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\hn Qk`n kf Ukedj` In|wkqmu di Difkqbj|dki Ldff~udki
Nt|ji Ajmuht
∗
Fjenakkm, ^UJ
najmuhtCfa)ekbD|jbjq Qkunii
Fjenakkm, ^UJ
d|jbjqCfa)ekbEjbnqki Bjq`kw
Fjenakkm, ^UJ
ejbnqkiCfa)ekb@jlj Jljbde
^idvnqud|t kf Bdehdgji, ^UJ
`jljbdeC~bdeh)nl~
JAU\QJE\
Ki`din ukedj` in|wkqmdig |nehik`kgdnu nija`n dildvdl~j`u |kudb~`|jink~u`t uhjqn difkqbj|dki wd|h jit i~banq kf snnqu)Z~ji|dftdig |hn ej~uj` nffine| kf |hnun |nehik`kgdnu ki |hnlduunbdij|dki kf difkqbj|dki qnz~dqnu ik| ki`t dlni|dej|dkikf whk difi~nienu whkb, a~| j`uk kf whn|hnq dildvdl~j`uwk~`l u|d`` sqksjgj|n difkqbj|dki di |hn jaunien kf ukedj` udg"ij`u jak~| |hj| difkqbj|dki) Wn nxjbdin |hn qk`n kf ukedj`in|wkqmu di ki`din difkqbj|dki ldffi~udki wd|h j `jqgn"uej`nn`l nxsnqdbni| |hj| qjilkbdnu nxsku~qn |k udgij`u jak~|fqdnilu— difkqbj|dki uhjqdig jbkig 1>5 bd``dki u~aone|u diud|~) \hkun whk jqn nxskunl jqn udgideji|`t bkqn `dmn`t |kusqnjl difkqbj|dki, jil lk uk ukkinq |hji |hkun whk jqnik| nxskunl) Wn f~q|hnq nxjbdin |hn qn`j|dvn qk`n kf u|qkigjil wnjm |dnu di difkqbj|dki sqksjgj|dki) Wn uhkw |hj|,j`|hk~gh u|qkignq |dnu jqn dildvdl~j``t bkqn difi~ni|dj`, d|du |hn bkqn ja~ilji| wnjm |dnu whk jqn qnuskiuda`n fkq |hnsqksjgj|dki kf ikvn` difkqbj|dki) \hdu u~ggnu|u |hj| wnjm|dnu bjt s`jt j bkqn lkbdiji| qk`n di |hn lduunbdij|dki kf difkqbj|dki ki`din |hji e~qqni|`t an`dnvnl)
Ej|ngkqdnu jil U~aone| Lnueqds|kqu
H):)1 ]
Bkln`u jil Sqdieds`nu
R? ^unq+Bjehdin Utu|nbu=O)< ]
Ukedj` jil Anhjvdkqj` Uednienu
R? Ukedk`kgt
Gninqj` \nqbu
Nxsnqdbni|j|dki, H~bji Fje|kqu
Mntwkqlu
ukedj` difi~nien, |dn u|qnig|h, ki`din in|wkqmu,ej~uj`d|t
:) DI\QKL^E\DKI
Ukedj` difi~nien eji s`jt j eq~edj` qk`n di j qjign kf anhjv"dkqj` shnikbnij, fqkb |hn lduunbdij|dki kf difkqbj|dki, |k
∗
Sjq| kf |hdu qnunjqeh wju snqfkqbnl whd`n |hn j~|hkq wjuj u|~lni| j| |hn ^idvnqud|t kf Bdehdgji)
Sqnsqdi|
Ehnem jqxdv)kqg fkq `j|nu| vnqudki
|hn jlks|dki kf sk`d|dej` ksdidkiu jil hnj`|h"qn`j|nl anhjv"dkqu ]11, <3, :6R, whdeh jqn dieqnjudig`t bnldj|nl |hqk~ghki`din utu|nbu ]56, :7R) Lnusd|n |hn wdln jvjd`jad`d|t kf lj|jfqkb ki`din ukedj` in|wkqmu, dlni|dftdig difi~nien qnbjdiu jehj``nign) Dildvdl~j`u |nil |k nigjgn di udbd`jq je|dvd|dnuju |hndq snnqu, uk d| du kf|ni dbskuuda`n |k