Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(1915 -1 2008)
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93 ESpfa=rmuf arG;aehtxdrf;trSwf
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4
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ESif;qDvGifjyifpmay pmwnf;tzGJ@. trSmpm
5
‘ik&ifjyif’&Jabmfrsm;. tar vlxak ':trm (1915 - 2008) ok@d æ æ
0rf;enf;jcif; o0%fvm$ æ æ
‘tm[m&pmapmif’0kid ;f awmfom;rsm;. 0rf;enf;jcif;o0%fvm$ æ æ
‘vrif;w&m pmayqufqaH &;’ESihf ‘rm,mpmayr*~Zif;’rS ay;yk@d aom 0rf;
enf;o0%fvm$ æ æ
‘opPmawmfveS af &;tiftm;pk’rS ay;yk@d aom 0rf;enf;o0%fvm$ æ æ
*syefEidk if aH &muf pmaytiftm;pkrsm;jzpfwhJ ‘tm[m&pmapmif’ ‘opPmpm
aytiftm;pk’‘tvif;tdrrf *~Zif;’tzG@J om;rsm;u *syefEidk if aH &muf jrefrm
Ekid if o
H m; nDtpfudk armifErS rsm;ok@d vlxak ':trmtwGuf 0rf;enf;jcif;
txdr;f trSwf tcrf;tem; zdwpf m æ
z'kd ref;+idr;f &J@ 0rf;enf;o0%fvm$ æ æ
&Jabmfarmif0À&J@ 0rf;enf;o0%fvm$ æ æ
6
'efu@dk toJ omwJn h ææ ZGerf id_ ;f
igw@dk acwf&@J =u,fwm&m vlxak ':trm æ æ xGe;f jrifah tmif
tma0%du*k%&f iS f tar æ æ atmif[ed ;f (rH&k mG )
or*~tarok@d uefawmhyef; æ æ cGeq
f idk ;f
tJ'gtar vlxak ':trmaygh æ æ armifp;dk csed f
tarrm b,fawmhrS rao æ æ ZifZif
tarrm xm0&raoyg æ æ &J&ifo h ufZJG
em;pGix hf m;&wJh toH&iS f æ æ &Jabmfp;dk cspf
oHr%dvyd jf ym yef;vdyjf ym æ æ +idr;f csr;f ol
tareJ@ww l thJ ar ok@d r[kwf æ æ zk;d eD
vGr;f xku d vf @dk reS ;f æ æ &efEidk x
f eG ;f (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr uk&d ;D ,m;)
taræ ok@d æ æ atmif+idr;f
+idro
f ufwrdepf æ æ pk;d jrifjh rwf
tarrmok@d *g&0jyKjcif; æ æ ausmaf qG
tarac:oHrsm; æ æ &Jabmfausmaf v;
,Ofaus;r_ppfrsuEf mS .rdcif æ æ cspaf tmif
jynfo@l rcd if æ æ &JabmfatmifEidk Of ;D
jrwfrcd if æ æ &JabmfaiG (r=unfav;)
om;trdcsi;f ay;pmwapmif æ æ zk;d oH (vlx)k
92 ESpjf ynfh arG;rdcifo@dk ay;pmwapmif æ æ zkd;oH(vlxk)
vlx*k sme,fEiS hf vlxak ':trm æ æ ZifZif
tarhvrG ;f csi;f æ æ &J&ifo h ufZJG
rEWvmajru vlxt k ar æ æ &J+idr;f
qD æ rvl;wJh ayzl;v$m æ æ cifarmifviG f (jynf)
{&m0wD&@J orD;aumif; 'k@d acwf&@J rdcif æ æ armifv0S if; (jrif;+cH)
7
vlxak ':trm&J@ tHrh cef;avmufwhJ
pGr;f aqmifcsurf sm; æ æ vif;,keaf rmifarmif
rm;om;atmhzf bm;rm; æ æ vlxpk ed 0f if;
vlx&k @J a':trm vlxak ':trm æ æ armifomEk;d
wk@d rmS tar&Sad o;w,f æ æ armifprG ;f &nf
vlxak ':trm (ok@d r[kw)f
&mpkEpS . f pmayrD;±SL;wefaqmif æ æ csr;f +idr;f
at;&dyo f m,m æ æ a'guw
f mjrrOPL
vlxak w;oH/ oHr%dcw H yfEiS hf
ref;awmif&yd if dk æ æ armifvrG ;f %D
*k%ef @J j'yfuu dk n f w D hJ r[mjrpfEpS pf if;wk@d &@J
aygi;f pnf;jcif;oauFw æ æ bkw d ;l
vlxt k wGuf vlxb k ufu vlxak ':trm æ æ 0if;wifx
h eG ;f
a':a':&J@ v_y&f mS ;aeaom TurBmeJ@ usr æ æ vSausmaf Zm
a=uuGzJ , G yhf &kH yd rf sm; æ æ a'guwf mjrrOPL
tarwk@d 'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f
ppfajy;=uwke;f u æ æ zd;k oH (vlx)k
tarwap>ra=umufb;l æ æ zk;d oH (vlx)k
8
ESi;f qDvi
G jf yifpmay pmwnf;tzGJ .
h trSm
(1)
tarrm
90 ausmfoufwrf;rkd@ orkdif;a=umif;&Snfygonf?
ukdvdkeDacwfu pcJhwJh acwfqkd;acwfusyftrsdK;rsdK; jzwfoef;cJh&ol æ
yGJ=unfholtjzpf ai;armaewmr[kwf/ pOfqufrjywf jynfolbufrSm
&yf+yD; a&S@wef;u wkdufyGJ0ifvmol æ
'ga=umifhvnf; txktaxmif; ±kdufcsufjyif;jyif;awG vSdrfhcH&onf?
(2)
uk d , f w k d i f u pma&;q&m owif ; pmq&mjzpf v k d @ w&m;uk d z uf u
avmifukdif+yD; rw&m;wmawGukd xkd;ESufcJhonf?
trsdK;om;tarGukd qufcHxdef;odrf;+yD; ukdvkdeDpepfukd ±_wfcs/ e,fcsJ@ukd
&J & J q ef @ usif c J h o nf ?
vGwfvyfa&; &+yD;acwfwGif u|efawmfwkd@ tarhukd 'Dvkd awG@=u&jyef
onf ?
jynfwGif;azmufjyefwJh tpkd;&tqufqufawG&J@ tvkdus ra&;/ jynf
oltwGufom a&;cJh/ ajymcJhol æ
ppftpkd;&awG vufxufrSm jynfolawG&J@ pm;0wfaea&;/ 'DDrkdua&pD
a&;twG u f ae@pOf y l y ef aomuyG m ;aeol æ
ppftm%m&Sif oufqkd;&SnfoGm;rSmukd cGifhrjyKEkdifol æ
'ga=umifh acwfqkd;pepfqkd;awGukd ajymif;vJypfzkd@ qufwkduf}udK;yrf;
wkdufyGJqifaeol æ
wzufrSm rsdK;cspfjynfcspfpdwf&SdolawGeJ@ vli,fausmif;om;awGukd vrf;
a=umif ; rS e f w if a y;aeol æ
±kd;&m jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ tarGtESpfrsm;ukd xdef;odrf;umuG,f ay;ae
ol æ tjzpf xif&Sm;pGm jyoGm;cJhygonf?
9
(3)
wkdif;jynftwGuf vkdtyfaewmawGukd xwfpGrf;or# tar jznfhpGrf;
ay;cJ h y g+yD ?
bufaygif;pHk wm0efauscJholtar æ
'Dtar&J@ 93 ESpfajrmuf arG;ae@rSm tarhaus;Zl;awGukd atmufarh
owd & jcif ; tm;jzif h Tpmpk u k d ES i f ; qD v G i f j yif u *k % f , l p G m xk w f a 0jzef @ csd
vk d u f y gonf ?
