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RESPIRATORY MECHANISM
Inspiration and expiration
INSPIRATION:
 
It is an active process.
 
Diaphragm is the main muscle involved in inspiration.
 
External intercostal muscles are also involved.
EXPIRATION:
 
It is a passive process.
 
It is due to elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic wall.
Pleural pressure:
Different
 
types of pressure1.
 
 Intrapleural pressure
- pressure within the pleural space. It is alsocalled intra thoracic pressure.2.
 
 Intrapulmonary pressure
– pressure within the airways.3.
 
Transmural pressure
-
 
Transpulmonary pressure:
Pressure difference between theintrapleural pressure and intra pulmonary pressure.
 
Transthoracic pressure:
Pressure difference between the intrapleuralpressure and atmospheric pressure.
 Pressure changes during respiration:
1.
 
Intrapleural pressure:
 At the start of quiet inspiration, it is -2.5 mmHg. At the end of inspiration, Itbecomes -6 mmHg.2.
Intrapulmonary pressure
: At the start and at the end of inspiration aswell as expiration, the intrapulmonary pressure is equal to the atmosphericpressure.At the peak of inspiration, it is -3mmHg.At the peak of expiration it is +3mmHg.
 
 
Lung volumes
1.
 
Tidal volume:
Volume of air breathed in and out of lungs duringquiet respiration.2.
 
Inspiratory reserve volume:
Maximum volume of air that can beinspired after normal tidal inspiration.3.
 
Expiratory reserve volume:
Maximum volume of air that can beexpired after normal tidal expiration.4.
 
Residual volume:
Volume of air that remains in lungs after forcefulexpiration.5.
 
Closing volume:
Lung volume at which airways begin to close off.
 
6.
 
Inspiratory capacity:
Maximum Volume of air that can be inspiredafter end of tidal expiration.IC = TV + IRV.7.
 
Expiratory capacity:
Maximum volume of air
 
that can be expiredafter end of tidal inspiration.EC = TV + ERV.8.
 
Vital capacity:
Maximum volume of air that can be expelledforcefully following a maximal inspiration.VC = TV +IRV=ERV.9.
 
Functional residual capacity:
Volume of air that remains in the lungafter end of tidal respirationFRC = RV + ERV.10.
 
Total lung capacity:
VC + RV11
. Forced vital capacity:
Maximum volume of air that can be breathedout forcefully and rapidly after a maximum inspiration.It comprises of: FEV1, FEV2 and FEV3
FORCED VITAL CAPACITY:
FEV1 volume of FVC expiredin first second80% OF FVCFEV2 volume of FVC expiredin first 2 seconds95 % OF FVCFev3 volume of FVC expiredin first 2 seconds of expiration97- 100% of FVC.
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Chris Muhumuza

Grand! you ve made it easier to understand thanx lots

reply04 / 04 / 2012
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reply04 / 01 / 2012
Gyanendra Banjade

good work sir heartly thanks

reply03 / 21 / 2012
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