ln|nqbdin fqkbkaunqvj|dkij` lj|j whn|hnq j ekqqn`j|dki an|wnni |wk dild"vdl~j`u— anhjvdkqu nxdu|u anej~un |hnt jqn udbd`jq kq anej~unkin snquki—u anhjvdkq hju difi~nienl |hn k|hnq ]>, 5:, 57R)Di |hn eki|nx| kf difkqbj|dki ldffi~udki, |wk snks`n bjt ldu"unbdij|n |hn ujbn difkqbj|dki ju njeh k|hnq anej~un |hntskuunuu |hn ujbn difkqbj|dki uk~qenu, u~eh ju wna ud|nu kq|n`nvdudki, |hj| |hnt ekiu~bn qng~`jq`t ]5, 56R)Bkqnkvnq, hkbkshd`t ― |hn |nilniet kf dildvdl~j`u wd|h udb"d`jq ehjqje|nqdu|deu |k juukedj|n wd|h kin jik|hnq ]55, :, 17R― eqnj|nu ldſte~`|dnu fkq bnju~qdig |hn qn`j|dvn qk`n kf u|qkigjil wnjm |dnu di difkqbj|dki ldffi~udki, udien snks`n jqn bkqnudbd`jq |k |hkun wd|h whkb |hnt di|nqje| kf|ni ]1:, 55R) Kikin hjil, sjdqu kf dildvdl~j`u whk di|nqje| bkqn kf|ni hjvngqnj|nq ksskq|~id|t |k difi~nien kin jik|hnq jil hjvn bkqnj`dginl di|nqnu|u, dieqnjudig |hn ehjienu kf eki|jgdki ]::,16R) Hkwnvnq, |hdu ekbbkij`d|t jbs`dnu |hn sk|ni|dj` fkqekifk~ilu? |hkun whk di|nqje| bkqn kf|ni jqn bkqn `dmn`t |khjvn dieqnjudig`t udbd`jq difkqbj|dki uk~qenu) Ju j qnu~`|,difnqnienu bjln fqkb kaunqvj|dkij` lj|j bjt kvnqu|j|n |hndbskq|jien kf u|qkig |dnu di difkqbj|dki usqnjl) Ekivnqun`t,dildvdl~j`u whk di|nqje| difqnz~ni|`t hjvn bkqn ldvnqun uk"edj` in|wkqmu |hj| sqkvdln jeenuu |k ikvn` difkqbj|dki ]1:,:1R) A~| anej~un eki|je| an|wnni u~eh |dnu du di|nqbd||ni|,jil |hn dildvdl~j`u |nil |k an lduudbd`jq, jit sjq|de~`jqsdnen kf difkqbj|dki du `nuu `dmn`t |k fikw jeqkuu wnjm |dnu ]:<,5>R) Hdu|kqdej` j||nbs|u |k ek``ne| lj|j ki hkw kf|ni sjdqu kf dildvdl~j`u ekbb~idej|n jil whnqn |hnt gn| |hndq difkqbj"|dki hjvn anni sqkin |k adjunu ]51, :3R, f~q|hnq kaue~qdig |hnnbsdqdej` qn`j|dkiuhds an|wnni |dn u|qnig|h jil ldffi~udki)Ekifk~ildig fje|kqu qn`j|nl |k hkbkshd`t eji an jllqnuunl~udig eki|qk``nl nxsnqdbni|u, a~| nxsnqdbni|j` wkqm hju|h~u fjq anni ekiinl |k |hn usqnjl kf hdgh`t usnede di"fkqbj|dki wd|hdi `dbd|nl sks~`j|dkiu ]:5, 6R) Di kqlnq |k~ilnqu|jil hkw difkqbj|dki usqnjlu di j qnj`"wkq`l nivd"qkibni|, wn wduh |k nxjbdin j un||dig whnqn j `jqgn sks"~`j|dki kf dildvdl~j`u fqnz~ni|`t nxehjign difkqbj|dki wd|h|hndq snnqu) Fjenakkm du |hn bku| wdln`t ~unl ukedj` in|"wkqmdig unqvden di |hn wkq`l, wd|h kvnq 833 bd``dki snks`n~udig |hn unqvden njeh bki|h) Fkq nxjbs`n, di |hn ^id|nlU|j|nu, ><. kf jl~`| Di|nqin| ~unqu jqn ki Fjenakkm ]1>R)
