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Meninges, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood Brain Barrier
 Meninges
-are three connective tissue membranes that invest the spinal cord and brain.-consist of the pia mater and the arachnoid (together known as the leptomeninges)and the dura mater (pachymeninx).
 A. Pia mater
 
-is a delicate, highly vascular layer of connective tissue.-closely covers the surface of the brain and spinal cord.-is connected to the arachnoid by trabeculae.1. Denticulate ligaments-consist of two lateral flattened bands of pial tissue.-attach to the spinal dura mater with 21 teeth.2. Filum terminale-consists of a nonneural band of tissue that is a condensation of the piamater.-extends from the conus medullaris to the end ofthe dural sac and fuseswith it.
 
 
 Lower part of spinal cord showing filum terminale and dura
 B. Arachnoid 
-is a delicate. Nonvascular connective tissue membrane located between the duramater and the pia mater.
1. Arachnoid granulations or arachnoid villi
-enter the venous dural sinuses and permit the one-way flow of cerebrospinalfluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space into the venous circulation.-are found in large numbers along the superior sagittal sinus but are associatedwith all dural sinuses.
 
 
 2. Subarachnoid space
-is located between the pia mater and the arachnoid.-contains CSF.-surrounds the entire brain and spinal cord.-extends, in the adult, below the conus medullaris to the level ofthe secondsacral vertebra, the lumbar cistern
 c. Dura mater
-is the outer layer of the meninges and consists of dense connective tissue.-The supratentorial dura is innervated by the trigeminal nerve; the posterior fossa isinnervated by the vagal and upper spinal nerves.-forms three major reflections and the walls of the dural venous sinuses:
1. Falx cerebri
-lies between the cerebral hemispheres in the longitudinal cerebral fissure.-contains the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses between its two layers.
 2. Tentorium cerebelli
-separates the posterior cranial fossa from the middle cranial fossa.-separates the temporal and occipital lobes from the cerebellum andinfratentorial brainstem.-contains the tentorial incisure, or notch, through which the brainstem passes.
 3. Diaphragma sellae
-forms the roof of the hypophyseal fossa.-contains an aperture through which the hypophyseal stalk (infundibulum)passes.
 4. Dural sinuses
-are endothelium-lined, valveless venous blood channels.
 D. Meningeal spaces
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