Acknowledgement: Academic Research Work 1

Academic Research Work 1 CHILD LABOR
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank ALMIGHTY ALLAH, for granting us the courage to accomplish this report, and special thanks to Ms Zainab Rehman, Saleem Naz (Megazine Editor Nawaie-Waqat), Sajid Mehmood & Irfan Shah (PTV Regional Office Multan), Jamshed Ansari (Geo TV, regional Office Multan) and resources that helped us in completion of this report.The process for working on this report was very interesting. We gathered useful and important information about the causes of the child labor. We are also thankful to those who provide us their precious time and filling questionnaire forms and thus help us in conducting this research report.
Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan
DEDICATION
We dedicate this to our Beloved Parents for all their love & attention which made it possible for us to make this research work and as well as our subject teacher Ms Zainab Rehman, who bestowed us with the courage, the commitment and the awareness to follow the best possible route, by her unmatchable style and by best possible training.
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this project namely CHILD LABOR is completely developed entirely on the basis of our personal effort, made under the guidance of our project supervisor Ms Zainab Rehman.
No portion of this work presented in this dissertation has been submitted in support of any application for any other course of any other degree, program or qualification of this or any other university or institute of learning.
It is further stated that whole document is as the partial fulfillment for the BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS course in MBA Program. We understand and transfer the copyright for this material to the Institute of management sciences, BZU (City campus) Multan.
Faheem Zeeshan ___________ Rana Usman Usman Amin Zeeshan Ali ___________ ___________ ___________
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The project is about a very controversial issue child labor. The report talks about world-wide problem of child labor and how different countries are exploiting children by making them work for longer hours and gaining benefit more out of it. Child labor is a multi-dimensional issue and the organizations involved in condemning it have their own perspectives, objectives and interests. With no intentions of demystifying this complex, one would focus on the difference between child labor and child work, and possible consequences of deliberate or unapprised exercise of the two terms interchangeably. Child labor reflects the violation of child rights leading to exploitation and deprivations of all kinds. Child work reflects social inequity and insecurity, dearth of social safety networks, magnitude of poverty, paucity of opportunities for health and education, and financial independence. The report also states the reasons behind child labor like a very common reason is poverty and lack of education. It further talks about different ways to stop this problem. In the end the report is concluded that child labor is a curse and it should be finished from its root to make this world a happy place to live.
PREFACE
Seeking Knowledge has been the desire of human beings, which is gifted by Allah to his Caliph on earth. The assigned project was a great opportunity for us to understand the problems faced by the poor children. We managed to gather the information from various sources. This project has helped us a lot in understanding that what things to be considered while conducting research. It would help the readers to understand the basic approaches followed in the selected project and will be a source of guideline for the coming students.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
What are the forces which enforce child to do work behind the economy?
1. Research Design:
Research design is a step by step process. It provides the basis for testimony. The need of the research itself determines the methodology and the design of the research. Detail Study Include: Purpose of the study Types of investigations Study settings Unit of data analysis Method of sampling
Purpose of the Study Our purpose of study is Hypothesis testing because in this research we test our hypothetical statement. Types of Investigations Our type of investigation is co-relational because we find the important variables or factors that contribute their part in percentage increase in labor child. Study Settings Nature of our research is of non-contrived because we do our research in natural environment and not in artificial environment that is not in labs. Unit of Data Analysis In our research unit of analysis is population because in this research, questionnaire is filled by general public& related organizations that are the part of society. Methods of Sampling We used simple random sampling technique for gathering data for our research. Data Collection For the purpose of study we used secondary data as well as primary data. We collected primary data through questionnaire and secondary data by gathering information from different industries, NGOs, child protection bureau, literature review & by visiting different professionals of different fields.
2. Research Methodology:
Methodology refers to how part of research mean to say how we do research. It is basically the frame work of data collection. In this study, the data is collected from primary source e.g. surveys in order to perform the analysis to prove our hypothesis. The data is collected with the help of questionnaires.
3. Problem Identification:
The fight against child labor is a real challenge for every society, country & region. It is worth taking up the challenge; what is at stake is the future of young people and hence of society itself. We should all strive to solve this problem to make this world a better place to live.
4. Sampling
a. Sample Frame:
Sampling frame is actually the collection of all the units from which we have to pick the sample. Each unit of the sample frame is called sampling unit. In our study the sample frame includes: General public belongs to any field. Whose qualification is minimum above matric. Who are physically present in Punjab. Persons who are mentally fit.
b. Sample Size:
Sample size is the number of individuals from whom we collect data, or it is the total number of respondents. In our study we have taken a sample of 100 individuals.
c. Sampling Method: The sampling method we are using in our study is non-probabilistic sampling. As we are choosing our respondent on the basis of judgment and not on the basis of their probability, therefore our sampling method is non-probabilistic sampling. d. Sampling Technique: As we are selecting the respondents on the basis of our judgment, therefore our sampling technique is judgment sampling. e. Survey Method: The data for the analysis of this study is collected through primary source; therefore the survey used in this study is personal interview using questionnaire.
HYPOTHESIS & RELEVANT MEASURES
5. Identification of Variables:
A variable is anything that can on differing or varying values. Following are the types of variable that we identified in our research: 1. Dependent variable 2. Independent variable 3. Moderating variable 4. Intervening variable
6. Dependent Variable:
Dependent variable is the variable of primary interest to the researcher. In other words it is the main variable that lends itself for investigation as a viable factor. In this research report dependent variable is CHILD LABOR ENFORCED BY ECONOMY. It is due to because our whole research is moving on the basis of this variable. So dependent variable is: child labor enforced by economy
7. Independent Variable:
An independent variable is one that influences the dependent variable in either a positive or negative way. With each unit of increase in independent variable, there is an increase or decrease in dependent variable also. So in our research poverty, literacy rate and unemployment is the independent variables. These factors influence the dependent variable either in a positive way or in a negative way depending on situation.
8. Moderating Variable:
Moderating variable is one that has a strong contingent effect on the independent variabledependent variable relationship. Cost of child labor is the moderating variable in our research. It is due to because it is low cost incurred on child labor and get huge work from them.
9. Intervening Variable:
Intervening variable is Profitability. The theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research project is based. It is a logically developed, described and elaborated network of association among the variable deemed relevant to the problem situation. Few basic features of the theoretical framework have been discussed now: 1. Identification and labeling of variables:
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Child Labor Enforced By Economy
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: Poverty
Literacy Rate
Unemployment
MODERATING VARIABLE
Cost of child labor
INTERVENING VARIABLE
Profitability
Relationship between Variables:
Poverty
Literacy Rate
Unemployment Cost of child labor
Profitability
Child Labor Enforced By Economy
10.Inter-related Variables & their effects:

Child Labor enforce by Economy is a dependent variable, which is effected by the independent variables i.e. poverty, literacy rate & unemployment. It also includes moderating variable known as cost of child labor which may affect the relationship between dependent & independent variables. It also includes an intervening variable which is profitability which might have some effect that could not be exactly measured.
11.Development Of Hypotheses:
A hypothesis is a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of testable statement. Relationships are conjectured on the basis of the network o associations established in the theoretical framework formulated for the research study.
NULL HYPOTHESIS:
child labor not enforced by the economy is our null hypothesis.
ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS:
child labor is enforced by the economy is our alternate hypothesis.
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE:
0.05 is our level of significance
12.Chi-square test:
The chi-square test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories. Do the numbers of individuals or objects that fall in each category differ significantly from the number you would expect? Is this difference between the expected and observed due to sampling error, or is it a real difference? Chi-Square Test Requirements 1. Quantitative data. 2. One or more categories. 3. Independent observations. 4. Adequate sample size (at least 10). 5. Simple random sample. 6. Data in frequency form. 7. All observations must be used.
13. CALCULATION:
Chi Square Testing
Factors
Observation (O)
Estimation (E)
(OE)
(OE)
(OE)
E
2
Child labor Economical change
60
50
10
100
40
50
-10
100
Total
100
100
200
Here O is the Observed Frequency in each category E is the Expected Frequency in the corresponding category X2 is Chi Square.
Value not lies inside the region
3.841
According to the chi square table:
SCORE IS: Value of from Chi Square table is 3.841. RESULT: Since our calculated value lies outside of critical region therefore we reject null hypothesis and accept alternate hypothesis.
DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT
14. Threats to Validity:

Respondents may not give us the exact information in the questionnaire due to the lack of interest. Due to controversial topic respondent may provided the biased information. Due to the access of NGOs it is difficult to visit and get information from all related NGOs or institutions.
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF QUESTION
Which social evil are children most vulnerable to in Child Labor?
9 25 21 17 28
Other Various Disases Violence / Crime Sexual Abuse Drugs
10
15
20
25
30
H0 = There is no variation in variables which children most vulnerable to HA = There is variation in variables which children most vulnerable to

Variables Drugs Sexual Abuse Violence / Crime Various Diseases Other TOTAL Observed Frequencies ( O )
28 17
Expected Frequencies ( E )
20 20
(O-E) 8 -3 1 5 -11 0
( O -E )^2 64 9 1 25 121 220
( O -E )^2 / E
3.2 0.45
21
20
0.05
25
20
1.25
9 100
20 100
6.05 11
Level of Significance = 0.05 Degree of freedom = n-1= 4 Critical Value = 9.49 Chi Square Value = 11
9.49
11
RESULT: Since our calculated value lies outside of critical region therefore we reject null hypothesis and accept alternate hypothesis. Hence
If Child Labor is completely abolished in developing countries then the economy of such countries will ?
11, 11%
22, 22% Rise Fall No Affect
67, 67%
H0 = There is no variation in variables of child labor & economy when Child Labor is abolished. HA = There is variation in variables of child labor & economy
Variables Rise Fall No Affect TOTAL
Observed Frequencies (O)

22 67
33.333 33.333
(O-E) -11.33 33.67 22.33 0
( O -E )^2 128.437 1133.47 498.808 1760.711
( O -E )^2 / E
3.853145201 34.00434671
11
33.334
14.9639274
100
100
52.82141932
Level of Significance = 0.05 Degree of freedom = n-1= 2 Critical Value = 5.99 Chi Square Value = 52.82
5.99
52.82
RESULTS: Since our calculated value lies outside of critical region therefore we reject null hypothesis and accept alternate hypothesis.
In which sector Child Labor is mostly found?
8%
3%
Automobile Industry Agriculture
23%
48%
Textile Leather Industry
18%
Other
H0 = There is no variation in variables of child labor & industry HA = There is variation in variables of child labor & industry
Variables Automobile Agriculture Textile
Observed Frequencies ( O )
48 18
20 20
(O-E) 28 -2 3
( O -E )^2 784 4 9
( O -E )^2 / E
39.2 0.2
23
20
0.45
Leather
20
-12
144
7.2
Other TOTAL
3 100
20 100
-17 0
289 1230
14.45
61.5
Level of Significance = 0.05 Degree of freedom = n-1= 4 Critical Value = 9.49 Chi Square Value = 61.5
9.49
61.5
RESULTS: Since our calculated value lies outside of critical region therefore we reject null hypothesis and accept alternate hypothesis
In which province of Pakistan does Child Labor exists the most?
15% 30% 15%
Sindh Punjab Baluchistan NWFP
40%
H0 = There is no variation in variables of child labor in province of Pakistan HA = There is variation in variables of child labor in province of Pakistan
Level of Significance = 0.05 Degree of freedom = n-1= 3 Critical Value = 7.82 Chi Square Value = 18
Variables Sindh Punjab Baluchistan
Observed Frequencies ( O )
30
25
(O-E) 5 15 -10
( O -E )^2 25 225 100
( O -E )^2 / E
1
40
25
15
25
NWFP
15
25
-10
100
TOTAL
100
100
450
18
7.82
18
RESULTS: Since our calculated value lies outside of critical region therefore we reject null hypothesis and accept alternate hypothesis.
LITERATURE REVIEW
15. Literature Review:

God has given human beings the boon of wisdom and discretion to think upon the signs of the universe and to draw conclusions. That is the reason why they disclose the hidden facts of it and its structure and have made remarkable progress in many walks of life. Children are the flowers of heaven. They are the most beautiful and purest creation of God. They are innocent both inwardly and outwardly. No doubt, they are the beauty of this world. Early in the morning when the children put on different kinds of clothes and begin to go to schools for the sake of knowledge, we feel a specific kind of joy through their innocence. But there are also other children, those who cannot go to schools due to financial problems, they only watch others go to schools and can merely wish to seek knowledge. It is due to many hindrances and difficulties; desperate conditions that they face in life. Having been forced to kill their aspirations, dreams and other wishes, they are pressed to earn a living for themselves and for their families. It is also a fact that there are many children who play a key role in sustaining the economically life of their family without which, their families would not be able to make ends meet. These are also part of our society who has forgotten the pleasures of their childhood. Child labor is the employment of children at regular and sustained labor. This practice is considered exploitative by many countries and international organizations. Child labor was utilized to varying extents through most of history, but entered public dispute with the beginning of universal schooling, with changes in working conditions during industrialization, and with the emergence of the concepts of workers' and children's rights. Child labor is still common in some places where the school leaving age is lower. Child labor is common in some parts of the world, and can be factory work, mining, prostitution, quarrying, agriculture, helping in the parents business, having one's own small business (for example selling food), or doing odd jobs. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants (where they may also work as waiters). Other children are forced to do tedious and repetitive jobs such as: assembling boxes, polishing shoes, stocking a store's products, or cleaning. However, rather than in factories and sweatshops, most child labor occurs in the informal sector, "selling many things on the streets, at work in agriculture or hidden away in houses far from the reach of official labor inspectors and from media scrutiny." And all the work that they did was done in all types of weather; and was also done for minimal pay. According to UNICEF, there is an estimated 250 million children aged 5 to 14 in child labor worldwide, excluding child domestic labor. The most widely rejected forms of child labor include the military use of children as well as child prostitution.
16. Defining Child Labor:
On June 17, 1999, the international labor conference at its 87th session in Geneva unanimously adopted the worst forms of child labor convention, which can be considered a breakthrough in the global campaign against child labor. The convention contains a total of 16 articles. It applies to all the persons under the age of 18 years (Article 2). The basic obligation of ratifying states is to take measures to prohibit and immediately eliminate the worst forms of child labor as defined in the convention.
1. Article Review Regarding Child Labor:

Written By: Amin Ahmed July 14, 2008 Monday Reference: Dawn Newspaper
Pakistan Lacks Adequate System Of Child Labor Statistics Pakistan still lacks an adequate national system of child labor statistics which could provide reliable quantitative information on the number of working children. The statistical programme should also provide baseline information on the reference child population engaged in what Convention No. 138 terms work or employment, of which child labor is a subset. Information of child labor in the so- called unconditional worst forms is an especially important and challenging component of a national statistical programme on child labor. Child labor is widely recognized as a major hindrance to achieve the Education for All (EFA) goals. Incidence of childrens work also declined during that period. The ILOs most recent global report on child labor emphasized the important contribution that action against child labor can make to the Education For All process. Children living in rural areas attend school less than their urban counterparts regardless of their working status. Child labor not only represents a severe obstacle to school attendance, it also interferes with the educational performance of children who combine school and work. Street children, child beggars, child porters, child rag- pickers, child scavengers and child domestic workers are the worst forms of child labor and require governments plan of action to curb them.
Written By: MUHAMMAD ALY BALAGAMWALA July 16, 2007 Monday Children: Laborers Of Necessity Millions of children in developing countries (and even in developed countries) are forced to work in order to support their families. Reliable child labor statistics are scant due to the reluctance of many governments to acknowledge the problem. The International Labor Organization (ILO) and the United Nations Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF) estimate the total number of child workers to be between 200 and 250 million, 95 percent of which are in developing countries. What exactly is Child Labor? Child Labor is the natural outcome of extenuating circumstances, which evolved when the compelling forces of abject poverty, burgeoning population, and non-existent facilities of health, education and welfare, exploited the deprived and disadvantaged populace." Many organizations and governments round the world actively campaign for the abolishment of Child Labor. The fate of children banned from Bangladeshs garment industry four years ago is a case in point. Deprived of much needed income, most of the children were forced to take on harmful, less well-paid work, including prostitution." Not Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan
Academic Research Work 26 CHILD LABOR surprisingly most children work to support their families. A child laborers mother says, "No parent wants to see their child work; it is because of economic pressure and poor standards of education." For most children, this work is just a form of apprenticeship. Child Labor as long as it is voluntary and the working conditions are good is not bad. Even the child laborers themselves agree.
Written By: Ali Arif Feb: 27, Tuesday, 2007 Organized child abuse in south Punjab The place called Munda Khana or child prostitutes den housed such 10 to 15 child sex workers who had to sleep with their customers. The master of the den namely Dushman would charge Rs50 from each customer and give Rs25 to the child as wages. After a week, another Munda Khana adopted Yasir. Every child sex worker has to retire from the occupation after attaining puberty, says Yasir, now 16-year-old who begs and sleeps on roads. Presently, over 50 child sex houses are functioning in the city where nearly 500 children are at service. Child abuse at a commercial level is not only done in DG Khan but in other nearby towns like Taunsa and Kotaddu. Some hotels in Multan provide child sex workers on demand. Multan District Police Officer Munir Chishti said sodomy was very rare in his district. Multan District Coordination Officer Mukhtar Babar admitted that child abuse had reached an alarming level in southern districts, adding that the Punjab government was also paying attention to the problem. Dera Social Welfare District Officer Ghulam Abbas Dasti said a childrens home was being set up and another centre sheltering children, Nigehbaan, would set up at a cost of Rs198 million. Written By: John Mollica October 2008 Investigating Child Slave Labor Although our modern American society respects the rights of children through various labor laws, Child Slave Labor is still ever more present in our world today. As Dan Mcdougall reports in his article for The Observer, innocent children are forced to work in rough conditions and long hours to produce clothing for Gap Kids: Through this description, Mcdougall uncovers the distinct reality that is child slave labor by exposing the personal story of Amitosh, a child slave working at a Gap Kids factory located in New Delhi, India. Despite Gaps efforts in 2004 to abolish all child slave labor producing factories making clothing for their various chains, abusive subcontractors who continue to try and lower their cost of production to meet the strong demands for cheap clothing from the west still
Academic Research Work 27 CHILD LABOR use cheap child slave labor. The International Labor Organization, part of the UN, estimates 284,000 child laborers work on cocoa farms [in the Ivory Coast]... Americans have already responded negatively after learning of the prominent child labor force in the cocoa farming industry. Various lawsuits have been filed against chocolate companies that import their cocoa from the Ivory Coast such as Nestl. With a workforce of about 284,000 child slaves, many of which were tricked into working on these cocoa farms, the pro-active lawsuits against such companies were much needed. There although the demand of cheap labor in China is a major stimulus to their economy, the Chinese government has taken action towards breaking up labor rings which mainly utilize the work of forced child slave labor. In The New York Times, David Barboza reports the efforts of the Chinese government in breaking up a child labor ring that forced children from poor, inland areas to work in booming coastal cities, acknowledging that severe labor abuses extended into the heart of its export economy (Barboza). (Barboza) The cruel and unjust reality of child slave labor can be seen in various industries which are producers of goods that are sold in stores across the United States including the clothing industry, the cocoa harvesting agricultural industry as well as the toy manufacturing industry. Although many steps have already been taken to not only improve the working conditions and labor laws for children in these industries, but also to rescue abducted children who were forced into labor; much more still needs to be done in order to ensure that every product sold by companies in the United States is not produced by the hands of an innocent child slave laborer.
Written By: Amin Ahmed June 12, 2007 Tuesday Child labor in Pakistan continues to rise As the World Day against Child Labor on Tuesday focuses on the elimination of child labour in agriculture, the volume of child labor in Pakistan continues to rise; whereas globally some 70 per cent of child labor is found in agriculture; many of them engaged in forced and hazardous activities. Male child laborers outnumbered female child labourers in both urban and rural areas, while the contribution of rural areas in child labour was about eight times higher than that of urban areas. Among male employed children elementary (unskilled) occupations were the most prevalent. Craft and related trade activities are ranked second and absorb about 19 per cent of male working children. Male child labour is more educated than female.
Academic Research Work 28 CHILD LABOR Written By: S. L. Bachman July, 2000 The Political Economy of Child Labor and Its mpacts on International Business. RIGHT OR WRONG, PERCEPTIONS THAT GLOBALIZATION LEADS TO EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN ARE BECOMING AN IMPORTANT PROBLEM FOR INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS. Child labor is linked to global business directly and, more commonly, indirectly. Critics blame increased trade and financial flows for increased child labor, and those criticisms have undermined the legitimacy of further trade and financial liberalization. Companies-including multinationals such as Nike, Wal-Mart, Ikea and the Brazilian subsidiaries of U.S. and European automobile manufacturers--have responded with a range of initiatives. Unless business responses alleviate the worst forms of child labor, the legitimacy of continued trade and financial liberalization will continue to be undermined by perceptions that liberalization disproportionately hurts children, especially child workers. Children have worked for as long as families have needed all hands to pitch in. Beyond defining work as a means of survival, however, defining what work is appropriate for children and what (if anything) to do about inappropriate work involves more complex judgments--especially for firms doing business in the global economy. The International Labor Organization estimates that around the world 250 million children between the ages of five and fourteen work, about 120 million of them fulltime. [1] Some of these children work in factories and other workplaces in the formal economy, but the vast majority work in informal enterprises, agriculture and in homes. International firms are part of this economy not only if they hire children, but also if they buy goods or services from children or from companies that make such purchases. International business has come under increased pressure from social activists, trade unions and others to help find new solutions to end exploitative work for children and to help them get the education and training they need to become productive adults. Companies in the spotlight include respected multi-national corporations as well as many other lesser-known businesses. Child labor has been a concern of the formal, industrial economy since the beginning of the Industrial Age. By the end of World War II, however, most developed countries had passed laws against child labor, at least in industry. Child labor had declined in developed countries in any case, due to a combination of several factors. These include the increasing sophistication of technology in the workplace (reducing the demand for low-skilled workers), greater productivity and consequently higher wages (reducing the need to send children to work instead of school) and higher school attendance (reducing the supply of child labor). Child labor re-emerged as a public concern in the 1980s and 1990s. This time, worry was expressed across a broad spectrum of opinion--from United Nations agencies, to nongovernmental organizations, educators, social workers, trade unions, cause-driven investors, and the news media--that "globalization" was increasing the incidence of child labor. This time, "child labor" meant more than only children in industry. "Child labor" is now understood to mean children working in both the formal and informal economic sectors, in legal work and illegal occupations such as bonded labor, slavery, soldiering, and prostitution. That poses a new question: What kind of "child labor" should be of concern to international business?
Academic Research Work 29 CHILD LABOR From the disparate groups mentioned above has emerged a global campaign to eradicate child labor. One of the best-known parts of this campaign involves an effort to ban from international trade goods made by children. This linkage between child labor and trade makes child labor at least an indirect concern for many businesses. Even if firms do not themselves employ children, they operate within a global system of commerce, manufacturing, procurement and trade that--in part--does. The balance of this paper explores the business economics of child labor in four parts. The first part outlines three dimensions of business links--direct and indirect--to child labor. The second part discusses the basic question that must be answered before any further discussion begins: What is child labor? Defining the difference between all child work and "child labor" is key to any assessment of the scope of the problem as well as appropriate responses. The paper then discusses the basic economics of child labor and some of the ways in which economic theory fails to account for the actual political economy of child labor. The next section presents examples of industries and firms that have been accused of using, or benefiting from, child labor, and how some have responded to the criticism. This section will draw from the previous discussions to assess trade and child labor. A conclusion will sum up lessons about international business and child labor. International Business and Child Labor: Three Dimensions Business' role in the economy of child labor has at least three dimensions, both in the formal and informal economic sectors. The three dimensions are: DIRECT: A firm or enterprise employs children directly. As mentioned, the majority of direct employment is in the informal sector, where children take part in performing services, small-scale manufacturing, various agricultural occupations and work in the home. Many of these children are "hidden" workers, because they only work in their homes and thus do not show up in formal labor force statistics. Although many of these children are working under family supervision, full-time home work can bar a child from attending school; and many home-based activities can be as hazardous as work performed outside the home. In the formal sector, when children are employed, it is usually in businesses featuring fierce competition among producers, low barriers to entry, and labor-intensive work for relatively low-skill labor requirements. Examples are the garment and shoe industries. Also in this category are occupations (e.g. diamond-cutting in Surat, India) in which children are trained in a skill from an early age. Direct employment also encompasses plantation agriculture producing such raw products as coffee, tea and sisal. Although plantation agriculture differs from the other examples because of its organization and relative capital intensity, several factors still discourage parents from sending their children to school instead of bringing them to work. These include traditional patterns of employment and payment; lax enforcement of labor laws allows the hiring of children; and the lack, inadequacy, and expense of schools and child care. It should be noted that some international firms hire children directly, and the products of these children's work is used by other companies in developed countries, as will be explained in the definition of the next dimension of business' relationships to child labor.
Academic Research Work 30 CHILD LABOR INDIRECT: Goods and services produced by children are purchased from other firms. This dimension is increasing as formal sector firms purchase goods and services made by informal sector firms or enterprises, goods made in traditional home settings, and goods made by enterprises that have themselves outsourced production to home workers. In some cases, firms have been initially unaware that such production has a child-labor component. Examples of companies that have discovered inter-firm connections to child labor include importers who sell hand-made rugs from India, Pakistan and Nepal; marketers of soccer balls (Nike, Reebok, Adidas); sellers of coffee picked by children (Peet's, Starbucks); and Brazilian automobile manufacturers (General Motors, Ford, Mercedes-Benz) that used steel produced with charcoal made by children and their families. Retailers and brand-name licensers of merchandise made in sweatshops where children are employed also fit into this category. Even in the United States, children have been found to provide products to major corporations. In 1997, an investigation by the Associated Press followed "the work products of 50 children to more than two dozen companies including Campbell Soup Co., Chi-Chi's Mexican restaurants, ConAgra, Costco, H.J. Heinz, Newman's Own, J.C. Penney, Pillsbury, Sears and Wal-Mart." (The AP reported that every company contacted condemned child labor, and some launched investigations into their suppliers' use of underage workers.) "Some were older teens working a few too many hours in after-school jobs. But also among them were 59,600 children under age fourteen and 13,100 who worked in garment sweatshops, defined as factories with repeated labor violations." Employers, the AP estimated, saved $155 million in wages by hiring these under-age workers instead of people of legal age. An estimate of the total number of child laborers in the United States, based on census data and workplace data, came to 290,200 children (dow n from two million a century earlier). EXTERNAL: A firm or enterprise plays a part--beyond its direct business interests--in shaping opinions and policies concerning child labor in the local economy. For reasons of altruism, image or other motivations, some firms play active roles to shape local-economy attitudes toward child labor and the educational institutions and social services that affect children. This third dimension has increased in prominence as global economic integration has led international business to playing a larger role in shaping the public policies of governments around the world. 17. What is Child Labor? With these three dimensions in mind, the next thing that must be tackled is the question: What is "child labor"? The answer is fraught with anomalies and contradictions, reflecting a tangle of international standards, national laws, cultural practices and social expectations. The lack of a single answer complicates the process of formulating business responses to the issue.