\hkun Jbnqdeji ~unqu ki jvnqjgn bjdi|jdi <8. kf |hndq qnj`wkq`l eki|je|u ki |hn ud|n ]1>R, jil bjit kf |hnun dildvdl~j`uqng~`jq`t nxehjign inwu d|nbu wd|h |hndq eki|je|u ]56R) Dijlld|dki, di|nqje|dki jbkig ~unqu du wn`` ekqqn`j|nl wd|h un`f"qnskq|nl di|dbjet ]:8R) \h~u, Fjenakkm qnsqnuni|u j aqkjlki`din sks~`j|dki kf dildvdl~j`u whkun ki`din snqukij` in|"wkqmu qnfine| |hndq qnj`"wkq`l ekiine|dkiu, bjmdig d| ji dlnj`nivdqkibni| |k u|~lt difkqbj|dki eki|jgdki)Wn ~un ji nxsnqdbni|j` jssqkjeh ki Fjenakkm |k bnju~qn|hn usqnjl kf difkqbj|dki uhjqdig anhjvdkqu) \hn nxsnqd"bni| qjilkbdnu whn|hnq dildvdl~j`u jqn nxskunl vdj Fjen"akkm |k difkqbj|dki jak~| |hndq fqdnilu— uhjqdig anhjvdkq,|hnqnat lnvdudig |wk wkq`lu ~ilnq whdeh difkqbj|dki usqnjlu?kin di whdeh enq|jdi difkqbj|dki eji ki`t an jez~dqnl nx|nq"ij` |k Fjenakkm, jil jik|hnq di whdeh difkqbj|dki eji anjez~dqnl wd|hdi kq nx|nqij` |k Fjenakkm) At ekbsjqdig |hnanhjvdkq kf dildvdl~j`u wd|hdi |hnun |wk ekild|dkiu, wn ejiln|nqbdin |hn ej~uj` nffine| kf |hn bnld~b ki difkqbj|dkiuhjqdig)\hn qnbjdilnq kf |hdu sjsnq du kqgjidnl ju fk``kwu) Wnf~q|hnq bk|dvj|n k~q u|~lt wd|h jlld|dkij` qn`j|nl wkqm diUne|dki 1) K~q nxsnqdbni|j` lnudgi du lnueqdanl di Une|dki 5)\hni, di Une|dki < wn ldue~uu |hn ej~uj` nffine| kf nxsku~qn|k eki|ni| ki |hn inwufnnl, jil hkw fqdnilu— uhjqdig anhjv"dkq du ekqqn`j|nl di |dbn, dqqnusne|dvn kf ukedj` difi~nien vdj|hn inwufnnl) F~q|hnqbkqn, wn uhkw |hj| b~`|ds`n uhjqdigfqdnilu jqn sqnlde|dvn kf uhjqdig anhjvdkq qngjql`nuu kf nxsk"u~qn ki |hn fnnl, jil |hj| jlld|dkij` fqdnilu lk dilnnl hjvnji dieqnjudig ej~uj` nffine| ki |hn sqksniud|t |k uhjqn) DiUne|dki > wn ldue~uu hkw |dn u|qnig|h qn`j|nu |k difi~nien jildifkqbj|dki ldffi~udki) Wn uhkw |hj| ~unqu jqn bkqn `dmn`t|k hjvn |hn ujbn difkqbj|dki uk~qenu ju |hndq e`kun fqdnilu,jil |hj| udb~`|jink~u`t, |hnun e`kun fqdnilu jqn bkqn `dmn`t|k difi~nien u~aone|u) ^udig |hn nbsdqdej` ldu|qda~|dki kf |dnu|qnig|h di |hn in|wkqm, wn gk ki |k ekbs~|n |hn kvnqj``nffine| kf u|qkig jil wnjm |dnu ki |hn usqnjl kf difkqbj|dkidi |hn in|wkqm) Fdij``t, wn ldue~uu |hn dbs`dej|dkiu kf k~qwkqm di Une|dki 6)
1) QN@J\NL WKQM
