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Morphology of Body Muscles
Structure:
A body muscle is a large bundle of numerous parallel striated muscle fibres enclosed bya thick, smooth common muscle sheath, called
epimysium.
Within the epimysium, the muscle fibresoccur in smaller bundles called
muscle fasciculi,
each enclosed by its own sheath, the
perimysium.
Within the perimysium, each individual muscle fibre is encased by a thin sheath, the
endomysium.
All the sheaths are continuous and are formed of connective tissue, mainly yellow elastic tissue.Between the muscle fibres are blood vessels and nerves. The blood vessels supply nutrients andoxygen to power contraction and remove metabolic wastes. Nerves trigger and control musclecontraction.The muscle fibres do not extend to the whole length of a muscle, normally there are more fibres inthe middle region, which is naturally thicker than the ends that are tapered. The middle thick regionof a muscle having maximum muscle fibres is called the
belly.Attachment:
A muscle may be attached to a single bone or different bones by one end or by boththe ends, either directly by epimysium or by way of inelastic connective tissue cords, the
tendons.
The tendons are fastened to the periosteum of a bone on a roughened or raised surface called a
process.
One end of a muscle is usually attached to a fixed or less movable bone. This attachment iscalled the
origin
(Fig. 12.21). The other end is usually fixed to a more movable bone. Thisattachment is termed the
insertion.
For the limb muscles, the origin is the proximal end, theinsertion the distal end. A muscle may have more than one origin or insertion. A few muscles passfrom a bone to the skin or, as in the case of muscles of facial expression, from one part of skin toanother.
Types:
The body muscles show four general forms.1. Broad, thin, sheet-like muscle, e.g.
obliquus externus
and
transversus,
which form the flexibleabdominal wall.2. Slender, ribbon-like muscles, e.g.,
biceps
and
deltoideus,
of the limb.3. Long, tapering muscles, e.g.,
gastrocnemius,
of the hindlimb.4. Ring-like sphincter muscles, e.g.,
sphincter ani,
that surrounds the anus and constricts to close it.
Need of Skeleton for Muscle Action
The force of muscle contraction cannot do useful work without something to pull or push against,e.g., bones of our body, blood in the heart, food in the intestine. Skeleton provides surface for attachment of muscles, and a system of levers and pivots for muscles to pull against, enabling themto work in moving body parts or in locomotion. Even the visceral muscles, which are not attached toskeleton, have firm attachment to other structures which play a sort of ‘skeletal’ role.
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