Academic Research Work 31 CHILD LABOR It is important to note at the outset that the old stereotype of "child labor"--small children dwarfed by clanking machines in the textile mills of the early Industrial Revolution--fits only a small minority of child labor as defined today in international agreements or debates. To sum up, the phrase "child labor" today is a pejorative term that differs from the broader and less value-laden "child work." In general, "child labor" refers to children under 18 years old who work in both the formal and informal sectors, in conditions that are harmful or potentially harmful to the child. Underpayment of children for their work and other forms of exploitation, are also included. One confusion surrounding this modern definition of child labor concerns the subject of age: At what age should a child be allowed to work? In what kind of job? One international standard, the ILO's 1973 convention on "minimum age" of work (Convention 138) sets the bar in adolescence. It declares that children should be allowed to work in most jobs if they are fifteen and older, in developed countries, or fourteen and older in developing countries. (The convention also approves of light work and apprenticeships for children as young as thirteen in developed countries or twelve in developing countries.) But Convention 138 has not been ratified by many Asian countries, where children's ages are hard to determine or where a large number of children begin to work at an earlier age and the government cannot--or more often, has not -- taken action to keep them in school longer. In an attempt to come up with a more universally acceptable standard, in 1999, the ILO adopted a new convention defining and calling for an end to the "worst" forms of child labor. Convention 182 defines the "worst" forms of labor to include several forms of illegal work (prostitution, forced labor, bonded labor and slavery) as well as jobs that are harmful to a child's mental, physical or moral well being. This narrower standard was adopted unanimously by the ILO's membership, comprising representatives from governments, business and labor unions. A recommendation, passed concurrently, lists the types of work that might be included in each state's definition of labor that is or might be harmful to a child's mental, physical or moral well -being. One other standard deserves mention: the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Adopted by the United Nations in 1989, the CRC makes financial exploitation of children a violation of children's rights. It should be noted business associations that are ILO members voted with government and trade union representatives to support Convention 182, the first unanimous convention adoption in the ILO's fractious eighty-one year history. However, only a handful of countries have ratified the convention in a year, so it is clear that this convention has a long way to go before it amounts to more than good intentions expressed in the form of international diplomacy. These international standards, moreover, are non-binding. The laws of individual countries define children and child-appropriate work differently, using different ages or different types of work. Add to that uneven enforcement of these laws, and the picture becomes very muddy indeed. Many national laws set a minimum age for work. And yet, some child development experts believe that age is not always the best way to decide whether individual children are ready for work, or whether any particular kind of work is appropriate for a specific child. This may pose a real-world problem when a business that wants to follow the law finds that the children employed by vendors or suppliers seem fully capable of doing the work they are employed to do, in which case both employers and children would resist excluding them from the work. Any firm that has assessed its role in the three dimensions of business and child labor will have to come to its own understanding of what standard to use when drawing the line between acceptable child work, and objectionable child labor, keeping at least three things in mind. Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan
Academic Research Work 32 CHILD LABOR First, a firm with the best intentions can get caught between the values and expectations of different stakeholders not only in the business itself, but also in the international movement against child labor. Following the international minimum age of work standard (set by Convention 138) may be the only wise thing to do for companies that sell to consumers in developed countries. But careless enforcement of those standards could make life even worse for the child workers--and that could inflict damage on a company's image, too. That happened in Bangladesh in the early 1990s, when Sen. Tom Harkin proposed banning all imports to the United States of goods made by children. The threat alone caused a reaction among the garment manufacturers of Bangladesh, who sold more than half their products in the United States. Garment manufacturers began firing tens of thousands of children. No provision had been made for an alternative activity or income source for these children; and UNICEF later found some of them in other, worse jobs. Some had become prostitutes--although whether these workers had lost their jobs because of the so-called Harkin Bill or for some other reasons remains in dispute. The firing of the children shocked the activists behind the Harkin Bill, who put new pressure on the garment manufacturers to stop firing children until an alternate plan could be worked out. Eventually, the garment manufacturers agreed on a unique new plan (discussed in detail below), which includes taking under-age workers out of the garment-industry and putting them into schools. What needs to be noted here is that the new plan involved costs that the manufacturers had not anticipated when they began firing their child workers. Second, firms must ask themselves: What is honest disagreement about child labor, and what is manipulation? When European anti-child labor activists first objected to imports of rugs made by children working in horrific conditions, and in bonded labor, the Europeans were opposed by rug merchants and manufacturers in Pakistan, India, and Nepal who said that the children were simply learning traditional skills passed down through their families. In some families, that was indeed the case. In other workshops, children had been recruited into working for unrelated employers, for long days, in poor working conditions and in bonded labor. The employers' explanations sounded hollow when the employers had done nothing themselves to help provide child care or after-school care for the children of their workers. And yet, implementing any solution is never as simple as it might appear to outsiders. And in any case, identifying a solution involves determining whether any action taken by an individual firm will make a positive difference and what kind of action will make the most difference. (This is after the firm has decided it can afford the fix.) These topics will be explored below. A last word about definitions: for the rest of this paper, for reasons of simplicity, "child work" will refer to all kinds of work, whether beneficial or harmful. "Child labor" will be defined as work perceived to be harmful, or potentially harmful, to the child, including underpayment and other forms of exploitation. Any more precise definition of child labor must be specific to local circumstances, involving "a comparison between the conditions of work on the one hand and age, gender and ability (of the child) on the other." The Economics of Child Work The economics of child work involves supply and demand relationships on at least three levels: the supply and demand of labor on the national (and international) level; the supply and demand of labor at the level of the firm or enterprise; the supply and demand for labor (and other functions) in the family. But a complete picture of the economics of child labor cannot be limited to simply determining supply and demand functions, because the political economy of child labor varies significantly from what a simple formal model might predict.
Academic Research Work 33 CHILD LABOR Suppose a country could effectively outlaw child labor. Three consequences would follow: (1) the families (and the economy) would lose the income generated by their children; (2) the supply of labor would fall, driving up wages for adult workers; and (3) the opportunity cost of a child's working time would shrink, making staying in school (assuming schools were available) much more attractive. In principle, a virtuous circle would follow: with more schooling, the children would get more skills and become more productive adults, raising wages and family welfare. To the extent that the demand for labor is elastic, however, the increase in wages implies that the total number of jobs would fall. The labor supply effects are the basic outline of the logic that underlies almost all nations' laws against child labor, as well as the international minimum age standard set in ILO Convention 138 and much of the anti-child labor statements during the recent protests against the World Trade Organization, World Bank and International Monetary Fund. This model does describe in very simplified form the long-term history of child work in the economic development of developed economies. But in the short-term, the virtuous circle seldom occurs in real life as quickly as the simple, static model suggests. The reason for the model's short-term failure is that child work results from a complex interweaving of need, tradition, culture, family dynamics and the availability of alternative activities for children.
18. History:
History suggests that children tend to work less, and go to school more, as a result of several related economic and social trends. Some of the reasons why children work were discussed earlier. They point to a truism that is often overlooked in discussions about the economics of child labor: the political economy of a place plays at least as big a part as per capita income in determining the level of child labor there. * Prosperity reduces both the incidence of child work and children as a proportion of the total workforce. A World Bank graph plotting children in the work force against GDP per capita shows a dramatic fall in children's labor force participation up to $1,000 GDP per capita. * But national wealth alone does not determine, and cannot explain, incidence of child work and proportion of children in the work force. At higher levels of GDP per capita, the relationship between the proportion of children in the labor force and per capita GDP is not as easily predicted. The World Bank has no strong explanation for this looser association between national wealth and children in the work force, apart from a possible statistical anomaly and "cultural differences." The closest association (or best "predictor") of proportion of children in the work force in an economy is the structure of production: child work is more likely to occur in economies with a greater share of agriculture in GDP. * The incidence of child work reflects the structure of the local economy. Of the 250 million working children, sixty-one percent are in Asia, thirty-two percent in Africa, and seven percent in Latin America. That makes some intuitive sense in that the bulk of the world's population is in Asia. The disproportionately large percentage of child workers in Africa, however, is due to the high proportion of children in the labor force--about two out of five. This reflects Africa's high rate of poverty and the high proportion of rural population in Africa.
Academic Research Work 34 CHILD LABOR * Although child labor is most strongly correlated with poverty, child work also is partially determined by local structures of economy, finance and production, as well as cultural norms and practices. Children are more likely to work, for instance, if they are from poor, minority or culturally marginalized populations. Girls are more likely to work in the home and many informal enterprises unregulated by law. Girls are also more likely, in many cultures, to be denied schooling. A more complete list of determinants of child labor includes age, gender, family size, distance to and cost of schooling and parents' educational status. Also, child work is highly correlated with the incidence of family enterprises--but families who have their own enterprises are not always the poorest in their region. * In Western Europe and the United States industrial growth increased demand for skilled, adult labor and increased returns to education, thereby reducing child work, even before laws defining and curbing child labor were passed or implemented. Nardinelli's (1991) landmark analysis showed that historically child labor incidence began to fall well before countries in Western Europe adopted national laws banning child labor. Businesses using increasingly sophisticated technology demanded workers with more education and literacy, and greater industrial productivity led to higher incomes for those workers. The payoff for becoming a literate adult worker rose; and, therefore, so did the incentive for children to stay in school. * Education is the most oft-cited "solution" to child labor. Compulsory education laws, as well as the implementation of those laws and the provision of schools, helped reduce child work simultaneously--and arguably were a precondition for later, rapid economic growth. Perhaps the most influential study on this trend was by Myron Weiner (1991). Weiner argued that actively taking children out of the work force and putting them into schools helped to lay the foundation for subsequent economic growth that further reduced child work. Weiner's emphasis on the importance of compulsory education laws has been widely challenged, but there is widespread agreement among child labor researchers on one point of this thesis: that even countries with relatively low per capita GDP could improve their human capital, boost their economic growth prospects and improve the lives of their citizens by providing affordable, appropriate and accessible education to all. In addition, there is widespread agreement among economists that the failure to educate children tends to retard national economies. * The quality of schools is at least as important as quantity. Schools alone will fail to mitigate child labor if they are inaccessible, open at inappropriate hours of the day, offer poor teaching and teach subjects that students and their parents do not think will help children more than the skills a child can pick up on the job. * Some analyses show that reductions in child labor are at least in part a result of changes in public opinion, which attaches an increasing stigma to child work outside the home and/or increases the social value associated with attending school. Historians of childhood, beginning with the groundbreaking work of Philippe Aries in the 1960s, have documented a change in Western beliefs about childhood. In pre-modern days, childhood was not a separate period of life, and children were expected to work both inside and outside the home. Modem, Western concepts of childhood hold that childhood is a period that should be filled mostly with school and play, and many types of work are inappropriate or even morally wrong. The clash between modem and traditional views of work as a natural activity for children results in some of the disagreements about how to define "child labor," discussed above. Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan
Academic Research Work 35 CHILD LABOR Beyond these general trends, economists, anthropologists and sociologists have explored in detail the family-level or supply side of child work. Two important insights have emerged to describe the relationship of child work to education. One is that excluding children from the formal sector does not preclude them from working, or more to the point, from working in hazardous or harmful conditions. Nor does excluding children from the formal sector automatically make them choose to go to school instead of to work. The second insight is that excluding children from formal sector work or from work generally, can actually decrease their welfare if their only reasonable alternative is to work in a less well paid job or in worse conditions. That was the case in the Bangladesh example mentioned above.
19. Business Responses to Criticism in the 1990s:

At the beginning of the 1980s, the governments of many developing nations denied that their economies contained child labor, and business followed suit. By the 1990s, the expanded definition of child labor discussed above was becoming more accepted, and governments began admitting that child labor existed in their economies. By the end of the century, the dominant question at the ILO was no longer how to get governments to admit that child labor existed, but how to implement programs to help children. While the ILO has taken almost two decades to conclude how to handle the problem of child labor, firms face a more demanding time-frame and are more vulnerable to suffering short-term consequences from falsely or mistakenly denying that child labor exists in their operations or those of their suppliers. A range of private-sector programs dealing with child labor will be reviewed here, followed by a brief discussion about whether any of these efforts is more than a drop in the bucket of children's needs. One note about the costs of implementing these programs: when these responses required an expenditure of company resources, management must have decided that the costs were outweighed by the potential benefit to the company's image or ability to withstand criticism. Moreover, using children to keep labor costs down may not be the most efficient labor strategy in any case. "An American businessman recently told me that the production lines at the plants making his product require twice as many workers as those plants in the country from which he had moved, underscoring the aphorism that cheap labor is not necessarily inexpensive labor," said a labor attach from the US Embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia. The responses of international business to child labor are of three basic, non-exclusive types:
Direct
Many companies adopted independent strategies to help children directly or in their communities. These included payments to programs to help children (hospitals, schools). Often, the involved adoption of a company code of conduct barring the use of children in the making of company products. Levi Straus & Co. claims to have started the codes-ofconduct trend, with its 1991 Global Sourcing and Operating Guidelines. Although most do not specify codes of conduct only for the purpose of curbing child labor, almost all prohibit the employment of children in company operations or in the operations of suppliers.
Academic Research Work 36 CHILD LABOR Many codes of conduct have been criticized for being hard for outsiders to monitor, and therefore, for amounting to little more than window-dressing. Relatively few companies have voluntarily gone beyond such a code to ensure that children removed from the workplace were placed in a school or into other training. The Swedish retailer Hennes & Mauritz, for example, works with local non-governmental organizations to ensure that any underage worker taken out of a South Indian factory making its products is put into school. Labeling Programs: Some companies began using labels on their products to indicate that they were not made by children or were made by a company that supported children's programs. Carpet manufacturers in Pakistan, India and Nepal, and importers and retailers in Europe and North America adopted a series of labels after being criticized in the l980s for making and selling carpets made by children, some of them bonded laborers. There are at least four labels on the market now, some of which are attached to rugs themselves, and others are displayed in retail stores: * Many carpet importers in Germany (and a limited number in other countries) contribute money to a program called Care & Fair, that builds schools in communities where carpets are made. Care & Fair members may display a label in their premises but not on their products. * Other carpet importers in Germany and North America, and manufacturers in South Asia, belong to "Rugmark," which puts a sticker on the backs of carpets made by purportedly child-free workshops. Many children removed from these workshops have been put into schools. * STEP, a Switzerland-based program, promotes "voluntary responsibility " on the part of producers and importers. STEP maintains a list of producers and sellers of carpets that meet its voluntary guidelines. Retailers that purchase from these suppliers can display a STEP label in their stores. * India's quasi-government Carpet Import Promotion Council puts the "Kaleen" label on India-made rugs. CIPC-labeled rugs purport to indicate that manufacturers follow a code of conduct that they claim will eventually eliminate child labor in the industry. By contrast, labels developed by the Abrinq Foundation for Children's Rights in Brazil are awarded to companies after they both adopt codes of conduct and contribute money to help children's programs. Abrinq does not claim to guarantee that goods or services have not been provided by children. The labels are linked to national awareness campaigns that map out connections of everyone in society to child labor. Abrinq convinced the automobile industry to sign on, for instance, after finding examples of child labor in products of the auto manufacturers' suppliers' suppliers. Abrinq has developed industry-wide agreements in the orange juice, shoe manufacturing and sugar cane industries as well. Not all have been equally successful--in part because industries have not always been receptive to the idea that they should take responsibility for improving work conditions for workers on the bottom rungs of the procurement pyramid. One more type of label is the "fair trade" family of labels. They indicate that the products have been produced by farmers with access to a private price-support system and a Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan
Academic Research Work 37 CHILD LABOR cooperative lending scheme through which they can borrow money at more affordable rates than are available from local banks or loan sharks. Although these programs were not designed specifically to reduce child labor, they can help farm families keep their incomes healthy enough so that they can afford to keep their children in school. "Fair trade" labels have been fixed to coffee in the U.S. and to tea, chocolate, coffee, bananas and orange juice in Europe. One problem with labels is that they are easily counterfeited. Another is that the labels rarely explain the entire scope of the program that stands behind them. And those programs are often not monitored by independent monitors who can verify their claims (although the standard of monitoring seems to be improving). Industry-wide arrangements Abrinq's work falls in this category. So does the program mentioned above that was adopted by the Bangladeshi garment manufacturers in response to criticism of children working in their factories. Under the agreement with the ILO and UNICEF, under-age workers were removed from their jobs, put into schools and paid stipends amounting to part of the money they had been earning in their jobs. Adults were to be recruited to fill the vacated jobs. The schools were supported with money contributed by the association of manufacturers of export garments and by the ILO. Similar plans to take under-age children out of work and put them into industry-supported schools was adopted in Sialkot, Pakistan by the makers of soccer balls and in Lahore, Pakistan by the makers of hand-knotted carpets. Similar programs are being considered in a variety of industries in sixteen other countries. These programs have encountered some success but also several problems in their implementation. For example, in Sialkot, families whose mothers and children left work suffered a twenty percent fall in income (Economist, 2000). Some social workers and nongovernmental organizations think some aspects, such as income-replacement subsidies for children taken out of work and put into schools, may be too expensive to replicate on a large scale. The program that was implemented in Bangladesh had to be adapted to Sialkot and Lahore and might have to be adapted elsewhere to allow for local conditions. For instance, both parents and children may benefit more from a part-time-work, part-timeschool arrangement than from a plan that involves complete substitution of school for work. In any case, programs will have to account for both the need for children to become educated and their need to survive. As one Bangladeshi boy put it, "I could go to school, but then who would feed my mother and sister? And who would pay for my sister to go to school?" Which brings the discussion to this: if the problem is so big, what will make the most difference to the most child laborers? A Drop in the Bucket? Trade and Child Labor Children working in exports are a tiny percentage, perhaps less than five percent, of the total 250 million child workers. They have received more attention in the press of Europe and North America than the bulk of child workers. And yet the focus on children in exports is significant.
Academic Research Work 38 CHILD LABOR Trade is and will be an important engine of growth in most developing countries. As discussed above, economic growth can help reduce child labor. As per capita GDP grows, child labor is expected to shrink--although, as discussed, the correlation between prosperity and reduced child labor is not entirely predictable at higher levels of per capita GDP. Children with jobs in the export sector may be working for higher salaries and in better conditions than their peers. Those child-workers who have been pushed out (because consumers in developed countries do not want to buy goods made by children) have complained that they were cheated of the best jobs they could get -- both in terms of working conditions and pay. Shutting children out of the developing world's export sector as a way of protecting them is justifiable only if they can go on to better working conditions for the same or comparable pay or if they can go to a school arranged so that it does not interfere with work they must do for survival. Should social clauses be attached to trade treaties to keep child-made goods out of trade? Blanket trade sanctions can have disastrous unintended consequences, as demonstrated by the proposed Harkin Bill's effect on children in Bangladesh's garment industry. ("And who would pay for my sister to go to school?") Trade sanctions rarely are twinned with measures to mitigate their effects on children, and it is hard to say whether such mitigation would work, given the reports of unsustainable expenses and unintended consequences of Bangladesh and Sialkot mitigation plans. Even though the Harkin trade ban proposal eventually resulted in new schools for thousands of former underage garment workers, the vast majority of children who had been working in the industry were fired or quit--and most likely went on to other jobs. Implementation of the Sialkot plan, which was designed with the Bangladesh lessons in mind, has produced its own unintended consequences. For instance, women who were recruited to replace girls as soccer ball stitchers in Sialkot were happy to have the work-but initially, in order to get the home work done during the daytime, they left their children in charge of housekeeping and other chores. Although the plan was later altered to allow some women to work near home, the initial effect surely was not what the organization supporting a trade ban on goods made by children wanted to see as an outcome of the program. Trade bans also could be a disguise for protectionism. They already are perceived as such by developing countries. As Yussef Boutros-Ghali, the Egyptian trade minister, complained after the WTO ministerial talks in Seattle fell apart in December 1999, "Why, all of a sudden, when third world labor has proved to be competitive, do industrial countries start feeling concerned about our workers?" Still, as argued in the introduction, if in the process of expanding trade children are--or are popularly seen as being--victims of the process, the legitimacy of trade expansion will be undermined. Similarly, if children are seen to be the victims of other development policies, those policies will be undermined. The effects of the Asian currency crisis of 1997 on children were mixed, even though the picture that came through the news media was almost all negative. That negative picture prevailed and continues to sour people on the financial liberalizations associated with globalization. "The real problem...is the model of development that we have adopted," said one social worker in assessing the fall-out from the crisis, noting that poor children suffered the most and the longest. "A lopsided model that is based on consumerism and greed rather Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan
Academic Research Work 39 CHILD LABOR than sustainability and need." This complaint echoes older complaints about the price that children pay for repayment of the loans extended by multilateral development agencies to developing countries. This price takes the form of cuts in social services associated with structural adjustment policies and international debt service. At a recent meeting of the Asian Development Bank, for instance, protestors complained that "ADB projects are exacerbating poverty, destroying the environment, and undermining the rights, livelihoods, food security of the local communities throughout this region." The problem may lie as much with national governance as with the economic system against which these protests are directed. That is not to deny the importance of pledges of more resources directed specifically at fighting poverty by multi-lateral institutions such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. However, as one Indian activist put it, "The problem is not resources, it is political will." Yet, if business' actions on child labor are not seen as being part of the solution, they will be easily depicted as part of the problem. Conclusion -- Business Has a Role in Reducing Harmful Child Labor This paper has discussed three dimensions of the relationship between international business and child labor and has identified the distinction between acceptable child work and exploitative child labor. It has also presented the basic economics of child labor and strategies that companies have adopted to deal with complaints about their employment of children. It has pointed out several ways in which, despite the small percentage of child workers in trade, business should be concerned about the reports of child labor in the export economy. Additionally, it has discussed strategies that a few firms and industries have used to reduce the presence of child labor in their operations and those of their suppliers. Some of these had direct benefits for former child workers.
Businesses that want to continue to benefit from more open trading systems and more liberal financial markets would do well to take complaints about child labor in traded goods as a shot across the bow--along with the many other metaphorical shots fired by demonstrators who have protested against the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and other multi-lateral finance agencies. Efforts to liberalize trade and finance are being undermined by a perception that a disproportionate percentage of globalization's "losers" are poor children. Certainly it is important to determine whether globalization has increased child work or has simply provided children with different, and possibly better, jobs. 20. Child Labor In Pakistan: In the last few years the issue of child labor has effectively engaged the attention of both the government and the private sector in Pakistan-Awareness about the problem has spread rapidly and a number of steps have been taken to combat child labor in the various forms both in the formal and informal sectors of the economy. Child labor is a complex phenomenon. It is human rights issue for some one. For others, it is a matter of commercial exploitation of children. For those directly involved in this activity, child labor is an important source of supplementing family income. For large
Academic Research Work 40 CHILD LABOR groups in the informal sector child labor is a form of apprenticeship for growing children who have few other avenues of employment in a stagnant economy like Pakistan's.
What is the magnitude and nature of the child labor problem in Pakistan?
In (the early years when the Western media was in full cry over the issue of child labor in South Asia, the number of child workers in Pakistan quoted by some NGOs and also some UN agencies ranged from 8 to 20 million. These apparently exaggerated figures continued to be quoted in various national and international documents until 1996 when the ILO, in collaboration with the Government of Pakistan, carried out a survey of child labor in Pakistan, According to this survey as on 1st January, 1996 there were 40 million children aged 5-14 years in Pakistan- More than 50% of the children were in the age group 5-9 years. A majority of these children about 72% - were living in the rural areas. The survey quoted the number of working children of 3.3 million. It was found that over 70% of the 3.3 million working children were engaged in elementary, unskilled occupations. About 67% of the working children were engaged in agriculture, craft and related trade activities absorbed about 19% of working children. The study also listed two major reasons, given by parents, for lifting the child work. These are to assist in household enterprises (54%) and to supplement household income (28) %; (80) % of the working children belonged to households with a monthly income of less than Rs. 4000. Although these figures have been challenged by certain quarters, they give a fairly good idea of the size and nature of the child labor problem in Pakistan. In urban areas most children work in motor workshops, tea stalls, restaurants and in shoe-making units, whereas in the rural areas children work on the farms as well as in family enterprises such as carpet making.
How and in what circumstances does a child go to work? Poverty is an obvious answer but there are also other causes and pressures such as a high population growth rate which compel parents to send children to work to add to the family income. Lack of adequate educational facilities is another major reason why families send their children to work instead of letting them while away their time doing nothing. The growth of the informal sector, increasing unemployment and a high dependency ratio are other important reasons of increasing child labor in Pakistan. Pakistan has not lagged behind in responding to the challenge of child labor. A clutch of legislative, administrative and social measures have been set in motion to prevent, eliminate and rehabilitate child labor in various sectors of the economy. Pakistan
ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990 and followed it up with the adoption of the Employment of Children Act, 1991 to provide a legal framework to tackle the issue. In 1992, the Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act was passed which outlawed any kind of bonded labor. In 1994 Pakistan joined lulus International Programme for Elimination of Child Labor under which a number of Pilot Projects were started for the education and vocational training of working children. Later, the government constituted a Task Force on Child Labor comprising the Ministries of Labor, Commerce, Foreign Affairs, Industries and Information to develop policy, action plan and strategies for the elimination of child labor in Pakistan. The issue of child labor has also found an important place in the planning of targets for the 9thFive-YearPlan (1998-2003). Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan
Academic Research Work 41 CHILD LABOR A large number of NGOs in Pakistan have launched education-cum-rehabilitation schemes with the help of donor agencies and UN bodies for ameliorating the condition of working children and their families. A major initiative in this regard is the Sialkot Soccer-Ball Project undertaken with the cooperation of ILO, UNICEF and Sialkot Chamber of Commerce and Industry for the elimination of child labor in the soccer-ball industry in Sialkot. The goal of this project is to secure 100% primary level enrolment of the estimated 7000 children working in the soccer-ball industry. Child Care Foundation is another major initiative undertaken with public-private partnership to address the child labor issue in the export industries. The Foundation is at present concentrating on the elimination and rehabilitation of child labor in the carpet industry which was a major target of the anti-Pakistan campaign on the child labor issue in the mid-nineties. In the last 18 months Child Care Foundation has set up 27 centers where about 3000 children belonging to the carpet weaving families are receiving education, vocational training and health care and recreational facilities. A $ 3 million rehabilitationcum-Monitoring Project in the carpet industry is scheduled to start in a couple of months aimed at rehabilitating 5000 working children out of a total of 25000 estimated to be working in the carpet industry. ILO and UNICEF are also at present working out details of a project for the rehabilitation of surgical industry children with funds provided by an Italian labor federation. All these constitute elements of what I will describe as a major campaign against the menace of child labor in Pakistan. But I think the fight has only just begun. Given Pakistan's high population growth rate, educational backwardness and large-scale unemployment, the situation may be worsening by the day. Much can be gained by moving fast on a wide front to ameliorate the condition of children generally in Pakistan. The need is to evolve a comprehensive national policy on child labor in which the emphasis should be on development initiatives and interventions in the sectors of education, population, employment and health which all ultimately hamper on the plight of the child. Preventive and rehabilitative measures, if placed in the larger development context, will prove more effective. 21. Government Efforts: Constitution Child labor is a global problem of paradoxical proportions. Universally, there is a growing consensus that child labor should be banned. Yet, on another level, children are sent to work in the belief that their labor is necessary if the family is to survive. Pakistan Government is trying to find innovative solutions. The number of working children around the world remains elusive. Because it is often illegal and clandestine, child labor lies beyond the reach of conventional labor statistics. Child labor exists in many industrialized countries as well as in Asian countries whose economies are in transition. In low income countries of the developing world, the problem of child labour and its exploitation is more serious. However, the highest concentration of child labour is found in Asia because of the large size of its population. The abolition of child labour and the pro-
Academic Research Work 42 CHILD LABOR tection of children against work have been a constant concern to the Government and social activists in Pakistan. Constitution of Pakistan says: No child below the age of 14 years shall be engaged in any factory or mine or any other hazardous employment The state shall protect the marriage, the family, the mother and the child. The state shall make provisions for ensuring that children..... are not employed in vocations unsuited to their age. There is no need to elaborate the magnitude of the problem. We all know the vastness of the problem affecting millions of children throughout the world. The extent of the abuse and exploitation, to which working children are subjected, is also known to the world. Employment of Children Act, 1991 No child under the Employment of Children Act, 1991 can be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupations and processes referred to in the notification of the above committee. These processes and occupations are: Processes Bidi making Carpet weaving Cement manufacture Bagging of cement Cloth printing Cloth dyeing Cloth weaving Manufacture of matches Manufacture of explosives Manufacture of fire works Mica-cutting and splitting Shellas manufacture Soap manufacture Tanning Wool-cleaning Building and construction industry Manufacture of slate pencil Packing of slate pencils Manufacture of products from agate Manufacturing process using toxic metals and substances such as lead, mercury, anganese, chromium, cadmium, benzenem, pesticides and asbestos.
Academic Research Work 43 CHILD LABOR Occupations Any occupation connected with transport of passengers, goods or mails by railway. Cinder picking, cleaning of an ash pit, or building operation in the railway premises. Work in catering establishment at a railway station involving the movement of a vendor or any other employee of the establishment from one platform to another, or into or out of a moving train. Work relating to the construction of a railway station, or with any other work where such work is done in close proximity to or between the railway lines. Work relating to selling of crackers and fireworks in shops with temporary licenses.
National Action Plan Federal Cabinet in its meeting held on May 10, 2000 accorded approval to the National Policy and Plan of Action for Elimination of Child Labor, prepared by the Ministry of Labor, Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis in the light of the recommendations of the Task Force on Child Labour setup in March, 1998. Prior to submission of the Action Plan to the Federal Cabinet, the consultation document on the subject was widely circulated amongst all concerned. The Special Meeting of the Task Force (February 29 Islamabad) also discussed the policy and the action plan, presented by Mr. Yousaf Kamal, Federal Secretary Labor. The comments received from workers, employers, NGOs, academia, mass media, UN agencies, etc. were helpful in making improvements. The National Policy and Action Plan announced by the Government, after Cabinet's approval defines policies; strategies; activities and responsibilities; timeframe; delivery system; and funding resources for child labor elimination. Statement of Policy There is a political, constitutional, legal and civil society commitment against the incidence of different forms of child labor. The Government concern primarily is in the basic education and personality development of all children without any discrimination. Poverty alleviation remains the corner stone for socio-economic development of poor families. Working children and their parents deserve to have a bright future in terms of employment and rights' entitlements. Efforts need to be made to explore resources to attain this aim and make the coming years an era of human success and high profile of child right. The Government believes that child labor is a condemnable phenomenon and elimination of child labor is a feasible objective. It must be eradicated altogether for democratic and healthy growth of the society. Since health of the society depends upon the physical, moral and spiritual development of its children, Government pledges to enable children to grow into adulthood through love, affection, care, education and training. In order to crystallize and systematize its programme against child labor. Government has developed a national plan of action as part of the policy which will be implemented with the help of Government agencies in the federation and in provinces.
Academic Research Work 44 CHILD LABOR Government alone is not in struggle against child labor. It shall act in alliance with others including human rights groups, the judiciary, NGOs, lawyers, employers, workers and teachers both as an agent of change and as a vehicle for monitoring and facilitating effective enforcement of the action plan. Strategies The following strategies are proposed for child labour elimination:
Progressive elimination of child labour from all economic sectors. Immediate withdrawal of children from worst forms of child labour. Preventing entry of under-aged children into the labour market through
universalization of primary education and family empowerment. Rehabilitation of working children through non-formal education, pre-vocational training and skill development. Activities The following activities have been focused by the National Plan of Action with a view to gradual and systematic elimination of child labour;
Awareness raising. Withdrawal of children engaged in worst forms of child labour;