Tpmtkyf xkwfEkdifa&;twGuf ESif;qDvGifjyifu qufoG,fEkdifor#
aom pma&;q&m}uD ; rsm;/ pmay0goem&S i f r sm;/ pmaya&;zG J @ ae=uol r sm;
xH pmrl a wmif ; ygonf ?
jyef@usJaeonfh pmrlrsm;ukd pkpnf;=uygonf? pkpnf;&or#xJu a&G;
Ekwfaygif;csKyfum oufqkdif&m pmrl&Sifrsm;xH cGifhjyKcsuf awmif;cHcJhonf?
vufvSrf;rrDolawGeJ@ qufoG,fvkd@ rjzpfEkdifolawG&J@ pmrlawG t
wGufawmh cGifhv$wfay;=uyg&ef ESif;qDvGifjyifu tEl;tnGwf awmif;yef
ygonf ?
pmwnf ; tzG J @
ESif;qDvGifjyifpmay
10
tar vlxka':trm.
ajym=um;csufESifh a&;om;csufrsm;
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12
“taruawmh ausmif;om;vnf; EkdifiHa&;vkyfoifhw,fvkd hjrif wmyJ?
bmjzpfvkd hwkef;qkdawmh ausmif;om;vnf; wkdif;oljynfom; wa,mufyJ r
[kwfvm;? olwae hvl}uD;jzpfvmOD;rSmyJ? tJ'Dawmh EkdifiHa&;rvkyf&if‘t’
w,f ? jynf o l v l x k e J h t wl a&m_yD ; awmh wuf º uG & rS m yJ / Ek d ; -um;&rS m yJ /
v+yf&Sm;&rSmyJvkd h jrifwmyJuGJ h? ausmif;om;awGukd tukefvkH; [kda±$ h'Da±$ h/
wcgwnf ; z±k d z &J j zpf a tmif tpG r f ; uk e f ol w k d h b uf u vk y f a wmh w myJ ?
ausmif;om;ukd olwkd hu odyfa-umufaewm? tJ'gyJ tarjrifwm”
vl x k a ':trm(1915-2008)
13
14
tEkynmpmtkyaf wGud k
bm&nf&, G cf suef @J
a&;ovJ
vlxk a':trm
arv 27 &ufae@u tr&yl& awmifav;vH;k OD;ynmausmif;rSm jynfol
cspfaom tEkynmonfrsm; pmtkyfxGufwm 25 ESpfjynf@wJh txdrf;trSwfeJ@
awG@qykH u JG av; vky=f uw,f? rEWav;/ ppfuidk ;f / tif;0/ wHwm;OD;/ pOfu h idk /f &Gmaxmif/
+rdK@ompwJh 0ef;usiu f pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&mawG/ obife,f/ *Dwe,fuvlawG
awmfawmfppkH kH vm=uw,f? ±ky&f iS rf if;om; ukx d eG ;f a0}uD;vnf; ygw,f? a&eHajr
a':cifpv k J a&mufvmao;? eef;awmfa&S@q&mwifo h m; a&$eef;wif/ +rdK@r+idr;f om;
+rdK@r uk&d e$ ;f +rdKif/ pdeaf A'g}uD;&J@om; OD;aX;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;nGe@f wif/ vrif;w&m ukjd rwf
r_id ;f eJ@ yefwsmaX;aX;jrif/h vl&i$ af wmf udo k m"k/ apmif;rlro l ed ;f wk@d nDtpfr pojzifh
vlu awmfawmfpv kH mawmh qk=d uwD;=ueJ@ aysmpf &m vGr;f p&m}uD;ygy?J tJ'rD mS vGecf hJ
wJh 25 ESpu f xGucf w hJ hJ u|erf a&;cJw h hJ pmtky[ f m ckaetcgrsm; a&;prf;ygqv dk m&if
[kw d ek ;f u u|erf awG@qakH r;jref;cJo h al wG tm;vH;k eD;yg; aoqH;k ukew f mvJwa=umif;/
u|erf uk, d wf idk f [kw d ek ;f uavmuf tyifyef; rcHEidk af wmhwmvJ wa=umif;a=umifh
'Dpmtkyrf sKd ;jzpfz@dk rvG,b f ;l ? i,f&,G o f al wG uk,d v f yk cf siw
f mukd tm;aumif; armif;
oefjzpfwkef; +yD;ajrmufatmif }udK;pm;vkyfaqmif=u/ tcsdefumvqkdwm apmifh
aewmrsKd ; r[kwb f ;l vk@d ajym&w,f? 'Dpmtkyef @J ywfouf+yD; uAsmq&m uk=d unf
atmifu &oajrmufwJh twÎKy`wWdpmayvkd@ ajymvkd@ u|efru a&;pOftcg
wke;f uawmh twÎKy`w&dW ,fv@dk a&;wmr[kww f t hJ a=umif; enf;enf;yg;yg; ajym
jycJw h ,f? tdrjf yefa&mufawmh 'Dta=umif; a':a': rEWav;+rdK@awmfcef;r (1) rSm
wcgu a[majymzl;om;yJv@dk uae@tcrf;tem;wufwhJ rdwv DÎ maumvdyf pm=unhf
wku d rf LS ;uk0d if;wifu h ajymygw,f? [kwv f m;/ wk@d rrSwrf ad wmhb;l vk@d ajymawmh olu
olord ;f xm;wJh u|erf a[majymcsuu f av;udk rdwv DÎ muae jyefy@dk ay;vdu k yf gw,f?
odr;f xm;azmf&vk@d aus;Zl;wif&ygw,f?
15
bmvk d @ a&;ovJ
trsKd ;om;obife@J ywfouf+yD; a':a': pm 4 - 5 tkyf a&;cJyh gw,f?
(1) jynfocl spaf om tEkynmonfrsm;
(2) atmifAv/ zk;d pde/f pdeu f wk;kH
(3) a&$ref;wifarmif
(4) t+idrhf
'Dpmtkyaf wGxu J tukev f ;kH r[kwaf wmifrS wcsKd @uadk wmh zwfz;l =urSmyg?
'gawG a&;jzpfwhJ aphaqmfcsuu f ppf+yD; 'DbufumvrSm trsKd ;om;obif&@J tqifh
twef; tifrwef edru hf svmwmukd awG@&awmh pdwx f rJ mS t&ifu vlawGudk vGr;f +y;D
uk,d o f cd hJ rDchJ =unhcf hJ jrifc&hJ wJh obifynmonfawG/ =um;zl;em;0&Sad ewJh obif
ynmonfawG [kw d ek ;f u b,fvdk tvkyv f yk =f uwmuvm;qk+d yD; uae@ obif
avmuxJuadk &m yG=J unfyh &dowfjynfou l akd &m jyefajymjycsiv f @dk a&;wmyg?
ppf+yD; 'DbufacwfrSm trsdK;om;obifawG&J@ tqifhtwef;u awmf
awmf}uD;ukd edrfhusysufpD;vmygw,f? bmvkd@vJqkdawmh e,fcsJ@,Ofaus;r_awG&J@
txk;d tESuu f dk cH&vk@d uk, d rhf ul dk qkyu f idk rf xm;Ekid b f J wzufu u,dr;f u,kid f jzpf
wmeJ@twl ajymif;vJaewJh acwftajctaeukdrSD+yD; tawG;tac:opfawGeJ@
wDxiG q f ef;opfra_ wGudk u|erf wk@d obiform;awG vku d rf vkyEf idk v
f @dk a&S@rrD aemuf
ra&mufe@J paumpu jzpfae&wmvJ ygygw,f? tJ'v D dk trsKd ;om;obifawG jzpfwhJ
Zmwf/ ±kyaf o;/ t+idr/hf qdik ;f awG tqift h wef; edru hf swmawG awG@&awmh pdwx f rJ mS
tm;rvkt d m;r& jzpfae+yD; ajymif;vJaewJh tajctaeopfawGudk Ekid if H a&;tod
r&Sad o;vk@d vku d rf rD&if &Syd gap/ &S&d if;pGJ trsKd ;om;obif&@J tqift h wef; ukad wmh
qkyu f idk v
f @dk xm;zk@d aumif;ygw,fv@dk atmufarh+yD; uk, d o
f rd w
D hJ jrefrmhobif ukd
jyefa&;jywmygy?J
twÎ K y` w W d v m;
a':a':hpmtkyaf wGudk wcsKd @u jrefrmobif ynm&Siaf wG&@J twÎKy`wadW wG
jzpfw,fv@dk q+dk y;D twÎKy`wpdW mayxJ oGwo f iG ;f =uygw,f? wcsKd @uawmh jrefrm obif
orkid ;f yJq+dk y;D orkid ;f pm&if;xJ oGwof iG ;f =uygw,f? orkid ;f eJ@ twÎKy`w[ dW m qufE, G rf _
&Syd gw,f? 'ga=umifh a&;cJw h hJ pmtkyaf wG[m twÎKy`wedW ,fy,fxJ 0ifoavmuf
awmh 0ifygvrd rhf ,f? Ek@d ayr,fh a&;pOftcgwek ;f uawmh twÎKy`wadW &;wm r[kwyf gb;l ?
