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HEMOGLOBIN AND PLASMA PROTEINS
 Hemoglobin:
It consists of protein globin (polypeptide) and pigment haem. (heme).
NORMAL VALUES:
1. At Birth: 24 gm%2. At the end of 3 months: 10.5 gm%3. After 3 months, increases and becomes 12.5 gm% at 1 year.4. Adults:Males: 14-18 gm%Females: 12-15 gm%
 NOTE: 1 gm% of haemoglobin combines with 1.34 ml of oxygen when fullysaturated.
CATABOLISM OF HEMOGLOBIN
Catabolism
 
Old RBCs are destroyed in ‘tissue- macrophage system”. The system includes:1)
 
Kupffer cells of the liver.2)
 
Alveolar macrophages in the lungs.3)
 
Osteoclasts in the bone.4)
 
Microglia in the brain.5)
 
Lymph nodes.6)
 
Spleen.
Note:
0.3 gm of hemoglobin is destroyed and 0.3 gm synthesized every hour.
 
 
HemoglobinITissue macrophage system
↓
SPLITSGlobin Haem(Enters amino acid pool) (Iron protoporphyrin IX)Remaining part Fe
2+
 
↓
Combines with apoferritinBiliverdin
↓
 
↓
(biliverdin reductase) FERRITINBILIRUBIN (stored in the liver)
VARIANTS OF HEMOGLOBIN:1) OXY HEMOGLOBIN:
Hb reacts with O
2
to form oxy Hb, HbO
2
.
2) CARBAMINO HEMOGLOBIN:
CO
2
reacts with Hb to form carbamino- Hb.
3) REDUCED HEMOGLOBIN:
Hb from which oxygen has been removed iscalled reduced or deoxygenated hemoglobin.
4) CARBOXY HEMOGLOBIN:
Carbon monoxide when reacts withhemoglobin, then it forms carboxy hemoglobin. The affinity of hemoglobin forCO is 250 times more than its affinity for oxygen.
5) METHAEMOGLOBIN:
When reduced hemoglobin is exposed to oxidisingagents, the ferrous (Fe
2+
) is oxidized to ferric (Fe
3+
) form and the compound iscalled methemoglobin; HbOH.1.
 
It is dark colored, when present in large amounts in circulation (1.5gm %),it mimics cyanosis.2.
 
It cannot unite reversibly with gaseous oxygen.
 
 
FUNCTIONS OF HEMOGLOBIN
1. Oxygen transport from lungs to tissues.2. CO
2
transport from tissues to lungs.3. Acts as acid –base buffer.4. It promotes vasodilation in the tissues.VARIETIES OF HAEMOGLOBIN:1.
 
ADULT HAEMOGLOBIN: (HbA)Two types: Hb A (
α
2
β
2)Hb A2 (
α
2
δ
2)Hb A appears in fetus 5 months of intra-uterine life.Amount of Hb A of total Hb.AT BIRTH 20% (rest is Hb F)AT 2 MONTHS 50%AT 4 MONTHS 90%MORE THAN 1 YEAR. >99% (1% is Hb F)2. FETAL HEMOGLOBIN (Hb F)1. Structure is similar to Hb A, but beta chains are replaced by gammachains.2. More resistant to the action of alkalies than HbA.3. HbF has higher affinity for oxygen due to weak binding to 2,3-DPG.Thereby facilitating the movement of oxygen from maternal to fetalcirculation.4. It can take up larger volume of oxygen than HbA at lower oxygenpressure.At 20 mm Hg pressure , Hb F 70% saturatedHb A 30% saturated3.
 
Life span of Hb A is 80 days as compared to 120 days of HbA.4.
 
At Birth, Hb F predominates, that disappears 3 months after birth.
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