Community mobilization. Situation analysis. Development of data base on child labour Law enforcement. Law enforcement Capacity building of relevant Ministries/ Departments. Enhancing education and skill training opportunities for chiIdren. Promoting coordination with functional and social partners. Establishment of multipurpose complexes for vulnerable children drawn from work.
Responsibilities The action plan, based on an integrated approach, identifies four groups of players.
Federal Government Provincial Government NGOs; workers and employers organizations; and International labor organization
Academic Research Work 45 CHILD LABOR These groups will at in a coordinated manner and by supplementing the efforts of one another. General Target Plan-Children Out Of School (Million)
12.67 1 2 23.76
1- Out of school children 2- School going children Specific Target of the Plan-economically Active children (Million)
3 1 2 9.7
1- Out of school children(Currently not in child labor) 2- Economically active
Academic Research Work 46 CHILD LABOR 22. Punjab Labor Department: Combating child labor in the province
According to the National Survey of Child Labour conducted in 1996 by the Federal Bureau of Statistics with the collaboration of ILO, the total number of children in Pakistan in the age group of 5-14 was 40 million. The total number of economically active children was found to be 3.3 million (or 8.3% of the total children) in the country, majority of which (58.6% or 1.94 million) was in Punjab. Children's involvement in work in the rural areas is about 8 times greater than in the urban areas. One third of the working children are literate, boys being more educated than girls and urban children more than the rural children. Employment status by broad categories indicates that about 70% of the working children are unpaid family helpers. Significant urban-rural differentials are observed in their employment status. In rural areas, three fourth of the working children are working as unpaid family members, while in the urban areas it is one third. About 46% of the working children work more than 35 hours per week and a good proportion work 56 hours or more. According to most of the parents surveyed, children work in order to assist in the household enterprises. Although Punjab accounted for the highest volume of child labour in absolute terms, the activity rate was found highest in the NWFP. A province-wise comparison, in this regard, is drawn in the table given below. Province Total no. of children Total no of in age group of 5-14 economically active years (million) children in age of group of 5-14 years 22.63 1.94 8.62 0.30 6.71 1.06 2.07 0.01 40.03 3.31 Ratio of child labour
Punjab Sindh NWFP Balochistan Total
8.6% 3.5% 15.8% 0.5% 8.3%
Punjab is the most populous province of Pakistan. The Government of Punjab, as such, has to deal with a number of administrative, economic and social problems, many of which are enormous in magnitude and complex in nature. The problem of child labor is one of them; and the Provincial Government, taking it as a challenge, has adopted a multi-pronged approach to combat it. The Labor Department is at the forefront of the provincial government's efforts to eliminate child labor from the province. The Department is primarily to play the role of an agency responsible for enforcement of the labor laws. The implementation of the laws that address the issue of employment of children including the Factories Act of 1934; the Shops and Establishments Ordinance, 1969; and the Employment of Children Act, 1991 as well fall in the jurisdiction of the Department. According to the Employment of Children Act, 1991, the work by children below the age of 14 has been prohibited in the specified occupations, generally understood to be hazardous. The Department is determined to enforce these laws, which is evident from the
Academic Research Work 47 CHILD LABOR fact that the quantum of inspections under the Employment of Children Act, 1991 has increased several folds in just six months; 3268 inspections were carried out under this law in 1998 and during the first six months of 1999, the number of inspections increased to 31,934. Punjab labor department is active in mapping of child labour in different sectors of economy. It believes that no effort for rehabilitation can be successful, without accurate and reliable data on child labour. Therefore, to retrieve reliable statistical information we conducted number of surveys of child labour in different districts. These surveys have provided useful information on child labour in different sectors.. Punjab labor department feels proud to mention that its surveys provided the foundation for projects launched by ILO-IPEC, UNICEF and employers in the soccer ball and surgical manufacturing industry. Some of the recent surveys carried out by the labor department of Punjab:
Survey of child labour in the brick kiln manufacturing in Sialkot district. Survey of child labour in auto-workshops in Sialkot district. Survey of child labour in the steel furnaces and spare parts manufacturing industry in
Baghbanpura area of Lahore. Survey of child labour in tanneries in Kasur. Kids of Textile Paradise-A survey of Power loom child workers in Faisalabad. Survey of child labour in auto-workshops in Lahore. Child labour in light engineering industry in Gujranwala. Survey of child labour in hotels and restaurants, Rawalpindi. Survey of child labour in textile industry, Multan. Survey of child labour in the small scale engineering industry, Gujranwala. Survey of child labour in brick kilns, Khanewal. Survey of child labour in tea stalls, Bahawalnagar. Survey of women cotton pickers, Lodhran.
With the help of Pakistan BaituI Mal and ILO-IPEC, they are planning to establish six rehabilitation centres for child workers in bonded/abusive conditions. They have already identified the government and private buildings for these centres, which would be available free of rent. As child labour is a social and economic problem, the inspections and raids by the Department alone cannot be considered sufficient to eliminate it. Concerted efforts by all including the government, employers, trade unions, parents, teachers, community leaders, NGOs and the common citizens will have to be made to bring an end to this menace. 23. NGOs efforts: Concept of child labour was first time introduced in Pakistan in 1996 when govt conducted a survey on child labour with the financial assistance of ILO (IPEC). European community funded project [combating abusive child labour through prevention, withdrawal & rehabilitation.]
Academic Research Work 48 CHILD LABOR The programme is designed to combat the multi-faceted problem of child/bonded labour in Pakistan. The programmes strategy is to mobilize a broad alliance of governmental and non-governmental agencies, communities, employers, parents and children in taking joint action against child/bonded labour through a three-pronged approach:
establishing 18 Community Education and Action (CEA) Centres for a selected