OD;zk;d pdew
f @dk / a,mufsm;rif;orD; OD;atmifAvwk@d / OD;pdeu f wH;k wk@d / &Gmpm;}u;D pdeaf A'gw@kd
twÎKy`wadW wGudk tjcm;pma&;q&mawG a&;+y;D om;&Syd gw,f? wtkyrf u wcsKd @y*k Kd~ vf
16
awGq&dk if ola&;iga&; ESpt
f yk o
f ;kH tkyf &Syd gw,f? Ek@d ayr,fh olw@dk a&;xm;wmawGu
u|erf a&;wmeJ@ ,lwhJ pmay±_axmifch si;f rwlygb;l ?
yGJ=unfh±_axmifh
u|erf pmtkyaf wGu yG=J unf±h a_ xmifu h a&;wmyg? u|erf wk@d yG=J unfwh t
hJ cg
aemufw&uf 'Dyu JG dk =unfo h cl si;f qHrk &d if yGJ pm;+rHK@jyefwwfygw,f? vljyufu bm
ukd b,fvjdk yufvu dk w f muvm;qk+d yD; jyufv;kH ukd jyefajym+yD; &,f&w,f? rif;om;
rif;orD;qdw k hJ oDcsi;f awGxu J uk, d &f wJh tvku d uf av;eJ@ tyk'd uf av; qk=d unf&h
w,f? Zmwf0ifcef;xJu uk, d Ef pS of ufwhJ pum;vH;k av;awG jyefajym&w,f? yGJ
=unfch si;f 'Dvdk yGpJ m;+rKH @jyef&wm yDwed @J yg? u|erf i,fi,fu tvkyo f rm;awG =um;xJ
}u;D jyif;vmcJw h myg? u|erf wk@d rdbbk;d bGm;awGu aq;/ aq;±k;d a&mif;0,f=uolawGr@dk
tdrrf mS aq;aygv h yd cf /kH aq;jyif;vdycf kH &Syd gw,f? tJ'aD wmh aq;vdyo f nfv@dk ac:wJh
tvkyo f rm;awG=um;xJrmS aecJ&h wmyg? u|erf olw@dk e@J twl yGJ pm;+rKH @ jyefwmawGudk
tck jyefowd&+yD; tJ't D vkyo f rm;awG&@J aveJ@ 'Dpmtkyaf wGudk a&;wmyg?
b,f v k d p k o vJ
uae@ jrefrmhobifonfawG trsKd ;om;obif tpOftvmawGudk av;
av;pm;pm; rxm;bJ jzpfuwwfqef; vkypf m;ae=u&yHak wGudk tm;rvkt d m;r&
&Sw
d mrk@d [kw d ek ;f uawmh qkid ;f ynmqk&d if &Gmpm;}u;D pdeaf A'gw@dk u b,fv&dk mS rD;S qnf;
yl;cJhwm/ tEkynmorm;wa,muf[m aowyefoufwqHk; ynmqnf;yl;jznfh
wif;ae&w,fv@dk pdeaf A'g}uD;u ,H=k unf+yD; ol@,=kH unfcsut f wkid ;f rsupf Ed pS vf ;kH
zGiuhf wnf;u rSw d w
f t hJ csed x
f d ynm,lwm/ tvkyv f yk cf sed u f sawmhvnf; tvkyu f dk
b,fvadk v;av;pm;pm; vkyo f mG ;w,fqw dk mrsKd ;awGukd wifjyEkid af tmifv@dk olw@dk
tvkyv f yk cf w
hJ ahJ cwfudk wu,frcD w hJ v
hJ al wG/ olw@dk e@J wGzJ ufvyk u f idk of mG ;olawGukd
vkud v f pH pkH rf;+y;D olw@dk qu D ar;jref;rSwo f m;ygw,f? u|erf a&;wJh tEkynmonfawG
xJu taraxG;ac:wJh raxG;av;&,f/ q&myk}uD;&,f/ atmifAv&,fukdawmh
rrDvu dk bf ;l ? u|erf rarG;cifu 'DynmonfawGu aoqH;k =uwm? Ek@d ayr,fh wu,fh
ynm}uD;wJhvlawG jzpfavawmh olwkd@&J@ ynm&nfu orm;pOf trSwftom;
tjzpfeJ@ ajymprSwfawG obifavmurSm trsm;}uD; usef&pfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
tJ'aD jymprSwaf wG olw@dk wynfw h yef;awGqu D vku d vf &H mS azG pkaqmif;&ygw,f?
uset f EkynmonfawGuawmh odvu dk w f m/ rDvu dk wf m/ =unfzh ;l vku d w f m/
wcsKd @u u|r;f u|r;f 0if0if &Sw d mawG ygygw,f? a&$ref;wifarmifq&dk if t&if;ESq D ;kH
17
wa,mufyg? ukw d ifarmif rif;om;rjzpfcif q&mawmf OD;auo&qDrmS bke;f }uD;
ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u odygw,f? ol@q&mawmfu u|efrwdk@vJ ukd;uG,f
wmukd;? ol@udk rif;orD;}uD; raiG+rdKifqDukd ynmoiftyfawmhvnf; odwmyJ?
raiG+rdKif&@J yOPi;f u u|erf wk@d trd u f qGr;f cHu, dk af wmfu;dk ? aemuf ol rif;om; jzpf
vmw,f? ausm=f um;vmw,f? aemuf urBmppf}uD; jzpfvmw,f? ola&m u|erf
wk@d a&m a&$ref;q&mawmf OD;auo& ppfwiG ;f oDwif;oH;k wJh uykid af wmifipl ak usmif;
xJrmS oGm;+yD;cku d ;dk &w,f? w0kid ;f wnf; oH;k ESpaf vmuf twlaezl;oayg?h ppf+yD;awmh
udw k ifarmif jyefuw,f? xef;jrif&yfxJ raecsib f ;l / u|erf wd@k tem; aecsiw f ,fqv dk @dk
u|erf cJtu kd ol@wu dk u
f dk }uD;=uyfaqmufay;w,f? u|erf wk@d e@J ig;tdryf J jcm;w,f?
tJ'aD vmuf &if;ES;D ayr,fh ol tedpaP &mufv@dk jrefrmZmwfobifavmu
twGu/f ol@ta=umif; a&;r,fqakd wmh ole@J od±kH u|r;f ±Hk &if;ES;D ±Hek @J pmtkyw f tkyf
rjzpfygb;l ? ole@J twl wGzJ uftvkyv f yk =f uwJh ZmwfoZl mwfom;awG tm;vH;k eD;yg;
ac:awG@&/ ar;&/ jref;&/ rSwo f m;&ygw,f? ol@xrif;csu/f ol@refae*smygrusef awG@qkH
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+cKH +y;D odxm;zk@d 'DrmS 'Dvadk y:vmwJh rif;om;qdw k m yDyjD yifjyif jyEkid zf @dk avhvmrSwo f m;
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tqifhtwef;awGu edrfhusvkdufvmawmh 'DuAsmvuFmawGvJ aysmufrSef;rod
aysmufukef+yD? tJ'guav;awG[m raysmufysufxkdufbl;? odrf;qnf;xm;Ekdif&if
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'DuAsmvuFmawGudk ae&m&Sm+yD; xnfyh gw,f?
'gav;awG[m u|erf awG@qakH r;jref;xm;wJh obifonf}uD;awG&@J ajym
pum;awGxu J aumufoif;aumufxm;wmawGyg? +yD;awmh yG=J unfah wG yDwed @J
oDqckd &hJ wJh oDcsi;f av;awGuv kd J &wwfor# jyefazmfxw k +f yD; u|erf pmtkyx f rJ mS
xnfx h m;ygw,f? 'gav;awGvnf; ESajrmvk@d raysmufysu&f atmif odr;f qnf;ay;
18
wmyg?
ta&;tom;
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tkyaf wGrmS pum;ajymwJt h wkid ;f a&;xm;ygw,f? tJ'gvJ u|erf ajymcsiw f mawGudk
'DypkH eH @J a&;rS ukepf ifatmif ajymjyEkid rf ,f? zwf&wJo h vl J 'grS t&omjynfh cHpm;Ekid f
r,fq+dk yD; a&;wmyg? pma&;w,fqw dk m yg;pyfe@J ajymvk@d r=um;ra&mufwq hJ D pm
eJ@a&mufatmifvkyfwm/ pum;ukd tuQ&meJ@ zvS,fay;wmukd pma&;w,fvkd@
ac:wmygy?J pm pay:wke;f u ajymwmukd a&;cs&mu pmpay:wmyJ? pmu t&if
ay:wm r[kwb f ;l ? pum;u t&ifay:vmwm? pmu aemufrS ay:vmwm? 'g
a=umifh ta&;[m tajymukd ajymwJhtwkdif; a&;wmygyJ? ta&;wrsdK; tajym
wrsKd ;vk@d ay:wke;f u r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? Ek@d ayr,fh vl@pum;qkw d m ausmufw;kH }uD;vkd ikwf
wkwaf ewJo h abm r&Sb d ;l ? pum;rSm touf&ydS gw,f? vl@tajctaeawG ajymif;
vJwkd;wufwmeJ@tr# pum;awGvJ ajymif;vJvm&w,f? pum;vHk;awG wkd;vm
&w,f? pum;wk;d wufajymif;vJovkd pum;ukad &;wJph muvJ trDvu dk +f yD; wk;d wuf
ajymif;vJ&w,f? u|erf wd@k pmrSm wcsed w f cgwek ;f u tajymeJ@ta&; wajy;nD&cdS ahJ y
r,fh wcsdefusawmh tajymuom ajymif;ajymif;vm+yD; ta&;u wae&mrSm
rd;k wk;d rwfwwf &yfuse&f pfw,f? 'ga=umifh a&;pmeJ@ ajympum; enf;enf; uGm[
oGm;w,f? 'gudk a&;pmu ajympum;rDatmifajymif;zk@d r}udK;pm;=ubJ ta&;u
ta&;wrsKd ;/ tajymu tajymwrsKd ; &S&d r,fv@dk ynmwwfwcsKd @u qkad e=uygw,f?