Ki`din in|wkqmu jqn fke~unl ki uhjqdig difkqbj|dki, jil juu~eh, hjvn anni u|~ldnl nx|niudvn`t di |hn eki|nx| kf difkq"bj|dki ldffi~udki) Ldffi~udki jil difi~nien hjvn anni bkln`nldi a`kgu ]1<, 1, :4R, nbjd` ]53R, jil ud|nu u~eh ju \wd||nq,Ldgg, jil F`demq ]8, 18, 13R) Kin sjq|de~`jq`t uj`dni| ehjqje"|nqdu|de kf ldffi~udki anhjvdkq du |hn ekqqn`j|dki an|wnni |hni~banq kf fqdnilu nigjgdig di j anhjvdkq jil |hn sqkaj"ad`d|t kf jlks|dig |hn anhjvdkq) \hdu qn`j|dkiuhds hju annikaunqvnl di bjit ki`din eki|nx|u, fqkb |hn okdidig kf @dvn"Ok~qij` gqk~su ]7R, |k |hn akkmbjqmdig kf shk|ku ]:>R, jil|hn jlks|dki kf ~unq"eqnj|nl eki|ni| ]4R) Hkwnvnq, ju Jijg"iku|ksk~`ku, n| j`) ]<R skdi| k~|, dildvdl~j`u bjt an bkqn`dmn`t |k nxhdad| |hn ujbn anhjvdkq ju |hndq fqdnilu anej~unkf hkbkshd`t qj|hnq |hji ju j qnu~`| kf snnq difi~nien) U|j"|du|dej` |nehidz~nu u~eh ju snqb~|j|dki |nu|u jil bj|ehnlujbs`dig ]>R hn`s eki|qk` fkq ekifk~ilu, a~| ~`|dbj|n`t eji"ik| qnuk`vn |hdu f~iljbni|j` sqka`nb ]57R)Ik| j`` ldffi~udki u|~ldnu b~u| difnq whn|hnq kin dildvdl"~j` difi~nienl jik|hnq) Fkq nxjbs`n, @numkvne n| j`) ]14Ru|~lt |hn nxs`ded| gqjsh kf sqkl~e| qnekbbnilj|dkiu, U~i n|j`) ]54R u|~lt ejuejldig di sjgn fjiidig, jil Ajmuht n| j`) ]4Rnxjbdin |hn nxehjign kf ~unq"eqnj|nl eki|ni|) Hkwnvnq, dij`` |hnun u|~ldnu, nvni df |hn uk~qen kf j sjq|de~`jq eki|jgdkinvni| du j fqdnil, u~eh lj|j lknu ik| |n`` ~u jak~| |hn qn`j|dvndbskq|jien kf ukedj` in|wkqmu di difkqbj|dki ldffi~udki) Fkqnxjbs`n, |hk~gh >3. kf qnuskilni|u di Gqnnianqg—u e`juudeu|~lt kf bnldj eki|jgdki ]15R `njqinl jak~| |hn Mniinltjuujuudij|dki fqkb di|nqsnqukij` |dnu, bjit kf |hn qnuski"lni|u bjt hjvn gk||ni |hn inwu j| j u`dgh|`t `j|nq skdi|di |dbn fqkb |hn vnqt ujbn bnldj k~|`n|u ju |hndq fqdnilu)\hnqnfkqn, j f~`` ~ilnqu|jildig kf hkw ukedj` in|wkqmu jffine|difkqbj|dki ldffi~udki ik| ki`t qnz~dqnu ~u |k dlni|dft uk~qenukf di|nqsnqukij` eki|jgdki, a~| j`uk qnz~dqnu j ek~i|nqfje|~j`~ilnqu|jildig kf whj| wk~`l hjssni df enq|jdi di|nqje|dkiuldl ik| |jmn s`jen)
Fjenakkm Fnnl
U|kqt :U|kqt 1)))U|kqt`dimdig |ksjgn
X
)))
Nx|nqij` Ekqqn`j|dki
Qng~`jq vdud|j|dki |k wna ud|nuN"Bjd`
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^unq vdud|u sjgn
X
^unq uhjqnu sjgn
X
ki Fjenakkm
Kaunqvja`n ^ikaunqvja`n
Diu|ji| Bnuujgdig