number of children in specific economic sectors and occupations with a high incidence of child/bonded labour; strengthening the capacity of the Directorates of Labour Welfare in the four provinces to monitor work places to ensure that these become and remain free of child/bonded labour; institutional development of other key governmental agencies and NGOs in charge of child labour and special education at the national, provincial and local levels. The project provides for withdrawal and rehabilitation measures for some 1180 child/bonded workers and their families. Although this number is relatively small compared to the size of the problem in the country. It will permit the demonstration of the feasibility of the project strategy and for drawing valuable lessons on how to withdraw children from bondage in future programmes. The project is, therefore, a pilot exercise with an initial duration of two years to examine the viability of the planned actions and develop a sustainable and replicable strategy which may be multiplied on a wider scale. Systematic monitoring and evaluation will take place to ensure that the project remains applicable, effective and relevant. Objectives The development objective of the programme is to contribute to the elimination of child/bonded labour in Pakistan. The immediate objectives of the programme are:
To withdraw children from bondage and other exploitative and hazardous work and
working conditions and to prevent children from entering bonded labour in specific economic sectors/occupations at 18 programme sites and to rehabilitate them and their families, thereby developing model programmes for replication in the country.
To create awareness among children, parents, employers and communities on

exploitative and hazardous child/bonded labour practices and their effects on the well being of children, and mobilize community action to prevent child labour abuses, thereby enhancing the application and monitoring of the Employment of Children Act (1991) and the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act (1992) in the programme areas.
To strengthen the capacity of governmental and nongovernmental organizations to

carry out concrete action against bonded/child labour.
Academic Research Work 49 CHILD LABOR Strategies: Based upon experience this programme has the following strategic characteristics:
A strong focus on the prevention of child/bonded labour besides the withdrawal and
rehabilitation of child bonded workers and their families; A step-by-step removal of children from exploitative and hazardous work, starting with the removal of the bondage relation, and gradual withdrawal from other exploitative and hazardous work and working conditions.
Geographical anchoring of the programme at specific sites, i.e. the CEA Centres to
facilitate community mobilization and action. (Baluchistan:3, NWFP: 4, Punjab:6, and Sindh:5; 60 percent in rural areas, and 40 per cent in urban areas). Selection of one specific economic sector with a high incidence of child/bonded labour at each programme site; (agriculture: at least one in each province). A family approach and strong involvement of employers (owner and managers), and young and adult workers in ; the programme. An emphasis on action-oriented research, monitoring and evaluation, and systematic feedback of their results into programme implementation. Target Groups: The intended beneficiaries are 1,080 boys and girls under 14 years who have been exposed or are prone to be exposed to bondage type conditions in economic sectors and occupation such as agriculture, automobile and other repair workshops, begging and scavenging, brick-kilns and stone crushing, carpet weaving and other craft production, domestic work, tanneries and textile production, and their families (60 children per CEA Centre). The children will be withdrawn from work and provided with education and training and they and their families will be provided with support services geared towards their rehabilitation. An additional 9000 (potential) child bonded workers and their families will be reached through awareness activities geared towards prevention of child/bonded labour and other exploitative and hazardous work and working conditions of children.
Academic Research Work 50 CHILD LABOR Out of School VS Child Labor:
Out of School Versus Child labour (Million)

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5-9 10-14 5-15
0.53 4.59 2.09 2.62 8.08 12.67
Series1 Series2
1- Out of school 2- In child labor
Employment Status Of Working Children:
6.74 23.15 1 2 3 70.11
1- Self employed 2- Employees 3- Unpaid family helpers
Province -wise position of children working as employee and unpaid family helpers
90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% 6.26% 6.22%
31.33%
86.16% 67.48% 61.95% 48%
44.17%
Punjab
NWFP
Sindh
1-Unpaid family helpers 2-Employee
24. Worst Forms Of Child Labor:

All forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery such as sale and trafficking of children, debt bondage, and serfdom and forced or compulsory labor including forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict. The use, procuring, or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of pornography or for pornographic performances. The use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular for the production and trafficking of drugs as defined in the relevant international treaties. Work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of children. Work which exposes children to physical, psychological, or sexual abuse. Work underground, under water, at dangerous heights, or in confined spaces. Work with dangerous machinery, or equipment and tools. Work involving heavy loads. Work in unhealthy environments, which may expose children to hazardous substances (such as chemicals) and extreme temperatures or noise levels. Work for long hours or during the night. Work involving unreasonable confinement at the employer's premises.
Balouchistan
25. Tackling child labor:

THE US will provide $5 million for education initiatives under the child labour programme during the current fiscal year. An agreement to this effect was earlier signed between Pakistan and the US for implementation in three districts of Punjab in conjunction with relevant departments and NGOs. Imparting basic education by increasing primary school attendance and developing vocational training for youth are key objectives of the initiative. Government schools will be assisted in starting afternoon classes for working children and supplementary curriculum will be introduced at the school level to make education more relevant. Children denied access to education get drawn into the labour market and become open to exploitation, which minimizes their chances of benefiting from programmes of skill development or literacy promotion. Moreover, children exposed to the harsh environment of the workplace are left physically and mentally scarred. Most are employed in the unorganized sector where they are deprived of minimum wages, regular working hours and indeed any measure of job security. According to an official estimate, there are two to three million child workers in Pakistan, but independent figures up to seven million child/bonded labourers show that the problem may be more serious and widespread. The Punjab government carried out a number of surveys in 1998 and 1999 to determine the extent and nature of child labour in brick kilns, auto workshops, tanneries, and textile, light engineering and surgical instrument manufacture, soccer ball stitching and hotels and restaurants. About 90 per cent of them were boys and 87 per cent illiterate. The working hour statistics showed that about 46 per cent of the children had to work more than 35 hours a week and 13 per cent worked even more than 56 hours a week. A survey of the federal government found that about 71 per cent of 3.3 million children were engaged in various forms of hard labour in elementary occupations relating to agriculture, sales and services, mining, construction, manufacturing and transport sectors. Crafts and related activities are the next major occupation. Alarmingly, the survey found that seven per cent of the working children suffered from frequent illness and injuries, 28 per cent occasionally and 33 per cent rarely. Clearly, the health problems of the working children are multiplying. Unfortunately, acute poverty, illiteracy and unemployment have created conditions in which eliminating child labour is a daunting task. Most parents and guardians argue that they allow their children to work since they need to supplement their incomes. The problem cannot be tackled without sustained effort. However, lack of educational opportunities is a major hurdle in the way of programmes for combating child labour. In this context, the assistance being provided for the education of working children recognizes that child labour, primarily an offshoot of grinding poverty, cannot be addressed and resolved in a short time. Long-term assistance is required to measure up to the challenge. The educational initiative can greatly contribute to rehabilitation of the disadvantaged children, but it is important that aid for the deprived children reaches the targeted group. Studies show that an illiterate child worker becomes an illiterate and unskilled adult, condemned to a life of deprivation, lacking the means to provide education and nutrition to his children. To break the vicious cycle, Pakistan will have to ensure continuous improvement in the development of education programmes for combating child labour. These would have to be promoted through advocacy, information sharing and direct action efforts in the coming years.
26. Overcoming Child Labor:

Child protection bureau History How nice it is to see the shining faces of happy children playing in a joyful, free and protected environment. This shine and joy is the result of the protection and care provided by their families. This is the right of every child. However, in the very same society, shelter-less children, bare-foot, unprotected from heat or cold, at times forced to beg under precarious conditions in enormous number are seen on the streets. Such scenes are commonly seen at busy city crossings. Under the pretext of poverty hundreds and thousands of young children roam in the streets; either run away from home or lost on their way back and fall prey to the ruthless environments.
Chief Minister Punjab Ch. Pervaiz Elahi and Chairperson Dr. Faiza Asgher at inaguration cermoney of CPWB
Helping these children and providing them with their rights should be the responsibility of the state. Keeping in view the possible hurdles and difficulties of working for this noble cause, an initiative towards rescue, protection and welfare of these destitute and neglected children was taken by the Punjab Government. CPWB started at 5-Montgomery Road Lahore A legal basis was established with the passing of the Punjab Destitute & Neglected Children Act on the 21st of June 2004. A conceptual framework of the Bureau was drawn out with the technical support from UNICEF, offering valuable input from similar international experience. As a result, with the relentless efforts of a small but dedicated team the physical realization of a dream was initiated in the shape of Child Protection & Welfare Bureau on the 15th of July 2004 as an autonomous organization under the administrative control of Home Department.
First Badge of Camel Jockey children recieved by CPWB at Lahore Airport
Academic Research Work 54 CHILD LABOR The Bureau started functioning in a matter of months and was formally inaugurated on February 24th, 2005 by the Chief Minister Punjab. We provide rescue, protection, rehabilitation and reintegration to the destitute & neglected children. We are the first of its own kind setup in the whole of Asia. We also provide linkages between all the Govt. line Departments, nongovernmental organizations, international organizations and individuals.
Rescue Operation Team on Streets of Lahore, taking child into protective custody
Now Child Protection & Welfare Bureau shifted into a new complex in Angoori bagh Scheme CM Punjab Choudhry Pervaiz Elahi with having five houses for the children with capacity of Chairperson on visit at CPWB Anguri 100 children each, a school, administration block, Bagh office Auditorium, Playing grounds, Child Protection Court and respective outstanding facilities.
Step by step forwarding towards success, CPWB expands from one office to two, three, four and then five. Now CPWB established district Child Protection institutes in major cities of Punjab, including Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Multan, Rahim Yar Khan, Rawalpindi and Sialkot.
Anguri Bagh Complex, Lahore
Academic Research Work 55 CHILD LABOR The Vision
To create a child-friendly society, in which every child can live in a family or family like environment where all his /her physical, social and psychological needs are fulfilled.
The Mission
To work towards an environment, in which families, communities, organizations and governments ensure that children's physical, social and psychological needs are fulfilled, so that they grow into healthy, contributing members of society.
Our Goals