ynmukd vlwpkvufxrJ mS om qkyx f m;csi&f if/ ynm&Sd vufqyk u f dk rajzcsi&f ifawmh
19
xm;yg? 'Dvdk r[kwb f eJ @J pmqkw d mukd vlwidk ;f a&;Ekid /f zwfEidk af pcsiw f ,f? vlwidk ;f
vG,v f , G f em;vnfapcsiw f ,fq&dk ifjzifh pum;ajymwwfw,f? pum;yDem;=um;&Sd
w,fqw dk hJ vlwa,mufu tJ'pD um;ukd tuQ&mpmvH;k eJ@ zvS,w f wfw,fq&dk if
olvJ pma&;Ekid yf gap/ pmzwfEidk yf gap/ 'grS pD;yGm;a&;edru hf svw S hJ u|erf wd@k tvkyf
orm; v,form;awG pma&;wwf zwfwwfvm=urSmyg? u|erf pmtkyaf wGudk
pum;ajymwJhyHkpHeJ@a&;awmh u|efrbmajymcsifwmwkH;? ajymcsifwmukd tdwfoGef
zmarSmuf pmeJ@ ajymvk@d &vmw,f? 'Dtjyif b,fapwemeJ@ ajymcsiw f mvJ? wdraf um
ukew f mawG ESrEd aS jrm wifjycsiw f mvm;/ aESmif;vlawG aygah ygw h efwef tvkyv f yk f
ae=uvk@d u±k%ma'goeJ@ ajymcsiw f mvm;? 'Da&;enf;u u|erf rSm&Sw d hJ apwem
twkid ;f wdwu d sus a&;jyvk@d &ygw,f? 'ga=umifh pum;ajymwJt h wkid ;f a&;xm;
wmyg?
trsKd ;om;obifqidk &f m pmtkyf 4-5 tkyu f dk 'Dvdk }udK;}udK;pm;pm; a&;&
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qufvufxed ;f odr;f r,fv@dk oabmayguw f hJ ynmonfwcsKd @ ay:xGuv f mygw,f?
'g[m tjrwfyg? Ek@d ayr,fh jrwfoifjh rwfxu dk wf hJ twkid ;f twmtxdawmh rjrwf
vmao;ygb;l ? uk, d yf idk &f w
dS hJ trsKd ;om;,Ofaus;r_udk qufvufxed ;f odr;f +y;D ajymif;vJ
vmwJh tajctae t&yf&yfe@J tnD trsKd ;om;[ef rvGwb f J qef;opf wDxiG rf _
awGukd jyK=u&rSmu vlawGc, H l usio hf ;kH &r,fh vrf;pOfygy?J
'ga=umifh a':a':uawmh wkd@,Ofaus;r_tarGawGukd wwfEkdifoavmuf
pkpnf;+yD; pmtkyaf wGtjzpfe@J rif;wk@d vufudk tyfcrhJ ,f? rif;wk@d u 'Dta[mif;ukd
qkyu f idk /f ta[mif;xJu taumif;uk, d +l yD; vl@abmifopftwGuf jynfou l dk tusKd ;
jyKr,fh tEkynmukd zefw;D =uayawmhv@dk wku d wf eG ;f &if; ed*;kH csKyfygw,f? ?
(tustaysmufrSvGJI owfyHkrsm;ukd rl&if;twkdif; xdef;odrf; azmfjyxm;ygonf?)
vlxa k ':trm
pmay*sme,f trSwf (5)/ 1989
20
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vG,fvG,fulul b,frSmrS rpDpOfEkdifao;bl;? 'ga=umifh vlwtkyf}uD;twGuf
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21
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22
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23
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24
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25
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50 jzpfayr,fh 'gb,favmufvJ ar;vku d &f if 75jym;vk@d aps;wif qkw d myg? rav#mh
bl;vm;ar;&if b,fEpS v f ;kH ,lrmS vJ/ 10vH;k pvH;k ,l&if jym; 60 ay;oGm;wJ?h uk, d u
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onfu tqpfrS cHyghrvm;qkdwm? wcsdK@u aps;OD;}uD; vmrqpfeJ@vkd@ aiguf
v$wfwwfwmuvnf; &Sdao;awmh olwkd@u aps;wifqkdwwfrSef; odayr,fh
t&rf;rqpf&Jbl;? rqpf0Hhvkd@ 'Dtwkdif; xGufoGm; jyef&ifvJ wcsdK@aps;onfu
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26
rSmvm; ,l/ awmhwa,mufwnf; a&mif;aewm r[kwfbl;’wJh? csrf;om
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0,fch&J wmyJ?
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a,muQrvkyfwJhvlu r,Hk=unfaybl;? ol@ukd tukeftodray;eJ@vkd@ owday;
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ae@widk ;f ygy?J
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&wJb h 0ukd a&mufwmyg? aps;t0,f0g; r0ao;&if aps;onf taigucf &H wmu
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avsmw h wfwmyJ? wcsKd @rsm; 20usyo f m;txd avsmw h ,f? olw@dk uawmh yGe;f vk@d
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tav;uukyd J rjynfb h ;l ? aps; onfawGu rke@f z;dk yJz;dk ay;xm;w,fqw dk hJ toHrsKd ;vJ
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&atmif rke@f z;dk ay;wJv h l &Sw d ,fqw dk hJ pum;rsKd ;vJ =um;&zl;ygw,f? +rdK@aps;[m vnf
ovkd pm;=uwJh ae&m}uD;ygy?J aps;onfu tav;ck;d / &mZlc;dk ovkd aps;0,fuvnf;
vpf&if vpfovkd E_u d , f w l mrsKd ;vnf; &Sw d myJ? 'gah =umifh aps;0,fomG ;&if tdr&f iS rf u
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27
EGr;f yg;pkwyf ahJ e&if aps;onfu aps;ck;d tpGcJ &H wwfao;w,f? 'Dvrdk sm; cH&rvm;qk&d if
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csdKcsdKcsOfcsOfuav;uvnf; ygvkdufcsifao;? ygvmwJh ykdufqHuav;uvnf;
ravmufriSr@dk &wwfor#uav;eJ@ yifo h ufcs okwaf cswif jyefc&hJ wwfygw,f?
u|erf wk@d rmS 'Dtavhtusiahf wGu &csiw f idk ;f &aeawmh yk*aH ps;rSm vwf
vwfqwfqwfeJ@ aps;aygvSwJh om;ig;toD;t&GufawGukd awG@&wJhtcg u|efr
wkd@wawGu avmbw}uD; 0,fcJhjcrf;cJhrdw,f? tvkt,uf 0,f&avhr&Sdao;
wJah ps;rSm tusi}hf u;D ygaewJh u|erf wd@k wawG avmbwyfcyhJ akH wGuadk wmh 'Dae&muyJ
}uHKwke;f }uHKcku d f yk*o H al wGudk awmif;yef&awmhrmS yJ? ?
(tustaysmufrSvGJI owfyHkrsm;ukd rl&if;twkdif; xdef;odrf;azmfjyxm; ygonf?)
vlxak ':trm
rEWav;0dZ…m/ody`HwuUokdvf ESpfvnfr*~Zif;
1969 - 70
28
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29
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ar 1 &uf 2008
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103
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·
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106
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114
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124
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125
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cspfatmif
9 - 4 - 2008
126
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olrukd pwifjrifz;l onf? *sLAvDa[mwGif usi;f yonf?
,if;nDvmcH}u;D rS yxrOD;qH;k aom ArmEkid if v H ;kH qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*~udk
arG;zGm;ay;vkdufonf? ,if;nDvmcHwGif tqdkwifoGif;aom tif;vsm;aqmifol
rtrmukd awG@&onf? pum;ajymaumif;onf[k cHpm;vku d &f onf?
xk@d aemuf usaemf &efuek w f uUov dk o f @dk a&muf&o dS mG ;pOf ‘a'go’[laom
0wÎKwkduav;ukd wuUokdvfausmif;wkduf r*~Zif;wGifvm;rod zwfvkdufrdonf?
a&;olu jrrOPL/ *smref0wÎK/ 0wÎKa&;q&m [mrd. Fury 0wÎKukd bmomjyefxm;
aom 0wÎK? usaemf ‘a'go’ ukd }udKufomG ;onf? xk@d aemuf jrrOPL 0wÎKrsm;ukd r
zwfr?d usaemfyJ rzwfro d vm;/ jrrOPLyJ qufra&;ovm; rodawmh?
xdk@aemuf ppfrjzpfrDumvu }uD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwkdufrS ‘arm&pfaum
vpf’. ‘tr_tcif;rsm;’pmtkyf bmomjyefudk zwf&onf? xk@d aemuf ppf+yD;pwGif
‘0gvpD pk um;’. ‘oufwaH &mif’0wÎKbmomjyefudk zwf&onf? ,if;oufwaH &mif
0wÎK trSma&;olu ‘ocifoef;xGe;f ’? oluvnf; pma&;aumif; tzG@J tEG@J aumif;?
1950 'DZifbmvu rEWav;ok@d a&mufomG ;onf? pma&;q&m rdwq f uf
yGjJ zpfonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEu k txufjrefrmjynf pma&;q&mESihf atmufjrefrm
jynf pma&;q&m rdwq f ufyJG vkyaf y;onf? xkt d cgu a':trmukd awG@&onf?
usaemfu touf 30 t&G,/f a':trmu usaemfx h uf 4 ESpcf ef@ }u;D onf?
