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Electrostatics
Properties of charges
1. Interaction of charges – Two charges exerts force on each other due to their charges. Likecharges repel and unlike charges attract. This force is called electrostatic interaction orelectrostatic force.2. Electrostatic Induction – The induction of electric charge on a conducting body due topresence of a nearby body is called electrostatic induction.3. Principle of conservation of charge – The charge can neither be created nor destroyed but itmay simply be transferred from one body to another.“The net charge of an isolated system remains constant.”4. Effect of motion on charge – Charge remains unaffected by motion. Example: The charge onelectrons remains
19
1.6 10
−
− ×
coulomb whether it is at rest or in motion.5. Unitization of charge – The charge in a body is produced due to excess or deficiency ofelectrons. Electron cannot be divided into further smaller parts. Therefore charge on a body isintegral multiple of the charge on an electron.
q ne
= ±
Where e =
19
1.6 10
−
− ×
- quantum of chargen = 1, 2, 3 – positive or negative integral numbers.Possible charges may be e, 2 e, 3 e… but 0.5 e, 0.7e, 2.5 e, are not allowed.
Coulomb’s law:
The force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly proportion to theproduct of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them. Thedirection of this force is along the line joining the two charges.
1 22
q qF K r 
=
here K – Is a constant its value depends on medium between the charges andsystem of units chosen.In SI Unit
2 220 1 2
14
Fr newton metreK  E q q coulomb
π  
×= = =
 Here
0
 E 
= Permittivity of vacuum or free space
0
 E 
=
12 2 2
8.854 10 / 
coulomb newtonmeter 
−
×
 
120
1 14 4 3.14 8.854 10
K  E 
π  
−
∴ = =× × ×
 
10 2 2
9 10 / 
K newtonmetre coulomb
∴ = ×
 Direction of Coulomb force depends upon the nature of charges
of 00

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