To prevent child abuse. To eradicate the menace of child beggary. To rehabilitate the street & beggar children. To provide family support for rehabilitation. To provide services for the destitute & neglected children " (Education, Health, Protection, Care, Welfare, Skill, Jobs) To protect and safeguard the children from professionally operating gangs of child beggary. Comprehensive follow up program for the rescued children.
Organizational Structure
Our Strategy The Role CP&WB Directorate works at the program management level and efforts are made to delegate the service delivery function to the willing partners or separate units of the Bureau (CPI & CPU). The Approach A holistic approach of addressing the causative factors of ignorance, poverty, organized professional begging and misplaced religious beliefs & social beliefs forms the basis of strategy. The Bureau believes in bringing change through building partnerships with organizations and social mobilization.
Initial Focus The initial focus is on the beggar and street children. Since the magnitude of the problem is disproportionately higher than the currently available resources, a phased approach is opted.
We provide following Services to respective children and their families.
Rescue, Protection and Shelter
Health Care, Medical Services
Education, Technical training
Psychological Councilling
Recreation Activities, Games
Family Support, Micro Finance
NEWS PAPER CUTTINGS
CASES
We have studied some cases of children working in different fields.
Case no. 1
Name Age Working Spot Health: Home Family members Family Background Naeem 12 years Chicken Shop Not fine due to family problems Chungi no. 9 12 __________ _____
His family was very poor. They lived in a rental house. He had
six brothers, three sisters and parents. Four of his brothers married and they were separated. His father was a very old man. He was out of job. Naeem and two of his brothers worked in the chicken shops. And all of the family depended upon these three boys. ____________________ ___ Rest Time Time Span Plan for Future He was always busy in the shop. 7AM to 9:00 PM Monthly wage _________ 1000 rupees
He wanted to open his own chicken shop ____
Interest in Study He was interested in studies but his family conditions did not allow him. Interest in Religious Education Games _______________ He was interested in religious education
He had no time to play the games
Case no. 2
Name Age Working Spot Health: Home Family members Family Background Irfan 13 years Tea Shop He was perfectly all right He belonged to Khanewal 5 _____ _____ _____
His family members were five. Three brothers, one sister and
father. His father was a driver and he was enable to give education to his children. Irfan was working on a tea shop. Irans other brothers were also working. One was learning the Tailor work and the other was learning the furniture work. Irfan and his father were the only source of income to the family. ________________ Rest Time Time Span Plan for Future Interest in Study no Interest in Religious Education Games no One hour 8:00AM to 8:00 PM Monthly wage 600 rupees _____
He wanted to open his own tea shop _____
He was interested in football game.
Case no. 3
Name Age Working Spot Health: Home Family members Family Background Ismail 11years Machine Repairing shop He was perfectly alright Chungi no. 9 8 ____ _________ ____ ____ _______________ __________
He had eight family members. Five sisters , one brother and
parents. His father was a cobbler. He lived in his own house. His family conditions were good. His parents wanted to give him the education but he was not interested. ____________ Rest Time Time Span Plan for Future Interest in Study no Interest in Religious Education Games no Two hours 8:0AM to 8:00 PM Monthly wage _______ 200 rupees
He wanted to open his own machine shop _____
He was interested in video games.
Case no. 4
Name Age Working Spot Health: Home Family members Family Background Naimat Ullah 13 years Tailor Shop His health was fine Dera Ismail Khan 5 ________ _______ __ _______ _______ _______
His parents were died and he lived in Multan with his relatives.
He had three brothers and two sisters. One of his brothers was a brick layer and he earned 120 rupees per day. Naimat was interested in tailor work but there was no shop in D.I. Khan. Naimats relatives lived in Multan and his brother sent him to them to learn the tailor work. Naimat came to Multan two years ago.
_____________________ Rest Time Time Span Plan for Future Interest in Study no Interest in Religious Education Games no. He had no time for rest. 7AM to 10:00 PM Monthly wage 40 rupees
He wanted to open his own tailor shop _____
He had no time to play the games
Case no. 5
Name Age Working Spot Health: Home Rashid 10 years Auto Electrician Shop He was perfectly alright. Khad Factory (Multan) 7 ______ _____________ ________ __ ______________ ______________
Family members Family Background
His family background was fine. He had four brothers , one
sister and parents. His father had his own service station . His two brothers were working with his father. His family conditions were very good. He was not interested in studies that is why his father sent him to the auto electric shop. He had been working there for two years.
Rest Time Time Span Plan for Future
He had no time for rest . 8AM to 5:00 PM Monthly wage 60 rupees
He wanted to open his own auto electrician shop _____ no.
Interest in Study no Interest in Religious Education Games
He was interested in cricket.
Case no. 6
Name Age Working Spot Health: Home Family members Family Background Mushtaq 12 years Engineering shop His health was fine. Multan 6 _ ______ _ _ ______ ______
His family consisted of 4 brothers , one sister and mother. His
family conditions were very disturbing. His father had died and his mother got married after the death of his father. One of his sisters was married. He lived in his own house with his brothers. His mother did not give any financial support to her children.
______________________ Rest Time Time Span Plan for Future One hour 6AM to 7:00 PM Monthly wage 300 rupees
He wanted to open his own engineering shop _____
Interest in Study He was interested in studies. Interest in Religious Education Games He played cricket.
He had finished Quran one time. _____
Case no. 7
Name Age Working Spot Health: Home Family members Family Background Arif 13 years Motor Cycle Mechanic Shop _______ ______________ _________ ____ _____________________ ________________
His health was good. Koray Wala Multan 8
His family back ground was fine. He had one sister , five
brothers and parents. His father was a compoder and he earned a handsome money. Three of his brothers and one sister were studying in a school. He was not interested in studies thats why he joined this field.
___________________________ Rest Time Time Span Plan for Future Interest in Study no Interest in Religious Education Games He was learning Quran. _____ One hour 8AM to 8:00 PM Monthly wage 80 rupees
He wanted to open his own motor Mechanic shop _____
He was interested in Cricket.
27. Suggestions:
Pakistan is a developing country which is because of increasing population, poverty, defective educational system and lake of education approach not for all, is a attacked by the child labour. There are number of children who are deprived from the education and are working to fulfill the demands of their families.
Responsibilities of Government.
It is the primary responsibility of govt. that it should provide facility of education to every bearing child and it should take solid steps for the elimination of child labour. It is responsibility of govt. to make legislation to fulfill all the conditions / bindings of united nations convention on the rights of child (CRC). Along with the constitutional & legislative security, govt should also make efforts for the implementation of all these laws for the rights of children. Govt should encourage small family system and it should announce incentives (free education & Vocational training) for low income & small families. Labour department of govt. should register all the working children and it should determine working hours, minimum wage rate and their training timings. By doing this govt will protect the rights of the children. Govt. institutions should make this thing possible that after the completion of childrens training they will give them the permanent jobs. It is the rule of the govt. that the children will not do those works which will destroy their health. For the checking purpose, govt. must inspect to those industries which are harmful for childrens health. To make this thing compulsory for the businessmen that they provide the basic necessities and health facilities to the children.
Responsibilities of Businessmen
1. Businessmen should not give those type of works to the children by which their heath is affected. And businessmen should give little work to the children. 2. It is compulsory for the businessmen that they should give handsome salary to the children. 3. Businessman should also give the rest time to the children in their working time. 4. Business should give the full protection to the children.
Responsibilities of NGOs
1. It is the responsibility of the NGOs that they provide the necessary information to the people about those works which destroy the childrens health. 2. People should not send their children to those type of works by which their health is effected. It is also the duty of NGOs to guide the people about this issue. 3. For providing the basic rights to the children, it is also the responsibility of NGOs that they contact to the Govt & businessmen. 4. It is the duty of NGOs that they create a good relationship between the businessmen and the children. 5. NGOs should take this responsibility that they settle the working hours & wages of the children with the businessmen.
Responsibilities of Parents
1. Parents should have their family according to their financial resources. 2. Parents should try their level best to provide the education to their children. 3. Parents should regularly contact to the businessmen about their children health and protection. 4. Parents should settle the working hours and wages to their children with the businessmen. 5. Parents should make the friendly environment in their homes so that their children may tell their problems to them.
CONCLUSION:
The problem of child labour must be seen in perspective. Typically, it is first and foremost a function of poverty, under-development and the employment market, rather than a willful violation of the human rights of the child though this distinction blurs as we move towards the more extreme forms of child labour such as forced or bonded child labour, child prostitution etc. where the element of abuse becomes more pronounced. Priority needs to be given to the more extreme, exploitative and hazardous forms of child labor. The scale of the problem also requires a corresponding time dimension for its solution. Its elimination requires comprehensive approaches that address the conditions of poverty that spawn and perpetuate the practice, rehabilitation, alternative and remunerative employment for the parents, enforcement of legislative and administrative measures, education and vocational training. An enforcement approach that does not address the root causes of poverty will not succeed and can result in the aggravation of the situation of the child.
REFERENCES
During the research process, besides our practical research, we also have consulted some book about our practical research for the preparation of this proposal in an effective manner. A list of all references, which has been consulted and the data has been derived from, are given as under: Saleem Naz
(Magazine Editor, Nawai-e-waqt)
Jamshed Ansari
(Reporter Multan Region, Geo Tv)
Sajid Mehmood & Irfan Shah Rahat Multani Ghar

(Reporter Multan Region, Ptv)
Ali Raza
(Head of Department, Child Protection Bureau)
Awaz Foundation
(14 - D block, Shamsabad, multan)
Collation Against Child Labor Punjab Ashayna Development Organization Alflah Welfare Society Selected articles on Child Labor
( Book written by: Edna D. Bullock) Abbott, Edith. Early History of Child Labor in America Elis, Leonora Beck. Movement to Restrict Child Labor Folks, Homer. Poverty and Parental Dependence as an Obstacle to Child Labor Reform Freiberg, Albert H. Some of the Ultimate Physical Effects of Premature Toil Lovejoy, Owen R. Unsettled Questions about Child Labor
Academic Research Work 72 CHILD LABOR Cheney, Howell. Practical Restrictions on Child Labor in Textile Industries Freiberg, Albert H. Effects of Improper Posture in Factory Labor Harmon, William E. Handicaps in Later Years from Child Labor. Lovejoy, Owen R. Child Labor and Family Disintegration Kirkland, James H. School as a Force Arrayed against Child Labor Lovejoy, Owen R. Will Trade Training Solve the Child-Labor Problem Van der Vaart, Mrs. Harriet. Children in the Glass Works of Illinois Hutchinson, Woods. Overworked Children on the Farm and in the School Van Kleeck, Mary. Child Labor in Home Industries Goldmark, Pauline. Child Labor in Canneries Van Kleeck, Mary. Child Labor in New York City Tenements Nichols, Francis H. Children of the Coal Shadow Lord, Everett W. Child Labor in the Textile Industries and Canneries of New England Parker, Lewis W. Condition of Labor in Southern Cotton Mills Roberts, Peter. Child Labor in Eastern Pennsylvania Kelley, Florence. Has Illinois the Best Laws in the Country for the Protection of Children? Lovejoy, Owen R. Test of Effective Child-Labor Legislation Beveridge, Albert J. Child Labor and the Nation What Constitutes Effective Child Labor Laws NStandard Child Labor Law... Berti Development Organization Council for Insani Behbood Regd Multan Hadi Welfare Society Multan ILM Trust Pakistan Multan ILM BertI Welfare Society Shujabad Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan
COMPANIES WORKING ON CHILD LABOR

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Academic Research Work 1 CHILD LABOR

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 2 CHILD LABOR

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 3 CHILD LABOR

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 4 CHILD LABOR

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 5 CHILD LABOR

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 6 CHILD LABOR

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 7 CHILD LABOR

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 8 CHILD LABOR

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 9 CHILD LABOR

HYPOTHESIS & RELEVANT MEASURES

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 10 CHILD LABOR

Child Labor Enforced By Economy

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 11 CHILD LABOR

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: Poverty

Cost of child labor

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 12 CHILD LABOR

Relationship between Variables:

Unemployment Cost of child labor

Child Labor Enforced By Economy

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 13 CHILD LABOR

10.Inter-related Variables & their effects:

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 14 CHILD LABOR

Child labor Economical change

Value not lies inside the region

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 15 CHILD LABOR

DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 16 CHILD LABOR

14. Threats to Validity:

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF QUESTION

Which social evil are children most vulnerable to in Child Labor?

Other Various Disases Violence / Crime Sexual Abuse Drugs

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 17 CHILD LABOR

( O -E )^2 64 9 1 25 121 220

Value not lies inside the region

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 18 CHILD LABOR

22, 22% Rise Fall No Affect

Variables Rise Fall No Affect TOTAL

Observed Frequencies (O)

(O-E) -11.33 33.67 22.33 0

( O -E )^2 128.437 1133.47 498.808 1760.711

Institute Of Management Sciences, City Campus, BZU, Multan

Academic Research Work 19 CHILD LABOR

Value not lies inside the region

In which sector Child Labor is mostly found?

Textile Leather Industry