164
rdwq f ufyjJG zpfojzifh [k{d nfch yH o
JG mG ;&/ onf{nfch yH o
JG mG ;&ojzifh a':trmESihf aumif;
pGmyif pum;rajymjzpf?
1939 usaemf rEWav; a&muf/ ukAd [de;f u a':trmqD ac:roGm;/ rawG@
vkud ?f a&$jynfO;D bwifxo H @dk ukAd [de;f u ac:oGm;onf? a&$jynfO;D bwifEiS t hf wl
OD;xifudk awG@&onf? aemufrS OD;xifonf a':trm. zcifreS ;f od&onf? a&$jynf
OD;bwifu usaemfw@dk &Sr;f jynfomG ;rnfqI dk &Sr;f jynfwiG f a&ukd txl; *±kpu dk f
aomuf&ef rSm=um;aeonf? OD;bwifrmS ,ck &o 'g±u dk w
f m uk0d if;az. zcif
jzpfa=umif; aemufrS od&onf? aemufawmh rEWav;a&mufv#if OD;vStrd rf mS wnf;ckd
onf? owif;pmbufwiG f a&mufae+yD? xkt d cg a':trmonf vlxk a': trm
jzpfae+y?D
(c)
pmayb0qkdonfu ajym&tcufom;? tuJjzwf&cufonf? rdrdwkd@.
yk*v ~ ud b0ESihf qufpyfaeonf? ukv d ES iS hf ta=umif;ygaomtcg owif;pmq&mr
jzpfomG ;[efwo l nf? ukv d ES iS hf usaemfw@dk u cif=uonf? ausmif;om; b0uwnf;
u odu|rf;onf? usaemfhxuf tawmfvnf; }uD;onf? ppfjzpfcgeD;u ukdvS
wm0ef,x l w k af eaom }uD;yGm;a&;r*~Zif;wku d of @dk 0wÎKwkad v;wyk'af &; ay;cJoh nf?
xkt d cgu usaemfusKd ufvwfo@dk a&mufaeonf?
0wÎKa&;q&m armfygqeG ;f . ‘rGe;f vku d ’f trnf&dS 0wÎKwkad v;ukd rS;D um a&;
vku d o f nf? ‘tvS*% k ’f [k trnfwyfonf? }uD;yGm;a&;r*~Zif;rSm xk0d wÎK ygvm
onf? ukv d uS usaemfzwf&ef pmtkyrf sm;pGm yk@d vu dk o
f nf? 1946 u usaemf wm&m
xkwfa0aomtcg a':trmxHu pma&mufvmonf? usaemf. wm&mr*~Zif;
twGuf uk, d pf m;vS,v f yk &f ef jzpfonf? ok@d aomf usaemfu vlxw k udk tf wGuf
uk,d pf m;vS,f ray;jzpfbJ tjcm;wku d o f @dk ay;jzpfomG ;onf? usaemf tm;emaeonf?
usaemfu vkyif ef;aumif;pGm rvkyw f wfI t&ifvmajymI ajymoludk ay;vku d f
[efwo l nf? usaemfu rEWav; ta&mufenf;onf? xk@d a=umifh a':trmESihf txd
tawG@enf;onf? rEWav;a&mufv#ifvnf; vlxkwkdufwGif ukdvSESifhom pum;
ajymjzpfonf? ukv d ES iS phf um;aumif;aepOf a':trmu 0ifajymwwfonf?
a':trm a&;aom ocifu, dk af wmfrid_ ;f / jynfocl spaf om tEkynmonf
pmtkyrf sm;xGuv f #if usaemfx h H yk@d wwfonf? usaemfzwf&onf? a':trmu tpk
taqmif;aumif;? rEWav;rS tEkynm&Sif Zmwfq&mrsm;ta=umif; aphaphii a&;
onfudk zwf=unfjh zpfonf? usaemfonf Zmwfobif 0goemygojzifh zwfjzpfonf?
165
a':trmonf Zmwfobifavmu *DwavmuESihf tu|r;f 0if em;vnfonf?
ocifu,dk af wmfrid_ ;f pmtkyq
f v
dk #if txl}uD; ususeeavhvmum twÎK
y`wu
dW dk a&;onf? usaemfu &opmayukd a':trmxHrS ar#mv f ifo
h nf? jrrOPL.
pmayta&;tom; tzG@J tEG@J udk odaeojzifh jrrOPLuJo h @dk 0wÎKrsm; bmomjyefapcsif
onf? ok@d aomf jyefonfudk rawG@&? jrrOPLu jyefvnf&iS o f efxajrmufjcif; r&S?d
vlxak ':trm[laom owif;pmq&m/ twÎKy`wadW &;q&m oabmrsKd ;uko d m awG@
ae&onf? pdwx f u J odyrf auseyf?
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owif;pmq&mESihf pma&;q&m (0g) &opma&;q&muawmh odyrf wl?
owif;pmq&mqko d nfuawmh wu,fjzpfysuaf eonft h &mwk@d udk rSww f rf;wif
&onf? &opma&;q&muawmh wu,fhtjzpftysufukd tajcjyKI Zmwfvrf;
Zmwfuu G wf @dk jzifh jc,fo&onf?
usaemfu jrrOPL jzpfapvko d nf? olr. tawG@t}uHKESiq hf v
dk #if olrjzwf
oef;cJah om/ olrjzwfoef;aeaom orkid ;f tawG@t}uHKESiq hf v
dk #i/f jrrOPL tzG@J tEG@J
rsKd ;ESiq
hf v
dk #if 0wÎK&Snf a&;zG@J Eidk rf nf[k xifxm;cJo h nf? ok@d aomfowif;pmq&m
tcef;uvnf; ol@tcef;ESio hf l &So
d nfudk usaemfem;vnfonf? ,ckvnf; r*~Zif;
rsm;wGif ol.tawG@t}uHKukd tajccHum a0zeftuJjzwfaom pmrsm;ukdvnf;
zwfae&I jrrOPLukd rawG@&aomfvnf; vlxak ':trmtjzpf awG@&I wrsKd ;auseyf
&onf?
rESpu
f tr&yl& *E<m±Hak usmif;wku d tf eD; awmifav;vH;k ausmif;wku d ft
oGm; rEWav;blwm±Hq k if;v#if a':trmhtrd o f @dk 0ifomG ;&onf? q&m}uD;ocifu, dk f
awmfrid_ ;f . qDaq;um;csyaf &S@wiG f usaemfw@dk udk {nfch o H nf? c%wjzKwfawmh pum;
ajymonf? rEWav;u uAsmq&mESihf pma&;q&mrsm;vnf; ac:xm;I pHpk v kH ifvif?
jrrOPLta=umif; ajymjy&if; jrrOPLemrnfEiS hf a&;aom 0wÎKrsm; pkxw k rf nf[k =um;&I
0rf;omrdonf? pum;ajym=u&if; wm&memrnfEiS hf pyfxm;aom tqkad wmfpma&;
q&mta=umif; a&mufomG ;onf? ‘rde;f uav;vm;/ a,mufsm;av;vm; rodb;l ’
[k usaemfuajymjyvku d &f m a':trmu +yHK;I ‘&Siu f rde;f uav;jzpfapcsiw f m
vm;’ [k usaemfu h dk pvku d o f nf?
(C)
jrrOPL 0wÎK/ bmomjyefæpaompmrsm;ukd rzwf&aomfvnf; ,ae@ xGuf
aeaom r*~Zif;rsm;wGif a':trm. aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd zwfae&onf? yxr rsKd ;quf/
166
'kw, d rsKd ;qufrsm;ukd jzwfoef;oGm;+yD; wwd,rsKd ;qufudk jzwfoef;aeqJ? ,ae@
acwfay:tajctaeukd ol.cHpm;onft h wkid ;f a&;om;xm;onf? ppfrjzpfraD cwf
ESihf ,ae@acwfudk E_id ;f ,SOI f azmfjyxm;ojzifh todw;dk &onf? todqo dk nfrmS
E_id ;f ,SOcf surf sm;jzifo
h m rSeu f efaomtodudk awG@&onf?
csKo
d nf[k t&omcHv#if omrefxuf rcsKd aom &ocHpm;csurf sm;om jzpf
onf? omrefxufcsKd v#if ,cktcsKd onf aygo h mG ;rnf? olr. t,ltqrsm;/ olr.
cHpm;csurf sm;ukd ,ae@wwd,rsKd ;qufrsm; ykI d zwfoifo
h nf? ok@d ro
S mv#if olw@dk .
tjrif/ olw@dk . v_y&f mS ;r_ rnfo h nfah e&m a&muf&adS e+yDudk ykI
d odEidk af oma=umifh
jzpfonf?
usaemfu trsKd ;om;ae@rsKd ;qufcsi;f jzpfI olr. cHpm;csuu f dk zwfcsiaf erd
onf?
