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 Bacterial GeneticsGENE TRANSFER 
Following four methods result into transfer of genetic material in bacteria:1. Transformation: uptake of naked DNA2. Transduction: infection by a nonlethal bacteriophage3. Conjugation: mating between cells in contact4. Protoplast fusion.
Transformation
Gene transfer by soluble DNA is transformation. Transformation requires that DNA beadsorbed by the cell, gain entrance to the cytoplasm and undergo recombinationwith the host genome. The size of the DNA is related to the transforming ability. DNAwith less than 0.3 million dalton molecular weight usually fails to transform.Naturally competent transformable bacteria are found in several genera and includeBacillus subtilis, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Streptococcuspnuemoniae.
 
Artificial Transformation (Transfection)
Some of the bacteria (such as Escherichia coli) resist transformation until they aresubjected to some special treatment such as CaCl2 to make the bacteriumpermeable to DNA.
Transduction
The type of gene transfer in which the DNA of one bacterial cell is introduced intoanother bacterial cell by viral infection is known as transduction. This introduces onlya small fragment of DNA.Two types of transductions are known. When a phage picks up fragments of hostDNA at random and can transfer any genes, it is called as generalized transduction.In specialized transduction phage DNA that has been integrated into the hostchromosome is excised along with a few adjacent genes, which the phage can thentransfer.
 
 
 Lysogenic Conversion
In this the phage DNA becomes integrated with the bacterial chromosome as theprophage which multiplies synchronously with the host DNA and is transferred to thedaughter cells. This process is called lysogeny and bacteria harbouring prophages arecalled lysogenic bacteria.
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