Global Environment Awareness

Prepared by: Jeevansh Arora

Table of Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Water The Definition Water Forms and Distribution Types of Water Uses Water Availability Fresh Water Shortage Water Use Problems and Conflicts Increase Water Supply Watershed Management Multipurpose Water Resource Management Water Conservation Conclusion and Recommendation
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1. Water The Definition

Water is a marvelous substance which can be

beautiful, powerful and destructive.

1.1. Water Physical Attributes

Water is found in three states

Liquid

Solid

Gas
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1.2. Hydrologic Cycle

2. Water Forms and Distribution

About 71% of the earths surface is covered with water.

2. Water Forms and Distribution

Source: Environmental Science A Global Concern, Water Use and Management

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3. Types of Water Uses

Off-Stream Uses

In-Stream Uses
Hydropower Navigation Recreation Ecosystem Support

Agriculture Thermoelectric Industrial Mining Domestic Commercial

3. Types of Water Uses

Basic Assumption (by UN Water)
World Water Use
Irrigation Industry Domestic

8%

22%

70%

Source: World Water Assessment Program (WWAP)

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

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3. Types of Water Uses

China 2008 Water Resource Report
Ecological 2% Residential 12%

Industry 24%

Agriculture 62%

Source: China 2008 Water Resources Report

Cambodia 2010 Water Use

Others Industry 10% 4%

Domestic 17%

Agriculture 56%

Source: Cambodian Ministry of Environment

Livestock 13%

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3.1. Off-Stream Uses

Agriculture Thermoelectric Industrial Mining Domestic Commercial

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3.2. In-Stream Uses

Hydropower Recreation

Navigation

Ecosystem Support
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4. Water Availability

Source:

Environmental Science A Global Concern, Water Use and Management

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4.1. Earths Water

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4.2. Water Stress & Water Scarcity

Water Stress:

Annual water supplies is less than 1,700m3 per person.

Water Scarcity:

Annual water supplies is less than 1,000m3 per person.

Absolute scarcity:

Annual water supplies is less than 500m3 per person.

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5. Fresh Water Shortage

Fresh Water Shortage is due to:
Population growth Lack of access to clean water Groundwater is being depleted Climate change / global warming Rivers and lakes are shrinking

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Strangled by the water policies of its neighbors, Turkey and Syria, a two-year drought and years of misuse by Iraq and its farmers, the Euphrates River is significantly smaller than it was just a few years ago, and some officials worry that it could soon be half of what it is now.

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Leaky canals and wasteful irrigation practices squandered the water, and poor drainage left fields so salty from evaporated water.
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In the marshes, where the Euphrates nears the end of its 1,730-mile journey and mingles with the less salty waters of the Tigris before emptying into the Persian Gulf, the situation is grave.
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Fishermen in the Hafar Canal, a shallow tributary of the Euphrates River.

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10 year drought in the Colorado River basin.

2007

1983

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6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts

Water Overuse

Overuse in agriculture Overuse in residence Overuse in community

Some interesting facts:

Water needed to produce our daily food:

40 liters to produce 1 slice of white bread. 70 liters to produce 1 apple. 1,300 liters to produce 1kg of wheat. 3,400 liters to produce 1kg of rice. 3,900 liters to produce 1kg of chicken meat. 15,500 liters to produce 1kg of beef.
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6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts

Water Conflict

Control of Water Resources: where water supplies or access to water is at the root of tensions. Military Tool: where water resources, or water systems themselves, are used by a nation or state as a weapon during a military action. Political Tool: where water resources, or water systems themselves, are used by a nation, state, or non-state actor for a political goal. Terrorism: where water resources, or water systems, are either targets or tools of violence or coercion by non-state actors.

Military Target: where water resource systems are targets of military actions by nations or states.
Development Disputes: where water resources or water systems are a major source of contention and dispute in the context of economic and social development
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7. Increase Water Supply

Water Conservation Reclamation of sewage water Development of groundwater Desalinization Developing salt-resistant crops Developing drought-resistant crops Rainmaking Harvesting iceberg Long distance water transport Improve integration of water use
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8. Watershed Management
Watershed the definition

A watershed is a connected series of streams, rivers, and lakes that collects water from a specific area of land. Watersheds are important habitats for animals and plants, and offer a source of drinking and recreational water for many communities.

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8. Watershed Management
Objectives:

The rehabilitation of degraded lands. The protection of soil and water resources under land use systems that produce multiple products of the land. The enhancement of water quantity and quality. Managing Watershed Land-Use Practice Managing Riparian Areas Vegetation-Type Conversion Water Harvesting Water Spreading
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Strategies:

9. Multipurpose Water Resource Management

Integrated water resource management

Flood-damage reduction Irrigation and water supply Navigation Recreation Environmental protection & improvement

Water Management Engineering

Reservoir construction Levee construction Dredging Stream drainage channelization

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10. Water conservation:

Any beneficial deduction in water loss, use or waste. A reduction in water use accomplished by implementation of water conservation or water efficiency measures. Water conservation is the most effective and environmentally sound method to fight global warming. Water conservation is what that can reduce the scarcity of water. It aims to improve the efficiency of use of water, and reduce losses and waste.

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Goals
Sustainability. To ensure availability for future generations, the

withdrawal of fresh water from an ecosystem should not exceed its natural replacement rate.
Energy conservation. Water pumping, delivery, and wastewater

treatment facilities consume a significant amount of energy. In some regions of the world over 15% of total electricity consumption is devoted to water management
Habitat conservation. Minimizing human water use helps to

preserve fresh water habitats for local wildlife and migrating waterfowl, as well as reducing the need to build new dams and other water diversion infrastructure.

