH
N
tl

, (10-4)
vi: (N/m
3
), Q(m
3
/s), H(mH
2
O).
Cng sut trn trc bm hay l cng sut vo ca bm hay l cng sut ra ca tua
bin: N
t
= M , (10-5)
IV. Hiu sut:
nh gi tn tht nng lng trong qu trnh my trao i nng lng vi cht
lng:
t
tl
b
N
N


tl
t
tb
N
N

(10-6)
C ba loi tn tht nn c ba loi hiu sut: ct p, c kh v lu lng:
=
H

Q
. (10-7)
Trong
C
-l hiu sut c kh c trng cho cc tn tht ma st c kh trong
a bnh cng tc, trong cc vng lm kn.
Cng sut ng c ko bm: N
c
> N. Bn thng s ca bm va nu c lin
quan mt thit vi nhau, v trong k thut mi lin quan c biu din bng th,
gi l ng c tnh m ta s xem cc ti liu tham kho.
V. cao ht cho php.
- 111 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Vit phng trnh Becnuli cho 1 - 1 v v - v (hnh 10 -1):
wd
2
v v v
s
1
h
g 2
v p
h
p
+

a)
wd
2
v v v 1
s scp
h
g 2
v p p
] h [ h

(10-8)
ck
v 1
h
p p

- ct p ht ca bm

1
max s s
p
h h
Suy ra, nu p
1
= p
a
th h
smax
= 10m ct nc.
b) Khi bit h
ck
th tnh [h
s
] theo iu kin khng xy ra xm thc: (do bc hi ca
cht lng gy nn)
iu kin trnh xm thc:
h
p
g 2
v p
bh
2
v v v
+

p
bh
- p sut bo ho (l p sut m ti cht lng s si mt nhit nht
nh); h - ct p chng xm thc.
Mt khc, theo (10-3)
) h h
p
(
p
] h [
h h
p
g 2
v p
wh
bh s
s
wd s
s
2
v v v
+ +

Theo Rt nhp:
3
4
)
C
Q n
( 10 h
n(vng/ph) Q(m
3
/s) C = 800 1000
11- 4. TRM MY THU LC
S b tr trm my thu lc, v d tram bm nh H.10-1
Cch tnh ct p thc t. Bm bao gi cng lm vic trong h thng ng ng.
g 2
v v p p
) z z ( e e H
2
v
2
r v r
v r v r b

+

+
ck a v
d a r
v r
p p p
p p p
z z z

+

Suy ra
g 2
v v p p
z H
2
v
2
r ck d
b

+

+
+
Nu ng ht bng ng y
; v v
v r

nu z b qua

+

ck d
b
p p
H
- 112 -
C hc thy kh ng dng
Khi khng c cc s liu o dc ca bm ang lm vic (p
d
,p
ck,
...) m ch c cc
s liu yu cu ca h thng trong bm s lm vic (p
1
, p
2
, h...), th c th tnh H
b
nh sau:
Vit phng trnh Bc-nu-li cho 1-1 v v -v:
e
1
= e
v
+ h
wh

e
v
=e
1
- h
wh
Cho r - r v 2 - 2: e
r
= e
2
+ h
w
wh wd 1 2 v r b
h h e e e e H + +
V
2 2 2
H e e
:
w wd wh
h h h +
w 2 b
h H H +
(10-9)
Hnh 10-1: B tr trm bm
Nh vy ct p yu cu ca bm H
b
khc
phc: dng cao H
2
( chnh 2 mt thong) v
tn tht nng lng trong ng ht v ng y.
C th vit: H
b
= H
t
+ H

Kt cu cnh dn c nh hng quyt nh

n ct p bm H. (xem tp 2[6])
* Cu hi:
1. Khi nim v my thy lc v phn loi.
2. Cc cng thc tnh cc thng s c bn ca bm.
3. Cch xc nh ct p bm theo trm.
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C hc thy kh ng dng
TI LIU THAM KHO
1 Trn S Phit, V Duy Quang. Thu kh ng lc hc k thut.
Tp 1,2 NXB i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip-1979
2 Nguyn Hu Ch. C hc cht lng ng dng. Tp 1,2. NXB i
hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip-1973
3 Nguyn Hu Ch, Nguyn Hu Dy, Phng Vn Khng. Bi tp
c hc cht lng ng dng. Tp 1,2. NXB i hc v Trung hc
chuyn nghip-1979
4 Nguyn Hu Ch, . Mt nghn bi tp Thu kh ng lc hc
ng dng. Tp 1,2. NXB Gio dc-1998
5 V Duy Quang. Thu kh ng lc hc ng dng. . NXB Xy
dng, H Ni- 2006.
6 . . , . . , .. .
, . -
1976
7 .. , .. . . 1972
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