PRAKTIKAL 5: AMMONIA, ASID SULFURIK DAN ASID NITRIK Tujuan: Menyediakan baja ammonia sulfat Theoretical Knowledge: Ammonia

is produced industrially by the Haber-Bosch process which involves the catalytic reduction of nitrogen by hydrogen at temperatures of 450-500 C and pressures of 35-40 MPa.

Sulfuric acid (sulphuric acid in British English) is a strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is one of the top products of the chemical industry. Nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and toxic strong acid. Colorless when pure, older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to the accumulation of oxides of nitrogen. If the solution contains more than 86% nitric acid, it is referred to as fuming nitric acid. Fuming nitric acid is characterized as white fuming nitric acid and red fuming nitric acid, depending on the amount of nitrogen dioxide present. At concentrations above 95% at room temperature, nitric acid tends to rapidly develop a yellow color due to decomposition. Nitric acid is also commonly used as a strong oxidizing agent. Problem statement: Do the ammonium salt fertilizers can be prepared by neutralization of ammonia with different acids? Hypothesis: Ammonium fertilizers can be prepared by reactions between ammonia solution and acids.

Materials and Apparatus: Larutan Ammonia (2M), asid sulfuric cair (1M), bikar, rod kaca, penunu Bunsen, tungku kaki tiga, kasa dawai, corong penuras dan kertas turas.

Procedures: 1. 30 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid is poured into a beaker. 2. The ammonia solution is added little by little into a beaker while the solution is stirred. 3. When the solution smells amniotic, the ammonia solution is not added any more. 4. The solution is heated until becomes 1/3 of the original volume. 5. The solution is cooled in a mixture of ice and water. The salt crystals produced are filtered using filter funnel and filter paper.

Results: Clear crystal filtrate is produced. Discussion: The ammonium salt is produced by a neutralization process, by reacting the ammonium hydroxide with dilute sulphuric acid. The amount of ammonia added into the sulphuric acid is enough when the amniotic smell produced. Then, this process continued by heat while string the mixture unil the solution becomes 1/3 of the original volume. To obtain the salt, the filtration process should be done after the solution is cooled. Conclusion: Plants require nitrogen to produce protein. Nitrogen is absorbed by plants in the form of nitrates, NO3- which are soluble in water. Ammonia which can be used to produced fertilizers is chemical fertilizers added to the soil to replace the elements in soiled used up by plants.

Precautions: 1. Do not smell directly to the solution. 2. Handle the apparatus properly to avoid broken or accident. 3. Make sure that wear gloves when use sulphuric acid because concentrated sulphuric acid is corrosive. 4. Do not inhale ammonia gas.

Questions: 1) Write a balance equation to represent the formation of ammonium sulphate in this experiment. H2SO4 (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (aq)

2) How the addition of ammonium sulphate does affect the pH of the soil? Ammonium sulphate is used in agricultur spray adjuvant for water soluble insecticides , herbicides and fungicides. There it functions to bind iron and calcium cations that are present in both well water and plants cell. It is particulary effective as an adjuvant for 2,4-D (amine), glyphosate and glufosinate herbicides

3) Besides fertilizers, ammonium sulphate is also used as an agriculture spray adjuvant for water soluble pesticides. Explain the function of ammonium sulphate in this area. Mencantum kat-ion kalsium dan ferum yang hadir dalam air dan sel pokok.

4) Give three examples of natural fertilizers which are used in farming Chicken litter, worm casting, and cow dung. 5) Name three examples of synthetic fertilizers which are used in agriculture. Ammonium phosphate fertilizer, nitrogen-based fertilizer, and nitric acid fertilizer. 6) Write a chemical equations to represent the formation of: a. Ammonium phosphate 3NH3 + H3PO4 b. Ammonium nitrate NH3 + HNO3 c. Ammonium sulphate NH4NO3 (NH4)3PO4

2NH3 + H2SO4 d. Urea 2NH3 + CO2

(NH4)2SO4

(NH2)2CO + H2O

7) Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in 1 mole of the above fertilizers.[R.A.M: H,1; C,12; N,14; O,16; P,31; S,32] Percentage of nitrogen in ammonium phosphate:

Percentage of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate:

Percentage of nitrogen in ammonium sulphate:

Percentage of nitrogen in urea:

8) Which of the fertilizer is the most suitable for the growth of plants? Explain your answer. Urea because ureas contain a large percentage of nitrogen that is mostly needed for plants in growth. Lack of nitrogen in plant may stunt it growth.

REFERENCES Bah Hock Guan, Tor Siong Hoon (2008). Matriculation Chemistry 1. Kuala Lumpur Oriental Academic Publication. Charlie Lok, Nalini B, Lee Soon Ching (2008). Ace Head Chemistry STPM Volume 1 Selangor Darul Ehsan. Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd. Choong Choe Hin (2003). Ekplorasi Kimia KBSM Tingkatan 5. Selangor Darul Ehsan. Fajar Bakti Sdn.Bhd. Chook Jack Bee, Mary Khoo (2006). Chemistry The Essential Study Guide Form 4 Selangor Darul Ehsan. Federal Publications Sdn. Bhd. Kho Chin He,(1998). Pendekatan Komprehensif Kimia Organik STPM. Selangor Darul Ehsan.Federal Publications Sdn.Bhd. Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng Nguan Hong (2005). Chemistry Academic Notes Form 4, Pulau Pinang, Abadi Ilmu Sdn Bhd.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/36002708/8/PREPARATION-OF-AMMONIAFERTILISER Accessed on 7 August 2011. http://en.allexperts.com/q/Fertilizer-717/fertilizer-14.htm Accessed on 7 August 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ammonium-salt Accessed on 12 August 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_sulfate Accessed on 15 August 2011. http://chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/inorganic/ammonium%20nitrate.htm Accessed on 19 August 2011.