Axeflctcle Fs}xa}zxg4 Jwcmjloj _nausHaezs Exfssxaa}s Exazrs Ncdfok }nj Raic}cofi Mjhf}j;Ljjm gax Exfssxaa}s Iahhcle Mcsoiaszxj Xjvzcxj`jl}s
Dflzfx 8225
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fssaocf}cals ax zi}xfujfi}n clmcwcmzfis una nfwj ic}}ij cl oa``al uc}n }nj xjezifx F`jxcofls}nj fxj rxj}jlmcle }a xjrxjsjl},]fkj }nj Zlc}jm _jlcaxs Fssaocf}cal .Z_F#, ]ncs axeflctf}cal srjl} `ciicals }a }ci}Nazsj xfojs cl 8228 cl gfwax ag oflmcmf}js una szrrax}jm rxjsoxcr}cal mxze ijecsif}cal mjscxjm h }nj Rnfx`fojz}cofi Xjsjfxon @flzgfo}zxjxs ag F`jxcof .RnX@F#) }nj }xfmj fssaocf}cal gax
}nj hxflmlf`j rnfx`fojz}cofi clmzs}x, Cl 822?) }nj exazr xfl fl fmwjx}cscle of`rfcel }a rxa`a}j }nj ijecsif}cal, Z_F) uncon hciijm c}sjig fs nfwcle f ’6,: `ciical fo}cwcs}s lj}uaxk lf}calucmj)‐ xjrax}jm }a }nj CX_ }nf} c} xjojcwjm `axj }nfl -82 `ciical gxa` f scleij malax cl
ha}n 8228 flm 822?) fooazl}cle gax `axj }nfl 5: rjxojl} ag c}s xjwjlzj,]njsj exazrs fisa `fkj f rxfo}coj ag `csxjrxjsjl}cle unf} }nj sjjk }a fooa`ricsn, ]nj
_fwj Azx _rjocjs Fiicfloj) fl jl}c} }nf} sazen} }a ez} }nj Jlmflejxjm _rjocjs Fo}) cs f rfx}cozifxi Axujiicfl j~f`rij ag f exazr–s lf`j szeejs}cle }nj arrasc}j ag c}s }xzj eafis,Axeflctf}cals fxj ag}jl xjwjfijm fs gxal} exazrs cl rfx} h }njcx `fcicle fmmxjssjs, Gax cls}floj) Rxadjo} Rxa}jo}) uncon rzsnjm gax Rxjscmjl} Hzsn–s ’Njfi}n Gaxjs}s‐ clc}cf}cwj)xjrax}jm c}s xjscmjloj f} @fciha~js) J}o,) cl 822?, ]nj lj~} jfx) }nj exazr ’`awjm‐ }a }nj
aggcojs ag }nj F`jxcofl Gaxjs} Xjsazxoj Oazloci) f }xfmj fssaocf}cal sjjkcle clmzs}xgxcjlmiiflm zsj raicocjs,
Hfokjxs ag }njsj axeflctf}cals fisa ag}jl `fsk }njcx clwaiwj`jl} h xaz}cle `alj}nxazen a}njx oalmzc} lalrxagc} exazrs, Cl }ua j~f`rijs oc}jm hjiau) `alj gxa` srjocficl}jxjs} axeflctf}cals ufs gzlljijm }nxazen }nj hflk fooazl} ag f scleij lalrxagc}) F`jxcoflsgax ]f~ Xjgax` .F]X#) al c}s uf }a a}njx exazrs, F]X skc``jm agg }jls ag }nazsflms ag maiifxs ag }nf} `alj cl unf} f`azl}jm }a f
mj gfo}a
sjxwcoj gjj, Alj ag }nj xjif}calsncrs cluncon F]X fo}jm fs f oalmzc} ufs oaaxmclf}jm h lauoalwco}jm iahhcs} Dfok Fhxf`agg,Fla}njx }xazhicle }xjlm }nf} nfs j`jxejm cl xjojl} jfxs cs }nj rxfo}coj ag ifu`fkjxsuaxkcle cl oaldzlo}cal uc}n gxal} exazrs
hjofzsj }nj `csijfmcle lf`js ag }nj exazrs njirs }a
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]nj Ljjm gax Exfssxaa}s Iahhcle Mcsoiaszxj Xjvzcxj`jl}s
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saxji ljjmjm mcsoiaszxj xjvzcxj`jl} fs rfx} ag c}s iahhcle flm j}ncos xjgax` rxarasfi) _, 6, Fsc`cifx hcii oal}fclcle }ncs rxawcscal rfssjm }nj _jlf}j ifs} jfx, ]nj Nazsj ucii oalscmjx }nj`f}}jx fs rfx} ag c}s rfokfej ag ijecsif}cwj onflejs rxjsjl}jm sa`j}c`j cl Dflzfx 8225,Uncij sa`j gaxrxagc} iahhcle exazrs fxj ahdjo}cle }a }ncs lju mcsoiaszxj xjvzcxj`jl})
}njcx oalojxls fxj ickji exazlmjm cl gclflocfi sjigcl}jxjs} xf}njx }nfl }nj rzhico cl}jxjs}, ]nj rxawcscal cl }nj _jlf}j hcii cs wjx lfxxaui mxful, C} xjvzcxjs mcsoiaszxj ali unjl fl jl}c}srjlms f ifxej f`azl} ag `alj ‟ `axj }nfl -8:)222 awjx f }nxjj`al}n rjxcam ‟ }a xfii }nj rzhico }a zxej Oalexjss }a fo} al f rjlmcle hcii,
]nj `jfszxj majs la} cl fl uf xjs}xco} iahhcle fo}cwc}cjs h clmcwcmzfis ax exazrs,
]nj hcii j~oizmjs clmcwcmzfis flm exazrs }nf} fxj lau j~j`r} gxa` iahhcle xjecs}xf}calflm xjrax}cle xjvzcxj`jl}s, C} uazim xjvzcxj iahhcle gcx`s }a xjrax} ’eaam gfc}n‐ js}c`f}js ag }nj f`azl} srjl} al exfssxaa}s iahhcle of`rfcels cg j~rjlmc}zxjs al szon of`rfcels j~ojjm-8:)222 rjx vzfx}jx, C} uazim fisa xjvzcxj az}scmj wjlmaxs ncxjm }a oalmzo} }njsj of`rfcels }ac}j`ctj nau }nj srjl} }nj `alj, Fl srjlmcle al exfssxaa}s frrjfis }a fl axeflctf}cal–s`j`hjxs majs la} oazl} }aufxms }nj -8:)222 rjxvzfx}jx xjrax}cle }nxjsnaim,8
68 J~f`rijs ag Fs}xa}zxg Exazrs ]nf} IjmXjojl} Gfkj ’Exfssxaa}s‐ Iahhcle Of`rfcels
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6, 86s} Ojl}zx Jljxe Rxadjo} .Jljxe#
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Ljusujjk
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Organizing Astroturf: Evidence ShowsBogus Grassroots Groups Hijack the Political Debate;Need for Grassroots Lobbying Disclosure Requirements
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