Fdg~qn :? Ej~uj` qn`j|dkiuhdsu |hj| nxs`jdildffi~udki"`dmn shnikbnij) Difkqbj|dki sqnuni|nl di~unqu— inwu fnnlu jil k|hnq uhjqdig anhjvdkq ki
fjenakkm)ekb
jqn kaunqvnl) Nx|nqij` nvni|u |hj|ej~un ~unqu |k an nxskunl |k difkqbj|dki k~|udln kf Fjenakkm ejiik| an kaunqvnl jil bjt nxs`jdi |hndquhjqdig anhjvdkq) K~q nxsnqdbni| a`kemu |hn ej~uj`qn`j|dkiuhds (ljuhnl jqqkw$ an|wnni |hn Fjenakkminwufnnl jil ~unq vdud|j|dki at qjilkb`t qnbkvdigu|kqdnu jak~| fqdnilu— uhjqdig anhjvdkq di u~aone|u—fnnlu) \h~u, k~q nxsnqdbni| j``kwu ~u |k ekbsjqnud|~j|dkiu whnqn ak|h difi~nien vdj |hn fnnl jil nx"|nqij` ekqqn`j|dkiu nxdu| (|hn
fnnl
ekild|dki$, |k ud|~"j|dkiu di whdeh ki`t nx|nqij` ekqqn`j|dkiu nxdu| (|hn
ik fnnl
ekild|dki$)
5) NXSNQDBNI\J@ LNUDGI JIL LJ\J
Fjenakkm ~unqu sqdbjqd`t di|nqje| wd|h difkqbj|dki |hqk~ghji jggqngj|nl hdu|kqt kf |hndq fqdnilu— qneni| je|dvd|t (u|k"qdnu$, ej``nl |hn Inwu Fnnl, kq udbs`t fnnl fkq uhkq|) Ukbn kf |hnun u|kqdnu eki|jdi `dimu |k eki|ni| ki |hn Wna, ~idz~n`tdlni|dnl at ^Q@u) K~q nxsnqdbni| nvj`~j|nu hkw b~ehnxsku~qn |k j ^Q@ ki |hn fnnl dieqnjunu ji dildvdl~j`—usqksniud|t |k uhjqn |hj| ^Q@, antkil ekqqn`j|dkiu |hj| kinbdgh| nxsne| jbkig Fjenakkm fqdnilu) Fkq nxjbs`n, fqdniluwd|h whkb j ~unq di|nqje|u bkqn kf|ni bjt an bkqn `dmn`t|k vdud| ud|nu |hj| |hn ~unq j`uk vdud|u) Ju j qnu~`|, |hkunfqdnilu bjt an bkqn `dmn`t |k uhjqn |hn ujbn ^Q@ ju |hn~unq anfkqn uhn hju |hn ksskq|~id|t |k uhjqn |hj| eki|ni|
(j$ (a$
Fdg~qn 1? Ji nxjbs`n kf |hn Fjenakkm Inwu Fnnl di|nqfjen fkq j htsk|hn|dej` u~aone| whk hju j `dim (hdgh"`dgh|nl di qnl$ juudginl |k |hn (j$
fnnl
kq (a$
ik fnnl
ekild|dki)
hnqun`f) Jlld|dkij` ~ikaunqvnl ekqqn`j|dkiu bjt jqdun l~n |knx|nqij` difi~nien vdj n"bjd`, diu|ji| bnuujgdig, jil k|hnqukedj` in|wkqmdig ud|nu) \hnun ej~uj` qn`j|dkiuhdsu jqn d``~u"|qj|nl di Fdg~qn :) Fqkb |hn g~qn, kin eji unn |hj| j``~ikaunqvja`n ekqqn`j|dkiu eji an dlni|dnl at a`kemdig |hnej~uj` qn`j|dkiuhds an|wnni |hn Fjenakkm fnnl jil uhjqdig)K~q nxsnqdbni| |hnqnfkqn qjilkbdnu u~aone|u wd|h qnusne||k whn|hnq |hnt qnendvn ukedj` udgij`u jak~| fqdnilu— uhjqdiganhjvdkq kf enq|jdi Wna sjgnu vdj |hn Fjenakkm fnnl)
5): Juudgibni| Sqkenl~qn
U~aone|"^Q@ sjdqu jqn qjilkb`t juudginl j| |hn |dbn kf ldu"s`jt |k nd|hnq |hn
ik fnnl
kq |hn
