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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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It includes nerves arising from brain and spinal cord innervating different parts of the body respectivelycalled as, cranial and spinal nerves.Comprises of all nerves which connect the central nervous system with receptors and effectors.Nerves connecting the receptor organs to the CNS are called
sensory
or
afferent nerves
; they containsensory fibres only.Nerves connecting the effector organs (muscles and glands) to CNS are
motor 
or
efferent nerves
; theycontain motor fibres only.A third type of nerve, the
mixed nerves
have both sensory and motor nerve fibres.Nerves connected to brain are called
cranial nerves
while those connected to spinal cord are
spinal nerves
.On the basis of presence and absence of myelin sheath around the axons the nerve fibres are myelinated ornonmylinated, respectively.
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Each nerve is composed of many nerve fibers enclosed within a connective tissue sheath. A nerve fiber is along axon or dendrite of a neuron, which could be either sensory or motor or both.
CRANIAL NERVES
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These are 12 pairs in humans.
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The name, origin and nature of these nerves are as follows:
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Trigeminal and abducens nerves emerge through
Gasserian ganglion
located within the cranium.
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Motor component of vagus nerve controls sound production;
 
 
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1. Trigeminal nerve (V) is the largest.2. Vagus (X) nerve regulates the functions of organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities.
SPINAL NERVES
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These nerves originate from the spinal cord and innervate the nearby parts of the body.
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The numbers generally relate to the number of vertebrae
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All spinal nerves are essentially of mixed nature and are generally medullated named as per their site of emergence these are classified in mammals as(i)
 
Cervical nerves (neck part) = 8 pairs(ii)
 
Thoracic nerves (thorax part) = 12 pairs(iii)
 
Lumber nerves (abdominal part) = 5 pairs(iv)
 
Sacral nerves (waist or hip part) = 5 pairs(v)
 
Coccygeal nerves (tail region) = 1 pair
 
 
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From the spinal cord arises two roots, a dorsal (sensory or afferent) root and a ventral (motor or efferent) root.
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The dorsal root consists of somatic sensory and visceral sensory fibres; the cell bodies of these fibres aresituated outside the spinal cord in a
dorsal root ganglion
.
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Both dorsal and ventral roots unite together outside the spinal cord and immediately divide into following threebranches:(i)
 
Ramus dorsalis
It consists of somatic sensory fibres and innervates the skin, muscles of the dorsal bodywall.(ii)
 
Ramus ventralis
It is the thickest branch and contains somatic motor and sensory fibres innervatingskeletal muscle, bones etc., of rest body parts.(iii)
 
Ramus
 
communicans
This branches with visceral component joins the sympathetic ganglion of autonomic nervous system. In mammals it has two branches,
gray ramus communicans
and
whiteramus communicans
.
REFLEX ACTION
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It is spontaneous, involuntary and immediate response generated at the non-conscious level stimulatedthrough specific receptors. The sensory impulse is directly and automatically converted into a motor effectthrough nearest part of CNS operating in a manner of reflex arc. E.g., touching the lower limb of adecapitated frog with acid swab causes withdrawal of limb, center of this reflex is the spinal cord hence if itis damaged the reflex disappears e.g. Knee jerk reflex, sudden blinking of eye.Reflex or the pathway of impulse from receptor to effecter as follows;Stimulus
→
receptor
→
sensory neuron
→
interneuron motor neuron
→
effecter.
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The direct contact between sensory and motor neuron is made within the CNS.
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