1936 ausmif;om;oydwrf S pwifawG@xcd &hJ aom oydwaf rSmufausmif;ol
rtrmukd ,ae@aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;pepf[k ac:aeaom acwfwacwfwGifvnf;
pl;&SxufjrufpmG / &$iv f ef;pGm/ a0zefpmG jzwfoef;aeonfudk awG@jrif&ayonf?
'*kewf m&m
10 &uf/ azazmf0g&D/ 1995
pmay*sme,f?
167
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tHrh cef;avmufwhJ
pGr;f aqmifcsurf sm;
±k d ; &mrysuf w uf a &muf o l
'Dae@jrefrmEkid if w
H 0ef;vH;k rSm &S=d uwJh pmorm; uAsmorm;rsm;eJ@ *Dwobif
tEkynm&Sirf sm;twGuf rxifrw S bf J xl;jcm;vSwhJ ‘trSww f &ae@’wae@udk }uKH awG@
jzwfoef;vmcJ=h uwm q,fpEk pS w f ckru ausmv f eG vf mcJ=h uyg+yD? tJ't
D rSww f &ae@
uawmh wjcm; r[kwyf gb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@dk wawG cspcf ifav;pm; =unfnKd tm;xm;
ae=uwJh rEWav;u pma&;q&mr}uD; vlxak ':trm&J@ arG;ae@ tcrf;tem;ygy?J
'DarG;ae@txdr;f trSwt f crf;tem;ukd ESppf Of Ek0d ifbm 29 &ufae@widk ;f tr&yl&
awmifav;vH;k q&mawmf ukyd nm&J@ausmif;rSm usi;f ycJ=h uwm 12 }udrf &Scd yhJ g+yD?
wdwdususajym&r,fqkd&if vlxka':trm&J@ arG;ae@tcrf;tem;ukd
a':trm touf 70 jynfw h hJ 1985 Ekid 0f ifbm 29 &ufae@u p+y;D usi;f yvmcJ=h uwm
vGecf w hJ hJ 1997 ckEpS f Ek0d if bm29 &uf vlxak ':trm touf 82 jynfw h t
hJ xdygy?J
'DvEdk pS pf Ofrysuf usi;f yvmcJ=h uwJh arG;ae@tcrf;tem;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; tcgoifv h @dk
tcGi}hf uHKwke;f u|eaf wmfu h , dk u f |eaf wmf *k%, f l ajym=um;&r,fq&dk if u|eaf wmf[m
vlxak ':trm&J@ 70 jynfah rG;ae@up+yD; 82 ESpjf ynfh arG;ae@txd ESppf Of±;dk &mrysuf
wufa&mufcyhJ gw,f? 1988 ck ta&;tcif;umvrk@d arG;ae@ tcrf;tem; rusi;f
yEkid cf v hJ @dk tJ'w D ESpf ysuu f u G cf yhJ gw,f? 'Dvdk *k%, f al jym=um;&wmuvnf; wjcm;
a=umifh r[kwfygbl;? ESpfpOf tcrf;tem;ukdwufa&mufvm=uwJh y&dowf oHk;
av;&m (wcgw&H y&dowf 500) avmuf &Sw d t hJ xJu u|eaf wmfw@dk ESppf Ofrysuf
wufa&mufcJhwJh olawGukd vufcsdK;a&wGuf=unfhr,fqkd&if vufwzufawmif
jynfrh ,f rxifv@dk ygy?J +yD;awmh 'Dvdk ±k;d &mrysuw f ufa&mufcw hJ m[m vlxak ':trm
tay: u|eaf wmf&@J =unfnKd av;pm;r_ twkid ;f twm b,favmuf}uD;rm;w,fqdk
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vlxak ':trm&J@ arG;ae@tcrf;tem;eJ@ ywfoufv@dk a&mufz;l }uHKzl;olawG
a&m ra&mufzl;r}uHKzl;olawGtwGufyg xl;jcm;wJhtcsufuawmh 10 ESpfausmf
usi;f yvmcJ=h uwJh 'Dtcrf;tem;ukd zdwpf meJ@ zdw=f um;cJw h m[m yxr w}udrf ESpf
}udrjf zpf+yD; usew f EhJ pS f usewf hJ tcsed af wGrmS wcgrS zdwpf meJ@ zdw=f um;cJ=h uwm vH;k 0
r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? zdwpf mvnf; rvkyd gb;l ? ESppf Of Ek0d ifbm 29 &uf/ 'Dae@'&D uf[m a':
trm&J@ arG;ae@qw dk m te,fe,ft&yf&yfu pmayorm;rsm;eJ@ pmayjrwfE;dk olwidk ;f
od+y;D jzpfae=uygw,f? 'ga=umifrh @dk vnf; arG;ae@ra&mufrD wv avmuf}uKd+y;D tcsi;f
csi;f vufw@dk owday; ta=umif;=um;cJ=h uygw,f? 'g[m tnm"avh tnmxH;k pH
twkdif; tvSLwckvkyfawmhr,fqkd&if oD;oef@zdwfpm±kduf+yD;rurf;awmhbJ ‘AsdK;’
[pfvu dk ±f ekH @J w&GmvH;k u od=uwJo h abmygy?J
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ay;=u/ tazmf&mS =u/ tazmfn=d‡ ueJ@ tcsed w f efawmh Ek0d ifbm 29 &uf reufcif;
awmifav;vHk; ausmif;0if;twGif; rEWav;/ rHk&Gm/ rkd;ukwf/ rdwÎDvmeJ@ jrpfi,f/
ausmufqnf/ rauG;/ awmifwiG ;f eJ@ &efuek t f ygt0if te,fe,ft&yf&yfu pm
ayorm;awG[m tv#Kd v#Kd eJ@ a&mufvm=u+yD; awmifav;vH;k ausmif;twGi;f rSm
y&dowfawG jynfu h sy+f yD; azG;azG;v_yo f mG ;cJw
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vlxak ':trm
ok@d r[kwf
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f pmayrD;&SL;wefaqmifwck
csrf;+idrf;
jrefrmhpme,fZif;e,fy,fwiG f aqmif;yg;&Siw f OD;taejzifh trsm;qH;k a&;cJh
aom trsKd ;om;wOD;ukd !¸ejf yrnfqu dk q&mZ0etm; jy&rnfjzpf+y;D trsKd ;orD;xJY
um; r=umao;rDu uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nfh rEWav;+rdK@rS owif;pmq&m pma&;q&mr}uD;
vlxak ':trmtm; &nf!e¸ ;f &rnfom jzpfayonf?
People vlx[ k al om a0g[m&ESihf wGzJ ufac:qk=d uonfh a':trmukd 1915
Ek0d ifbm 29 &ufwiG f tz OD;xif/ trd a':pkw@dk u rEWav;+rdK@Y arG;zGm;cJyh gonf?
trsdK;orD;ae&Sife,fausmif;/ ABM ausmif;ESifh A[kdtrsdK;om;ausmif;wkd@wGif
ynmoif=um;cJ+h yD; 1933 Y 10 wef;atmifjrifum rEWav;Oypmaumvdyw f iG f 2
ESp=f um wufa&mufc&hJ m 1936 ckY &efuek w f uUov dk o f @dk a&muf&cdS o
hJ nf? wuU
okdvfa&mufonfhESpfrSmyif 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;ESifh }uHKawG@+yD; oydwf
arSmufausmif;oltjzpf yg0ifcu hJ m/ bDataemufq;kH ESpu f s+y;D aemuf rEWav;ok@d jyefI
zcifjzpfol zGiv hf pS af om puULqkid Yf 0ifa&mufvyk u f idk cf hJ onf?
ausmif;olb0rSmyif OD;pdefwif (ody`Harmif0) . pmrsm;ukd oabm
usEpS +f cdKuf&mrS td;k a0/ }uD;yGm;a&;ESihf bm;rm;*sme,fw@dk Y cifv0if;/ jrrOPL trnf
wk@d EiS hf a&;om;cJ+h yD;/ rEWav;ol&, d owif;pmwGif tcef;qufazmfjycJah om tkid , f m
vefzmG ; t*Fvyd pf ma&;q&m arm&pfaumvpf. Trails In Burma ukd ‘jrefrmjynfwiG f
ppfaq;cJah om tr_tcif;rsm;’[lI bmomjyefqdk jcif;a=umifh a':trm[k vlord sm;
vmcJhavonf? tif;vsm;taqmifolb0rSmyif }uD;yGm;a&;r*~Zif;t,f'Dwm
OD;vSEiS hf odu|r;f &nfiI H 1939 ckwiG f vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;cJ+h y;D / OD;vSonfvnf; rEWav;
ok@d ajymif;a&$@um }uD;yGm;a&;r*~Zif;tm; qufvufxw k af 0cJyh gonf? ,if;aemuf
urBmppf}uD;twGi;f uykid &f mG ok@d ajymif;a&$@aexdik cf +hJ yD; pmayxkwaf 0a&; vkyif ef;ukd
qufvufvkyfukdifcJh=uonf?