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ekild|dki) U|kqdnu |hj|eki|jdi `dimu |k j ^Q@ juudginl |k |hn
ik fnnl
ekild|dki fkq|hn u~aone| jqn invnq ldus`jtnl di |hn u~aone|—u fnnl) \hkunjuudginl |k |hn
fnnl
ekild|dki jqn ik| qnbkvnl fqkb |hn fnnl,jil jssnjq di |hn u~aone|—u fnnl ju ikqbj` (Fdg~qn 1$) Sjdqujqn ln|nqbdidu|dej``t juudginl |k j ekild|dki j| |hn |dbn kf ldus`jt, uk jit u~aunz~ni| uhjqn kf |hn ujbn ^Q@ at jit kf j u~aone|—u fqdnilu du j`uk juudginl |k |hn ujbn ekild|dki) \kdbsqkvn |hn u|j|du|dej` skwnq kf k~q qnu~`|u, |wden ju bjitsjdqu wnqn juudginl |k |hn
ik fnnl
ekild|dki) Anej~un qn"bkvj` fqkb |hn fnnl kee~qu ki j u~aone|"^Q@ ajudu, jil wndie`~ln ki`t j ubj`` fqje|dki kf u~aone|"^Q@ sjdqu di |hn
ik fnnl
ekild|dki, j uhjqnl ^Q@ du ki jvnqjgn ln`dvnqnl |k kvnq44. kf d|u sk|ni|dj` |jqgn|u)J`` je|dvd|t qn`j|dig |k u~aone|"^Q@ sjdqu juudginl |k nd|hnqnxsnqdbni|j` ekild|dki du `kggnl, die`~ldig fnnl nxsku~qnu,eniukqnl nxsku~qnu, jil e`demu |k |hn ^Q@ (fqkb |hn fnnlkq k|hnq uk~qenu, `dmn bnuujgdig$) Ldqne|nl uhjqnu, u~eh juj `dim |hj| du die`~lnl di j sqdvj|n Fjenakkm bnuujgn kqnxs`ded|`t sku|nl ki j fqdnil—u wj``, jqn ik| jffine|nl at |hnjuudgibni| sqkenl~qn) Df j u~aone|"^Q@ sjdq du juudginl |kji nxsnqdbni|j` ekild|dki, jil |hn u~aone| e`demu ki eki"|ni| eki|jdidig |hj| ^Q@ di jit di|nqfjen k|hnq |hji |hnfnnl, |hj| u~aone|"^Q@ sjdq du qnbkvnl fqkb |hn nxsnqdbni|)K~q nxsnqdbni|, whdeh |kkm s`jen kvnq |hn usji kf unvniwnnmu, die`~lnu 1>5,158,567 u~aone|u, 7>,888,<66 ^Q@u, jil:,:68,655,4<: ~idz~n u~aone|"^Q@ sjdqu)
5)1 Niu~qdig Lj|j Z~j`d|t
\hqnj|u |k lj|j z~j`d|t die`~ln ~udig eki|ni| |hj| wju kqbjt hjvn anni sqnvdk~u`t unni at u~aone|u ki Fjenakkmsqdkq |k |hn nxsnqdbni|, eki|ni| |hj| u~aone|u bjt hjvnunni |hqk~gh di|nqfjenu ki Fjenakkm k|hnq |hji fnnl, usjb,jil bj`dedk~u eki|ni|) Wn jllqnuu |hnun duu~nu di j i~banqkf wjtu) Fdqu|, wn ki`t ekiudlnq eki|ni| |hj| wju uhjqnl at|hn u~aone|u— fqdnilu ki`t jf|nq |hn u|jq| kf |hn nxsnqdbni|)\hdu nija`nu k~q nxsnqdbni| |k jee~qj|n`t ejs|~qn |hn qu||dbn j u~aone| du nxskunl |k j `dim di |hn fnnl, jil niu~qnu|hj| ^Q@u di k~q nxsnqdbni| bkqn jee~qj|n`t qnfine| eki|ni||hj| du sqdbjqd`t andig uhjqnl eki|nbskqjink~u`t wd|h |hn
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