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Electron Withdrawing Group (EWG)
These are species which withdraw electron fromaromatic ring and can be recognized
either
by the atom adjacent to thep system having several bonds to more electronegative atoms,
or
, having a formal +ve or d +ve charge, eg: -CO
2
R, -NO
2
•
EDG is activating group and
ortho / para
director add electrondensity to the benzene system
except halogens (-X). Thoughhalogens are deactivating, the ortho / para director make itmore nucleophilic.
•
EWG is deactivating group and meta director removes electrondensity from the benzene system making it less nucleophilic.In deciding the EWG or EDG tendency, hydrogen is taken asreference.
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