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Water Conservation Why Should We Do It?

Reduce personal and business water costs Minimize the need for local governments to fund expensive reservoirs, water treatment and wastewater plants, and pipeline projects Help maintain sufficient water in streams, rivers, lakes and estuaries for fishing, boating, swimming, protection of aquatic life and downstream users More efficient irrigation means less polluted runoff into receiving waters

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Benefits of water conservation

Save water to save money bills.

Reduction in interior water use cuts waste water flows,

especially overflowing of gutters which contaminates the environment.

Environment benefits include eco system and habitat

protection.
Water conservation helps in improving the quality of

drinking water.

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Water Conservation Focus Areas

Residential and Business Indoor Residential and Business Outdoor

Industrial and Commercial

Agricultural

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Technical methods to conserve water

Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is the gathering and collection of water from the rooftop utilization of rain water for the domestic as well as agricultural purposes three technical methods of rain water harvesting such as Catchments, Conveyance and storage

Historical water bodies

Ponds

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WATER RECYCLING
Factors that should be considered in a water

recycling program include:

Water recycling is the reuse of water for the same

application for which it was originally used.

- Identification of water reuse opportunities - Evaluation of the minimum water quality needed for a particular use - Evaluation of water quality degradation resulting from the use - Determination of the treatment steps.

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WATER REUSE
Water reuse is the use of wastewater or reclaimed

water (sometimes called graywater) from one application for another application.

Some potential applications include other

industrial uses in cooling water at power plants and oil refineries or industrial process water for such facilities as paper mills and carpet dyers, toilet flushing, dust control, construction activities, concrete mixing, and artificial lakes.

Reused water can also be used in landscape

irrigation, agricultural irrigation, aesthetic uses such as fountains, and fire protection.

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WATER REUSE
Factors that should be considered in an industrial water reuse program include: Identification of water reuse opportunities Determination of the minimum water quality needed for the given use Identification of wastewater sources that satisfy the water quality requirements Determination of how the water can be transported to the new use
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RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Rain Water Harvesting is capturing and storing rainfall

to irrigate plants or to supply people and animals. A well-designed system will also decrease our landscape maintenance needs. All we need for a water harvesting system is rain, and a place to put it. A "catchment" is any large surface that can capture and/or carry water to where it can be used immediately or stored. We can store water in a variety of ways: 55-gallon steel drums, barrels or underground storage tanks.

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Sustainable Water Management: A definition

The purpose of Sustainable Water Management

(SWM), which is simply to manage our water resources while taking into account the needs of present and future users.
SWM attempts to deal with water in a holistic fashion,

taking into account the various sectors affecting water use, including political, economic, social, technological and environmental considerations.

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Sustainability goals for water planning

A basic water requirement will be guaranteed to all humans to

maintain human health. A basic water requirement will be guaranteed to restore and maintain the health of ecosystems. Water quality will be maintained to meet certain minimum standards. These standards will vary depending on location and how the water is to be used. Human actions should not be allowed to impair the long-term renewability of freshwater stocks and flows. Data on water resources availability, use and quality will be collected and made accessible to all parties. Institutional mechanisms will be developed to prevent and resolve conflicts over water.

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Common issues for water management

Welfare for the people and equitable distribution of

resources
Economic growth and development Efficient use of water resources Sustainability and environmental aspects Policy and institutional aspects
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The Next Business Opportunity - Water Conservation

In the last five years, a growing number of progressive private-sector

companies have been increasingly making their presence felt in the area of water conservation. As they develop new technologies for water-related processes, they have also started to influence the process of water regulation to ensure positive support for developing sustainable technology in the field. One group of companies, led by Nestle, are showing that they have a role to play in developing a sustainable model for water utilization and in helping formulate policy for the same. A second group is focusing on technology to get more output per drop of water. With the green revolution pushing up agricultural productivity, the incremental increases in productivity of agriculture are vital, considering that agriculture accounts for 80% of water requirements.

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WHERE THE OPPORTUNITIES ARE

The broadest range of opportunities for new products and services falls

into three areas: improving the productivity of water treatment and distribution, of water-intensive industrial and power processes, or of water usage in agriculture.
Global industrial players, such as ABB, GE, and Siemens, already have

large water businesses and continue to develop new products in this area for large industrial users and water utilities. IBM provides technologies to measure and track water efficiency efforts and to improve water treatment and irrigation.
In 2009, PepsiCo conserved more than 12 billion liters of water through

efficiency improvements.

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11. Conclusion & Recommendation

Water resources is EVERYONEs concern! The consumption has been increased

significantly due to population growth. Water availability is decreasing due to human overuse and natural degradation. Many sources of water have become unusable. Allegedly control over water lead to intraboundary and transboundary conflicts. Effective water resource management and policy must be implemented on both local and international levels.
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Tips on How to Save Water

Increasing water resources start from all of us! Dont flush every time you use the toilet. Take shorter showers Dont wash your car so often. Dont let the faucet run while washing hands, dishes, food, or brushing your teeth. Dont run the dishwasher when half full. Dispose of used motor oil, household hazardous waste, batteries, etc., responsibly.

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Tips on How to Save Water

Dont dump anything down a storm sewer that you

wouldnt want to drink. Avoid using toxic or hazardous chemicals for simple cleaning or plumbing jobs. If you have a lawn, use water sparingly. Water your grass and garden at night, not in the middle of the day. Use water-conserving appliances: low-flow showers, lowflush toilets, and aerated faucets. Use recycled (gray) water for lawns, house plants, car washing. Check your toilet for leaks.

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