202
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Tae&mwGif vlxkowif;pm/ *sme,fta=umif; ajymrnfqkdu OD;vS
onfvnf;aumif;/ a':trmonfvnf;aumif; yg0if=urnfom jzpfygonf?
vlxo k wif;pm/ *sme,frsm;onf OD;vSEiS hf a':trmwnf;[laom yk*Kd~ vfEpS Of ;D wk@d .
}udK;yrf;r_jzifh ay:xGufvmjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? vlxkowif;pm/ *sme,frsm;ESifh
vlxak rmifEw HS @dk rmS cGjJ cm;Ir&aom '*Fg;jym;. acgi;f ESiyhf ef;ozG,f &Scd +hJ y;D ‚wk@d EpS Of ;D .
vH@k vpku d x f w k rf j_ zifh jrefrmjynftxufyidk ;f t0ef;wGif vlxt k rnfrmS ar$;}uKd iyf iG v hf ef;
I vmygonf?
OD;pGmxkwaf 0onfrmS vlx*k sme,fjzpfonf? 1945 ck Zlvidk f 15 &ufwiG f
xGuaf y:vmaom vlx*k sme,f ESpyf wfw}udrx f w k jf zpf+yD;/ vufqnfuef&yf *4
vrf;&Sd }uD;yGm;a&;yHEk ydS w f udk rf S ±ku
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S v f pfwidk ;f jynfrsm; ok@d /
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217
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218
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259
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265
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271
80th birthday, 1995
272
42. With rosary in a helping hand
43. All the crew gave a deep sigh
44. Thinking to be saved from all crime
45. Praying and prayers everywhere
46. Bells ringing and thardu in the air;
47. Everything seems serene and peaceful
48. Blessed be the elderly man for we were grateful
49. Wait! Who are those grumbling?
50. They are those who kept following
51. But, but...they are at daggers drawn
52. Split into three groups with nasty scorn.
53. The storm had gathered again
54. Our boat must not be set aflame
55. We must move forward into the calm sea
56. Where all our crew could rest without agony.
57. The dark clouds grew more and more
58. And the raving winds came blow after blow
59. Torrents of rain filled our boat
60. Many crew hanging on had to float
61. The boat was surrounded by sharks
62. Ready to attack us, surely dangerous
63. We gritted our teeth determined to fend off all
64. Remember!United we stand, divided we fall!
65. Hey! There are ships sailing our way
66. Flags flying. Black flags on display
67. Two crossed bones and a bony head
68. Pirates! White men! Don’t be afraid!
69. We stood up to show our unity
70. This is just their gun-boat activity
71. In other words it’s a ‘Paper Tiger’
72. Remember what happened in China, Vietnam and Korea.
73. With our united strength
74. We can move the earth!
75. Come rain or storm
76. We must remain united and warm
77. There’s a Burmese saying; Hlaing gyi hlay out1
78. Which is true without amy doubt,
79. We must make it clear for reality
Our real strength lies in our own country!
80. DEAR RESPECTED SAYARMAGYI LUDU DAW AMAR
On your 80th birthday, we wish you to hear
Our slogan still remains
THE SAILS ARE UP AGAIN!
273
Ode to Ludu Daw Ahmar
(On Her Passing away at 8 AM, 7.4.2008)
Dr Maung Maung Nyo
274
She wins the admiration of the nation
She was indeed the “Literary Queen”!
275
Dear PTJ,
I was just preparing to send you a message of sympathy and concern. You have been
in my thoughts a lot since the sad news reached us of your mother’s death on April
7th.You knew this time would come, yet I am sure you didn’t want it to come.
The reason that I have not written to you sooner is because I have been very busy
writing and preparing an obituary for Daw Amar to be published in our leading left-
wing newspaper, The Guardian. Today at last, it was finished and supplied with a good
photograph to accompany the obituary.
As soon as the news reached us, Vicky asked me if I would write an obituary, saying
that she was too busy at the moment. What happened is interesting. I phoned the
paper and said I wanted to write about this outstanding Burmese writer who had just
died. The editor said ‘OK, send me something’. I wrote only a short account which I
sent him, but I said that it really should be much longer and with more detail. His first
reply was that the paper only had room for very short obituaries, but that he would edit
my piece and see what I thought. To my surprise, he then sent me back a piece twice as
long as my original, including many details of your mother’s life which I had not
included.
It seems that from knowing almost nothing about Burma, the editor had become so
interested in Burma and the story of your Mum that he had gone onto the w.w.web and
found lots more information about her, which he had written into my obituary. So the
final version is only half mine, and half from somewhere else (perhaps from MinZin in
‘Irrawaddy’). But the beginning and end are from me, so it is a very personal piece. The
editor also became curious to know more about me and how long I had known your
family (from back in Jan. 1977) and many other questions.
I actually heard the news first from Su Su Mar, who rang me early on theMonday
morning. She was very sad. We talked for quite a long time and I
tried to comfort her. She has given me an email address so that I can now try to write to
you sister, Daw Than Yin Mar. She has been through a long, long period of anxiety
276
and stress, nursing your mother both at home and in hospital. I hope the strain has not
left her too exhausted. I know Su Su wishes that she could be at home to help her
mother.
I treasure the many books that I have as presents from your Mum, signed in her own
hand. And many letters too written by her. Have you beenable to receive letters from
her at all?
Try not to be too sad. Your mother had a remarkable life and has left amost valuable
legacy to her fellow countrymen and women.
khin-min-lyet
KKChaw
277
Obituary
Ludu Daw Amar
• Article history
In recent years, in the days leading up to November 29, writers, journalists, and artists
from all over Burma have gone to Mandalay, the country’s cultural heartland, for a
gathering in a monastery compound. There they celebrated the birthday of a writer,
publisher, and activist, Ludu Daw Amar, who has died aged 92. Since those days in the
mid-1930s when she joined a student strike at Rangoon University, opposing British
colonial rule, Daw Amar never ceased to write, or to fight.
Daw Amar was the fourth among 12 siblings of an upper-class family whose fortune
was made in the tobacco trade. Educated at Mandalay’s American baptist school and
the national high school she read science at Mandalay Intermediate College and
Rangoon University.
There, in 1936, came her role in the student strike. She also began to get published. In
1938 she translated the British civil servant Maurice Collis’s critical assessment, Trials
in Burma. In 1939 she married the journalist U Hla, who in 1933 had established the
leftist Ludu Kyi-bwa-yay (Progress) magazine in Rangoon. Together they set up the
Kyi-bwa-yay press in Mandalay.
In 1942 British rule collapsed, Burma fell to the Japanese and the couple moved north
of Mandalay while continuing publication of Ludu Kyi-bwa-yay. She translated Hino
Ashihei’s bellicose Japanese bestseller Wheat and Soldiers, but also became involved
in the resistance movement. By the spring of 1945 the Japanese were being driven from
Burma, and that summer U Hla launched the Ludu (People) Journal with Daw Amar as
assistant editor; a daily, Ludu Thadin-sa, followed in 1946. “Ludu” was incorporated in
the couple’s names as the country moved towards independence from Britain in 1948.
278
But soon after independence, the army, hostile to the couple’s radicalism, reduced
their press to rubble. Their family narrowly escaped with their lives.
In 1967, five years after the coup, the regime closed Ludu Thadin-sa. Daw Amar switched
from writing about politics to culture and history, focusing on prewar Burmese singers
and actors.
With military rule, many students, including her two eldest sons, had become student
activists. The eldest, Soe Win, headed for the mountain jungle. There, in 1968, he was
murdered in a CPB internal purge as the party was hit by the backwash from China’s
cultural revolution. Her second son, Than Joung, was also a student activist who was
detained from 1966 to 1972, and on the point of being rearrested in 1978, fled to join the
CPB and later went into exile in Yunnan - a leading CPB member, he would never see his
mother again. In the wake of that escape, military intelligence detained U Hla, Daw
Amar and their youngest son for 13 months.
They were released in 1979. The publishing house subsisted on jobbing printing, while
Daw Amar wrote for Burma’s privately owned monthlies, while refusing to write for
state publications. An astute businesswoman, she published her many articles in book
form.
In 1982, U Hla died. Daw Amar continued to run the publishing house, but in 1984,
during the dry season, fire consumed central Mandalay, destroying the printing
equipment, the book production department and paper store of the Kyi-bwa-yay press.
Happily, her home, private library and newspaper archive survived.
Five years later her 38-year-old youngest son was sentenced to 10 years. He was
imprisoned in Thayet, a two-day journey for Daw Amar, his wife and their three children.
Meanwhile, as part of its drive to “beautify” towns for tourists, in the 1990s the regime
began relocating cemeteries far outside Mandalay. So in 1998 Daw Amar set up Byamazo
lu-hmuyay Athin, a mutual aid association to help those who, amid the collapsing
Burmese economy, were too poor to bury their dead. Now the charity often covers
hospital medical costs, provides minibuses and carries out free funerals. Initially
Mandalay’s military boss resented and hindered its operations. Later came tolerance -
the operation clearly fulfilled a desperate need - and other towns copied the scheme.
In 2003 Daw Amar had a small building erected just behind the Kyi-bwa-yay press. Her
lifetime’s book collection was put there; this is to be the first public library open for all
to use in Mandalay in the last half century. Into her 90s Daw Amar contributed monthly
articles to journals and magazines and published at least one small book annually.
