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HYBRIDIZATION CONCEPT
It is the phenomenon of
imaginary intermixing
of individual
orbital.
Thenew orbital formed have
equal energy
and
equivalent shape
.
The new
orbitals arecalled
hybrid orbitals.
The
properties
of original orbitals forming hybrid orbitals are
shared proportionally
.The
hybrid orbitals
are formed because their formation not only
lower theenergy
of atomic orbital but also
give better direction
to form more bond.The
energy
of the entire
hybrid orbital
is
equal
hence
electron - electron
repulsion keeps them at
equal distance
and at
equal angle
forming a
symmetricalshape
. This gives
better directionabilityLowering
of
energy
is achieved bya)
Minimization
of electron pair
repulsion
b) Formation of
strong bond
c)
Maximum overlapping
of atomic orbitald)
More bonds
can be formed
SP
3
HYBRIDIZATION
In organic chemistry
hybridization of carbon is
most important. Carbonhas
four electrons
in the outer most valence shell. The energy level of these electrons in
ground
state and
hybridized
state of carbon atom is shown
SP
3
Hybridized
orbital
are
formed
by
promoting one ‘2S’
electron to
vacant ‘P’
orbital and
mixing all
four orbital to
form four hybrid
orbital of equalenergy,
capable
of forming
four bonds
.
Each orbital
has
25% ‘S’
character and
75% ‘P’
character. The
shape
of orbital is like
distorted dumbbell
. Each orbital has one electron and can form a
strongbond
with another atom. Electron
pair repels each other
and best
shaped
formed is
tetrahedral
with each
electron at each corner.SP
3
hybridized orbital Tetrahedral shape of CH
4
The close look at the structure of methane indicate that all the four bondformed are single bond or
sigma – bond (
σ
- bond).
The four
bond angles
and
bondlength
are
equals
. The
structure
is also
symmetrical.
These
facts prove
that all the
four orbital
has
equal energy
.
TYPE OF HYBRIDIZATION
There are several other types of hybridized orbitals formed such as
sp
2
,
sp, dsp
3
, d
2
sp
3
,
etc. However in
organic compound
most of hybridization is
limited
to
sp
3
, sp
2
and sp
. In
sp2
each orbital has
33.33% ‘s’
character and
66.66% ‘p’
characterwhile in
sp orbital
‘s’ and ‘p’
character is
50% each
The type of hybridization on carbon, nitrogen and can easily be identified by using thefollowing table.
Hybridization
is applicable to a
particular
atom and
not to a molecule
.
Different
atom
in a
molecule
may have
different type
of hybridization, e.g. carbon andoxygen in carbon dioxide has SP and SP
2
hybridized respectivelyIn general
hybridization
can be found out by
adding
the number of
sigmabond and lone pair
on the atom
on which hybridization
is to be found out. (Consideronly the sigma bond and do not account any pi – bond )
Match this number
with
number of orbitals
involved starting with ‘S’ orbital.
‘S’orbital
can form
one hybrid
orbital.
‘P’
can
form maximum three
orbitals and ‘
d’
canform maximum up to
five
orbital. Write
these number
as
superscript
on the
symbol of orbital. No superscript
is given if no. of
orbital is one.
Let us take an example of phosphorus pentachloride (PCl
5
). Central atom in the molecule is
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