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© Examville.com, LLC June 2009
 
 FUNCTIONS
There are numerous cases where a
second quantity
is found from a
 first quantity
byapplying some rule.a)
 
If one drops a stone from the top of a tower, how far it has fallen at a givenmoment (let that be
h
feet) can be found from the time of falling (
t 
seconds) byusing the rule
h
=
16
t 
2
.b)
 
If the temperature in Fahrenheit scale is
F 
and we want to find the equivalenttemperature in Celsius scale (say C) we can use the rule
C 
=
59
  fff
F 
@
32
` a
.c)
 
The area A of a circle can be found from its radius
r 
by using the rule
 A
=π
r 
2
 In case
(a)
distance is a
 function
of time, in case (
b)
Celcius temperature is a
 function
of Fahrenheit temperature, in case (
c)
area of a circle is a
 function
of its radius.
 A function is a Rule.
Usually we use small letters
 f, g, h ......
to denote different functions or different rules,such as
 fx
` a
=
 x
2
+
1
 ,gx
` a
=
10
 x,hx
` a
=
 X 
2
@
3
 x
+
2
etc
.Example :In case (a) above, for dropping the stone from the tower, we could have written
h
=
 ft 
` a
=
16
t 
2
where we find
h
by applying the rule
 f 
on
t 
.
 
So,
“f” is the rule “
16
B
squareoftimeinseconds“. Heref 
1
` a
=
16
B
1
2
=
16
meansthestonedrops
16
 feetin
1
second, f 
3
` a
=
16
B
3
2
=
144
meansthestonedrops
144
 feetin
3
seconds, f 
5
` a
=
16
B
5
2
=
400
meansthestonedrops
400
 feetin
5
seconds
A
 
Usually a function
 f(x)
is also written as
 y
i.e.
 f(x) = y.
So,
 y
=
 x
2
+
1
andfx
` a
=
 x
2
+
1 are the same function. We say,
 y
or
 f(x)
is a function of 
 x
.
 Definition : Let A and B be two non-empty sets. A
 function
f from A to B is a rule that associates,
with each value of x in set A, exactly one value f(x) in set B.
 
The function is indicated by the notation
 f 
:
 A
Q
 B
.
 f(x)
is read
“
 f of x
”.
We usuallyconsider functions for which
 sets A
and 
 B
are
sets of real numbers.
The set A, which contains all possible values of 
 x
is called the
 Domain
 , and the
set Bwhich contains the corresponding values of 
 f(x) or y
is called the
 Range
of the function
 
(Range consists only of those elements of B which are actually paired with elements of A).We call
 x
the
independent variable
because we choose it first, and from that we calculate
 y,
which is called
dependent variable.
 If the function
 f(x)
is given as an algebraic expression of 
 x
and the domain is not stated,then we take the domain as the set of all real numbers x for which
 f(x)
is real.The parentheses in
 f 
(
 x
) ("
 f 
of 
 x
") do not mean multiplication. They are part of what iscalled functional notation.
 f 
is the
name
of the function. And
 x
, which is placed withinthe parentheses, is called the argument of the function. It is upon the argument that thefunction(rule) called
 f 
will "operate."Thus, the function
 f 
has been defined as follows:
 f 
(
 x
) =
 x
² + 1.This means that
 f 
will
square
its argument, and then
add 1
.In
 y
=
 x
2
, for any value of 
 x,
we get only one value of y (say when
 x=4, y=16 
). Here
 y
 is a function of 
 x
.But in
 y
2
=
 x
when we put
 x=4,
we get
 y
=+
2
ory
=
@
2
 
i.e. we are getting more thanone value of 
 y
. So, here
 y
is not a function of 
 x
.Example : For the function
 fx
` a
=
 x
2
 a)
 
Evaluate
 f 
2
` a
 ,f 
@
5
` a
andf 
3
p wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww
b c
 b)
 
Find the domain and range of 
 f 
.Solution :a)
 
Substituting the values of 
 x
in
 f(x)
we get
 f 
2
` a
=
2
2
=
4
 f 
@
5
` a
=
@
5
` a
2
=
25
 f 
3
p wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww
b c
=
3
p wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww
b c
2
=
3 b)
 
The domain is
R
, the set of all real numbers as any real number can be put inplace of 
 x
here and the corresponding
 f(x)
is a real number.Since
 x
2
≥
0 for all real values of 
 x
,
 fx
` a
≥
0. So Range of 
 f 
is
 y
|
 y
≥
0
R S
or theinterval0
 ,
1
B c
A
 Example : Let
 fx
` a
=
2
 x
2
@
5
 x
+
3. Evaluate
 f 
1
` a
 ,f 
@
12
  fff
f g
 ,fa
p wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww
b c
 , f 
2
+
h
` a
@
 f 
2
` a
h
  ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
 Solution : Substituting the values of 
 x
in
 f(x)
we get
of 00

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