279
It was in the mid-1970s that I first met Daw Amar. My first impression became a lasting
one: intelligent, thoughtful, kind she went on to become both the voice of traditional
Burma, calling for adherence to Buddhist values, and a symbol of opposition to the
regime, leading the struggle for a more democratic, more humane society and for the
possibility to write freely and truthfully.
We met in the 1980s and 90s, and our last encounter was in January 2005. It is a source
of profound regret that I was prevented by the Burmese authorities from attending her
90th birthday. But I remember her last words to me three years ago, “We simply wish,”
she said, “to be treated like human beings.” She is survived by two sons, two daughters
and six grandchildren.
·Ludu Daw Amar, writer and activist, born November 29 1915; died April 7 2008
• The Guardian,
• Article history
280
My Mum
Dear Ko Min Zin,
Here are the answers to your questions. If there is anything you would like to
know more or make clear, please don’t hesitate. To tell you the truth, I am not very
much at ease to praise my own mother. There’s a Burmese proverb that my mother
often quotes: “ The neighbourhood will acknowledge if your daughter is really
beautiful.” So, I don’t think that it is the task of the children to write about their
parents. Anyway, here they are.
1. How would you describe your mother as a mother not as a journalist or social
critic?
She’s a good mother just like any other typical Burmese, Buddhist mothers. She
loves Burmese food and can make good dishes. She loves planting flowers and likes
to visit markets, especially those in the countryside. She enjoys seeing Disney
cartoons, comedies, as well as Hollywood films that my uncle (her younger brother)
recommended. Once she went to see the horror film “Dracula” on my (elder) brother’s
insistence and admitted that she was very frightened when she came back. I mean to
say that she’s just a human being.
As my parents were always occupied with their editorial work and social welfare
works, they had very little time to spend with their children or attend to their daily life
and needs. We were left in the hands of an aunt, a distance relative of my mom. She
always emphasised cherishing the traditional values of our nation and moral integrity
when she educated us. Knowing that we were starting to get involved in politics, she
once told me, “No matter what, as a student, one should try to excel in study also.
Just look at Ko Aung San and Ko Ba Hein. They are known not only for their political
merits, they are known for their performance in their studies also. “This is the way
she used to tell us. She rarely said “must” or mustn’t.” Rather, she pointed out
exemplary figures. There are three brothers in our family and no one of us drink or
smoke. This is not because they told us not to do, but rather because through their
own deeds they made us realise that these things are not good.
She rarely beat us too. As far as I can remember, she once beat us when my elder
brother, my elder sister and I went for begging during one Dazaungdaing Thieves’
Festival. I think I was about ten at the time. My brother went with his friends and my
sister and I went with the children from our neighbourhood. As we were young, we
couldn’t go very far, we only went to some of our relatives and neighbours. Evidently,
the news reached her ears immediately and she beat us when we arrived home.
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She never told her children to read Marxist books (nor oppose doing). Instead,
she recommended us to read various kinds of books that she thought worth reading.
Edger Snow’s books, Autobiography of Charlie Chaplin, The Silent Spring (an early
book about environment question) and Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire were
some among them. As for the Burmese books, there were too many to mention. The
list includes classical literature, Thakin Kodawhmaing’s works and Khitsan Literature.
She also mentioned books like Thakhin Ba Hein’s “The Capitalist World” and Tin
Moe’s “The Lantern” as very good and we should read.
2. Would you recall the most unforgettable moment you spending with your
Mom?
It’s difficult to say at this age, because (I think) I have become less and less
sentimental or emotional, than when I was young. However, I should say, listening to
what she told us about our forefathers or their old days was the most enjoyable and
unforgettable moments. That kind of moment was not very common. As I have said
above, my parents were always busy. I think I had more chances than other children
at that time, because when I was sacked from the Mandalay University for taking part
in student activities, my parents arranged me some deskwork among the newspaper
staff and during the hot Mandalay afternoons, when she had time, she used to recall
these and told me.
I must also say that I neither regretted nor blame my parents for spending less
time with us. On the contrary, I believe that, even when I was young, I know they
were working for the good of others and their devoted working style became my
model, as I grow old.
3. Nearly all of her siblings have been involved in Burmese politics as committed
dissidents/revolutionaries. Have your parents (particulary your Mom in this context)
had any disapproval against your involvement? How did they express their worry for
you siblings since you all have paid a lot for what you believe? Have you ever heard
any complaint from your Mom regarding to your elder brother’s (U Soe Win’s) death?
My parents never say ‘no’ to what we do with our beliefs. They only told us to
be careful when they learned something about the government agents’ knowledge or
plans. They never said that you should believe in communism, rather, they sometimes
told us how the leaders of the communist party and other patriotic personages at the
time had made enormous contributions and sacrifices for the nation. Incidentally, as
my father was arrested again and again by the government and the publication of our
newspaper was disrupted often, seeds of hatred for the government took root in my
mind since I was very young.
My parents, both devoted Buddhists, never compelled me to be as devoted as
they are. We were sent to Roman Catholic Schools, but my parents made us convinced
that we should not become Christians, and they did, not by saying directly, but very
tactfully. They have respect for our beliefs and our ability to decide for ourselves. It’s
not their style to interfere in our political convictions. Perhaps this is because they
think what are we doing is right. Of course, they instructed us about moral and
manners when we were young.
No doubt, they are very worried about us taking part in very dangerous and
risky activities. But they rarely express these feelings on their face or in their words.
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I found their faces very calm and serene when the military intelligence came and
arrest me on two occasions (I managed to escape at the second time) and they made
me brave and less worried during the consequent events. Once, when I went to play
football at Myaung, a town fifty miles southwest of Mandalay on the Irrawaddy
River, we came back very late. Perhaps it was one o’ clock after midnight. When the
car carrying stopped in front of my home, I found both of them standing in front of
our house, worried! They had rosary beads in their hands.
When I got home after release from gaol, they told me the following episode: just
about a month before my release. U Ne Win, who was on summer vacation in Maymyo,
asked my parents to see him. He told them, “ As a father myself, I can understand
your feelings about your son in prison. But they told me he was very stubborn also.
Nevertheless, please go and see Brig, Gen Tin Oo (The M.I.S. chief) in Rangoon and
he will arrange for his release.” Thus, I was released from the Insein Gaol. My mother
added, “We often met with people like U Ne Win and other leaders of the government.
However, we never uttered a word asking them to release you. Of course, we want
you to come out as soon as possible but we know we shouldn’t do that at the
expense of your dignity.”That made me very proud of them.
As for my brother’s case, both of them said nothing to me. Once, after my release
from gaol, I got a letter from a CPB leader for my mom. In that letter he explained the
case of my brother and apologised to my parents. I handed it to my mom and saw
tears falling from her eyes after reading it. She said, “I and your father had never said
anything between us about this matter. We just pretended not to have heard
anything.” After that I didn’t try to talk about that matter till now.
4. Recently, we have heard that Sayamagyi was sick and hospitalized? Since you
haven’t seen your Mom for a long time, how such news worry you?
Certainly, I’m very worried, worried than anything. My inability to be present at
the bedside of my dad when he was about to leave this world has been haunting me
all along. One of my greatest wishes as an ordinary man is to have a chance to pay
respects (kadaw) to my dad’s tomb.
5. Daw Ahmar has been highly respected by Burmese people. Many people even
compare her with Thakin Kodaw Hmaing. Even though she is getting old, she still
write prolifically with well-intention (cetana). How would you see your Mom not as
your mother but as a woman from the angle of your social value and political belief.
I’m not interested in comparing her with Thakhin Kodaw Hmaing. To me it’s just
a kind of storm in a teacup that would lead nowhere. My Mom always express her
deep respect for Sayagyi Thakhin Kodaw Hmaing for many merits and I’m sure she
won’t like comparing her to the person she respects so much.
She never attack or react against anyone for personal grudges. Both my parents
tried to be balanced when they judge other people.
My mother has very remarkable courage that she inherited from her mother. She
never sulks, grumbles or murmurs when she has to encounter all kinds of difficulties
and threats. She used to express dislike for traitors and cowards.
Her, as well as her husband’s, attitude towards young people is made up not
only of cetena, but also of recognition of their capability and potential. They used to
be very humble when talking with young people. Even with me, they never treated me
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patronizingly. For instance, when she was writing her prize-winning book about
famous people from music and drama circles, “ Artists who are Loved by Masses”,
she ask me one day, “ My son, I know nothing about music and to handle a character
like Myoma Nyein is simply beyond my capacity. Can you tell me some facts that may
throw light upon the talents of this genius?” In fact, though I was about eighteen at
the time, I was also a philistine in this field. She often said, “ My son, I am not good
at choosing names for books. Would you mind choosing one for me?” The titles of
some of her books were chosen by me.
She believes in the might of our people. She believes in their future and that one
should work one for, and if needed, make sacrifices for this cause.
She has reached this height because she has been standing firm with the people
of our nation through thick and thin. She never bargains her principles for anything.
Po Than Joung
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